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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
If the words were considered as symbols of approval and token of acknowledgement then
let the words pay the heralding role of expressing my gratitude. First and foremost I praise God
Almighty for the grace he showered on me during my studies as well as my day-to-day life
activities.
Dreams never run to reality unless a lot of effort and hard work is put into it and no
efforts bear fruit in absence of support and guidance. It takes a lot of effort to work your way
through this.
I would like to take this chance to thank Mr. ABDUL KAREEM P.K,The Principal of
Malabar polytechnic campus, for providing me with such an environment, where students can
explore their creative ideas. I am also thankful to Head of Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Mr. PRAKASAN KK for encouraging the students to make these notions true.
I am extremely grateful to the seminar guide Lect. DEEPAK Kand the
coordinatorDemonstrator SUJEESH V for their valuable suggestions for the seminar. I also
sincerely thank the Mechanical Engineering department faculties for providing me with valuable
help.
Last but not the least; I thank my family and friends for giving me the help, strength and courage
for accomplishing the task.
RANEESH P.S
Seminar report
four wheel steering system
ABSTRACT
Production cars are designed to understeer and rarely do they oversteer. If a car could
automatically compensate
for an understeer/oversteer problem, the driver would enjoy nearly neutral steering under varying
operating conditions.
Four-wheel steering is a serious effort on the part of automotive design engineers to provide
near-neutral steering. Also in
situations like low speed cornering, vehicle parking and driving in city conditions with heavy
traffic in tight spaces,
driving would be very difficult due to vehicles larger wheelbase and track width. Hence there is
a requirement of a
mechanism which result in less turning radius and it can be achieved by implementing four
wheel steering mechanism
instead of regular two wheel steering.
Seminar report
four wheel steering system
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
NEED TO INVENT
3.
WHY ALCOHOL
4.
TYPES OF FUEL
15
5.
PRODUCTION OF FUEL
16
6.
CONVERSION OF ENGINE
17
7.
ADVANTAGES
18
8.
CONCLUSION
21
9.
REFRENCE
22
Seminar report
four wheel steering system
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1
2.2
3.1
3.2.1
12
3.2.2
13
15
16
GREEN CAR
17
20
Seminar report
four wheel steering system
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Four-wheel steering, 4WS, also called rear-wheel steering or
all-wheel steering, provides a means to actively steer the rear wheels during
turning maneuvers. It should not be confused with four-wheel drive in which
all four wheels of a vehicle are powered. It improves handling and help the
vehicle make tighter turns.
When both the front and rear wheels steer toward the same
direction, they are said to be in-phase and this produces a kind of sideways
movement of the car at low speeds. When the front and rear wheels are
steered in opposite direction, this is called anti-phase, counter-phase or
opposite-phase and it produces a sharper, tighter turn.
.
Seminar report
four wheel steering system
Chapter 2
. WHY FOUR-WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM?
it is
Seminar report
four wheel steering system
Chapter 3
.
TYPES OF 4WS
3.1
Mechanical 4WS
3.2
Hydraulic 4WS
3.3
Electro-hydraulic 4WS
Seminar report
four wheel steering system
Seminar report
four wheel steering system
A 120-degree turn of the steering wheel rotates the planetary
gear to move the slider in the same direction that the front wheels are
headed. Proportionately, the rear wheels turn the steering wheel about 1.5 to
10 degrees. Further rotation of the steering wheel, past the 120degree point,
causes the rear wheels to start straightening out due to the double-crank
action (two eccentric pins) and rotation of the planetary gear. Turning the
steering wheel to a greater angle, about 230 degrees, finds the rear wheels
in a neutral position regarding the front wheels. Further rotation of the
steering wheel results in the rear wheels going counter phase with regard to
the front wheels. About 5.3 degrees maximum counter phase rear steering is
possibleMechanical 4WS is steering angle sensitive. It is not sensitive to
vehicle road speed.
3.2
Hydraulic 4WS
Seminar report
four wheel steering system
Seminar report
four wheel steering system
that is driven by the differential. The pump only operates when the front
wheels are turning. A tank in the engine compartment supplies the rear
steering pump with fluid.
The fluid is also fed under the same pressure to the control
valve where it opens a spool valve in the control valve housing. As the spool
valve moves, it allows fluid from the rear steering pump to move through
and operate the rear power cylinder. The higher the pressure on the spool,
the farther it moves. The farther it moves, the more fluid it allows through to
move the rear wheels. As mentioned earlier, this system limits rear wheel
movement to 11/2 degrees in either the left or right direction.
Seminar report
four wheel steering system
Seminar report
four wheel steering system
momentarily counter phase, through neutral, then in phase with the front
wheels. At high road speeds, the rear wheels turns only in phase with the
front wheels. The ECU must know not only road speed, but also how much
and quickly the steering wheel is turned. These three factors - road speed,
amount of steering wheel turn, and the quickness of the steering wheel turn are interpreted by the ECU to maintain continuous and desired steer angle of
the rear wheels.
The basic working elements of the design of an electrohydraulic 4WS are control unit, a stepper motor, a swing arm, a set of
beveled gears, a control rod, and a control valve with an output rod. Two
electronic sensors tell the ECU how fast the car is going.
The yoke is a major mechanical component of this electrohydraulic design. The position of the control yoke varies with vehicle road
speed. For example, at speeds below 33 mph (53 km/h), the yoke is in its
downward position, which results in the rear wheels steering in the counter
phase (opposite front wheels) direction. As road speeds approach and exceed
33 mph (53 km/h), the control yoke swings up through a neutral (horizontal)
position to an up position. In the neutral position, the rear wheels steer in
phase with the front wheels.
Seminar report
four wheel steering system
The electronically controlled, 4WS system regulates the angle and
direction of the rear wheels in response to speed and driver's steering. This
speed-sensing system optimizes the vehicle's dynamic characteristics at any
speed, thereby producing enhanced stability and, within certain parameters,
agility.
Chapter 4
4. ACTUAL 4WS
The rear steering is comprised of the input end of the rearsteering shaft, vehicle speed sensors, and steering-phase control unit
(deciding direction and degree), a power cylinder, and an output rod. A centering lock spring is incorporated that locks the rear system in a neutral
(straight-ahead) position in the event of hydraulic failure. Additionally, a
solenoid valve that disengages the hydraulic boost (thereby activating the
centering lock spring in case of an electrical failure) is included.
Chapter 5
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four wheel steering system
5. FAIL-SAFE MEASURES
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four wheel steering system
Chapter 6
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Seminar report
four wheel steering system
6. ADVANTAGES OF 4WS
Chapter 7
Department of mechanical engg.17Malabar polytechnic campus
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four wheel steering system
7. APPLICATIONS OF 4WS
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four wheel steering system
reduced from 46.2 feet to 37.4 feet, making it comparable to a Nissan Ultima
at 37.4 feet and a Saturn Coupe at 37.1 feet.
Seminar report
four wheel steering system
Seminar report
four wheel steering system
Chapter 8
8. CONCLUSION
Thus the four-wheel steering system has got cornering
capability, steering response, straight-line stability, lane changing and lowspeed maneuverability. Even though it is advantageous over the
conventional two-wheel steering system, 4WS is complex and expensive.
Currently the cost of a vehicle with four wheel steering is more than that for
a vehicle with the conventional two wheel steering. Four wheel steering is
growing in popularity and it is likely to come in more and more new vehicles.
As the systems become more commonplace the cost of four wheel steering
will drop.
Chapter 9
Department of mechanical engg.21Malabar polytechnic campus
Seminar report
four wheel steering system
REFERENCES