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Introduction
Mediation analysis
Mediation analysis is one approach towards inferring
mechanism: by attempting to disentangle
direct effects: that part of the exposure effect which is not
mediated by a given set of potential mediators.
indirect / mediated effects: that part of the exposure effect
which is mediated by a given set of potential mediators.
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Introduction
= 0 + 1 X + 2 M + Y
M = 0 + 1 X + M
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Introduction
Overview
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Introduction
Overview
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Effect decomposition
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Effect decomposition
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Effect decomposition
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Effect decomposition
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Effect decomposition
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Effect decomposition
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Effect decomposition
Mediation analysis
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Effect decomposition
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Effect decomposition
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Effect decomposition
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Effect decomposition
Summary
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Effect decomposition
Summary
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Effect decomposition
Summary
Didelez, V., Dawid, A.P., and Geneletti, S. (2006). Direct and Indirect Effects of Sequential
Treatments, Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference on Uncertainty in Artifical
Intelligence, 138-146
Pearl J. Direct and Indirect Effects. In Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on
Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 411-420, 2001.
Petersen ML, Sinisi SE and van der Laan MJ. Estimation of direct causal effects.
Epidemiology 2006, 17:276-284.
Robins JM, Greenland S. Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects.
Epidemiology 1992, 3:143-155.
VanderWeele TJ and Vansteelandt S. Conceptual issues concerning mediation,
interventions and composition. Statistics and its Interface 2009, 2:457-468.
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Effect decomposition
Summary
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Confounding
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Confounding
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Confounding
No unmeasured confounders
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Confounding
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Confounding
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Confounding
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Confounding
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Confounding
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Confounding
G-estimation
G-estimator (1)
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Confounding
G-estimation
G-estimator (2)
Confounder L
Mediator M
Exposure X
Outcome Y*
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Confounding
G-estimation
G-estimator (3)
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Confounding
G-estimation
Exposure-mediator interactions
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Confounding
Survival analysis
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Confounding
Survival analysis
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Confounding
Survival analysis
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Confounding
Survival analysis
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Confounding
Survival analysis
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Confounding
Survival analysis
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Confounding
Survival analysis
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Confounding
Survival analysis
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Confounding
Survival analysis
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Confounding
Survival analysis
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Summary
Confounding
Traditional Baron-Kenny approach ignores confounding of
the association between mediator and outcome.
When, as often, such confounders are themselves affected
by the exposure, standard regression methods are no
longer applicable.
Other manipulations of causal diagrams needed.
We have discussed 2 generic approaches for controlled
direct effects.
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Summary
Confounding
Traditional Baron-Kenny approach ignores confounding of
the association between mediator and outcome.
When, as often, such confounders are themselves affected
by the exposure, standard regression methods are no
longer applicable.
Other manipulations of causal diagrams needed.
We have discussed 2 generic approaches for controlled
direct effects.
Inverse probability weighting works by removing the
association between mediator and exposure, and thus
removing the indirect effect from the data.
This approach works for any outcome type, but is
essentially limited to discrete mediators.
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Summary
G-estimation
G-estimation works by removing the effect of mediator on
outcome, and thus also removing the indirect effect from
the data.
This approach works for any mediator type and is much
more powerful than inverse probability weighting, but
cannot handle any type of outcome:
linear models for continuous outcomes (Vansteelandt,
2009);
log-linear models for positive-constrained outcomes
(Vansteelandt, 2009);
logistic models for dichotomous outcomes (Vansteelandt,
2010);
additive hazard models for survival times (Martinussen et
al., 2011).
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Summary
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