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Bluetooth

Introduction to Bluetooth
Bluetooth is the name given to a new technology standard using short-range radio links,
intended to replace the cable(s) connecting portable and/or fixed electronic devices. Bluetooth
radios operate in the unlicensed ISM band at 2.4 Gigahertz using 79 channels between 2.402
GHz to 2.480 GHz (23 channels in some countries) (Bluetooth Protocol Architecture, White
Paper). The range for Bluetooth communication is 0-30 feet (10 meters) with a power
consumption of 0dBm (1mW). This distance can be increased to 100 meters by amplifying the
power to 20dBm. The Bluetooth radio system is optimized for mobility. Its key features are
robustness, low complexity, low power and low cost. The technology also offers wireless access
to LANs, PSTN, the mobile phone network and the Internet for a host of home appliances and
portable handheld interfaces. [1][2]
The immediate need for Bluetooth came from the desire to connect peripherals and
devices without cables. The available technology-IrDA OBEX (IR Data Association Object
Exchange Protocol) is based in IR links that are limited to line of sight connections. Bluetooth
integration is further fueled by the demand for mobile and wireless access to LANs, Internet over
mobile and other existing networks, where the backbone is wired but the interface is free to
move. [1] It was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. [3]
Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), The IEEE
standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer maintains the standard. The Bluetooth
SIG oversees development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects
the trademarks. [3][4] A manufacturer must make a device meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market
it as a Bluetooth device. [5]

To use Bluetooth wireless technology, a device must be able to interpret certain Bluetooth
profiles, which are definitions of possible applications and specify general behaviors that
Bluetooth-enabled devices use to communicate with other Bluetooth devices. These profiles
include settings to parametrize and to control the communication from start. Adherence to
profiles saves the time for transmitting the parameters anew before the bi-directional link
becomes effective. There are a wide range of Bluetooth profiles that describe many different
types of applications or use cases for devices. [6][7]

History of Bluetooth
In 1994, the L. M. Ericsson Company became interested in connecting its mobile phones
to other devices without cables. Together with four other companies (IBM, Intel, Nokia and
Toshiba), it formed a SIG (Special Interest Group) in 1998 to develop a wireless standard for
interconnecting computing and communication devices and accessories using short-range, lowpower and inexpensive wireless radios. The project was named Bluetooth.

[8]

It was originally

focused on expanding on an original idea of creating a standard for a wireless headset. Today it
has over 27,000 members and its main mission is the upkeep of a technology standard for the
wireless transfer of data over short distances. [9]
The first Bluetooth-enabled mobile phone, the Ericsson T36, was brought to market in
2000. The following year saw the first printer using Bluetooth hit the market in 2001. Mouse and
keyboard followed the next year. By 2003, the focus turned towards music with the launch of the
first MP3 player and the first stereo headset by the 2004. Bluetooth hit the wearable gadgetry
wave early with Bluetooth chips implanted within watches and sunglasses in 2006. By
2012, annual shipments of Bluetooth-enabled products reached 2 billion worldwide. At the end

of 2014, membership in Bluetooth SIGS had reached 24,000 members and hit 90 percent
penetration into the mobile phone market. [9][10]

Bluetooth Architecture, Communication and Connection


The Bluetooth technology is divided into two specifications: the core and the profile
specifications. The core specification discusses how the technology works, while the profile
specification focuses on how to build interoperating devices using the core technologies.

[11]

The

Bluetooth Core Specification provides for the connection of two or more piconets to form
a scatternet, in which certain devices simultaneously play the master role in one piconet and the
slave role in another. [12]
Bluetooth communication occurs between a master radio and a slave radio. Bluetooth
radios are symmetric in that the same device may operate as a master and also the slave. Each
radio has a 48-bit unique device address (BD_ADDR) that is fixed. Two or more radio devices
together form ad-hoc networks called piconets. [13]
A master Bluetooth device can communicate with a maximum of seven devices in a
piconet (an ad-hoc computer network using Bluetooth technology), though not all devices reach
this maximum. A master is the only one that may initiate a Bluetooth communication link.
Slaves are not allowed to talk to each other directly. All communication occurs within the slave
and the master. The devices can switch roles, by agreement, and the slave can become the master
(for example, a headset initiating a connection to a phone necessarily begins as masteras
initiator of the connectionbut may subsequently operate as slave).; however, a "master/slave

swap" function allows the roles to be reversed. (A device can only be a master in one piconet
though.) [11][12][13]
The reason for the master/slave design is that the designers intended to facilitate the
implementation of complete Bluetooth chips for under $5. The consequence of this decision is
that the slaves are fairly dumb, basically just doing whatever the master tells them to do. At its
heart, piconet is a centralized Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) system, with the master
controlling the clock and determining which device gets to communicate in which time slot. [8]

Advantage of Bluetooth vs Other Wireless Connections


The purpose of Bluetooth is to avoid the problems that come with both infrared and cable
synchronizing systems. One major advantage of Bluetooth is its simplicity of use. Anyone can
figure out how to set up a connection and sync two devices with ease. Moreover, the technology
is free to use and requires no charges to be paid to any service provider. There are four important
features to Bluetooth: It is Wireless; it is inexpensive, prices are coming down; no static at all;
and it happens automatically. [14][15]
Bluetooth could also be used in home networking applications. With increasing numbers
of homes having multiple PCs, the need for networks that are simple to install and maintain, is
growing. Bluetooth's main strength is its ability to simultaneously handle both data and voice
transmissions, allowing such innovative solutions as a mobile hands-free headset for voice calls,
print to fax capability, and automatically synchronizing PDA, laptop, and cell phone address
book applications. [2]
References:

1. Bluetooth Technology. Gc. 18 February 2013


2. Bluetooth Introduction. Gc. 18 February 2013
3. Newton, Harold. (2007). Newtons telecom dictionary. New York: Flatiron Publishing.
4. "Bluetooth.org". Bluetooth.org. 3 May 2011.
5. "Brand Enforcement Program". Bluetooth.org. 2 November 2013.
6. "Profiles Overview". Bluetooth.com. 3 June 2013.
7. Ian, Paul. "Wi-Fi Direct vs. Bluetooth 4.0: A Battle for Supremacy". PC World. 27
December 2013.
8. Tanenbaum, Andrew. (2012). Computer Networks3 5e P.320
9. The Short History of Bluetooth change the world. Hector Ruiz. 01 November 2015
10. Evolution of Technology: Bluetooth, the once and future king. Steve Brachmann. 10 May
2015
11. Bluetooth Specification, Bluetooth SIG at http://www.bluetooth.com/.
12. Bluetooth Architecture. Gc. 18 February 2013
13. Bluetooth Architecture Overview (PDF). James Kardach Mobile Computing Group, Intel
Corporation
14. Shaw, Russel. (2003). Wireless Networking Made Easy. pp. 22-25
15. Advantages and Disadvantages of Bluetooth Technology. Rahul Thadani. 5 February 2016

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