Introduction

The role of logistics in the society is described and its importance emphasized.
There is an interesting resonance with the regular first and second generation
web is called. We are all aware of the enormous growth in the use of the Interne
t over the last 15 years, but it is also possible that the generation born since
1980 are not fully aware of events around the milleniumverandering is not.
In the last decade of the twentieth century, the "hum" ( "hype") around the inte
rnet so hoogty celebrated the world in an almost "virtual insanity" has lapsed.
This has given rise to regular operations with no physical infrastructure and lo
gistics systems are not supported. In practical terms, it was easy to buy, but l
ess easy for the physical products delivered. Many Internet businesses have subs
equently failed and only the excellence that could succeed in a strong logistica
l underpinnings with the electronic world to reconcile have success. The failure
in that time that caused the NASDAQ (the USA's more general ge-oriented show) m
ore than half of its value lost, with resultant pain in the IT sector that sharp
ly reminded in today's global banksektorprobleme.
It is true that we are regularly on the role of logistics forgotten. Not only wa
ardekanaal ensuring that a sandwich in the cafeteria does not appear, but with i
nternetge-oriented transactions, such as a book from Amazon to order. Amazon is
nothing more than a giant logistics organization with a website not. The website
is the only transaksiekanaal and beyond is an excellent logistics organization
created to carry the channel.
Definitions
Definitions in any science, is certainly important, but secondary disciplines (s
uch as management science) is often more important to earlier concepts behind th
e definitions are clear from one to sit, so everyone who is involved, it is unif
ormly understood. What is most important is the terminology from time to time, a
s kanaalbestuur, distribution, industrial logistics, Materials, supply chain, et
c.. is that they often refer to earlier forms of logistics on the one side and n
arrower and broader definitions on the other side.
Logistics was such an origin in production, which grew Materials for much of wha
t we are today in the inbound logistics of the production side understood. There
is also a sales / bemarkinsoorsprong in distribusiebestuur that the distributio
n of finished products to bear.Already one can see that logistics an integral ro
le in the business. It is a process rather than a function, that several functio
nal aspects of the business areas. In fact, if the bottom of page two concepts b
eing studied is that man behind Materials with incoming products and distributio
n deals with escrow. Together they (among others) logistics. When marketing to l
ogistics to be successful, it will be a voorsieningskanaal. The prosesbenadering
konstruk and the differences between the four concepts in the previous sentence
is extremely important.
The handboekdefinisie top of page three talk about flow. The vloeibegrip with th
e prosesbegrip connection and is therefore also important. The game manual is no
t exactly, but there are three basic flows discussed in the company, namely the
flow of commodities, money and information. Generally (and there are important e
xceptions) commodities flowing downward in a channel, money backwards and inform
ation to both sides.
When we have a channel to speak, we mean the total waardekanaal in an industry w
here commodities from one place to store and move and add value. Think of bread
that you buy every day. A farmer had wheat to a silo and probably move to a co-o
peration, sale, where a meulenaar buy it again and change into flour, which has
a bakery and buy bread changed, where the retailer and buy it again at your disp
osal. For all the events above commodities downward (to you) and money backwards
(away from you in the direction of the farmer) flowed.Information, however, you
r need for bread that the trigger for all the events backwards and the availabil
ity of commodities, which is the trigger for events that flow downwards and thus
in both directions.
In all these cases by different parties value added by the farmer, the baker and
meulenaar example. But everyone has a problem because the commodities never exa
ctly at the time and place of production are needed. (You do not stand next to t
he bakery and food as he is not baking and the baker was not along the meulenaar
and baking times as he does not). Everyone had so what we call a problem of tim
e and place. Here comes the logistics picture, because logistics solve this prob
lem. It provides time and pleknut. That's why the chart bottom of page three it
as one of the primary outputs of logistics. It does (work that is listed - for e
xample vraagvooruitskatting, Inventory, etc..) Certain things with certain input
s (eg raw materials, manpower etc.). Pleknut to time to provide. Remember that t
he time and logistics pleknut provided and that in itself is not the final outpu
t of logistics is not. The diagram is not clear, because when everything is summ
ed output is the final customer. We will discuss this further in chapter three d
eals.
Stelselbenadering
The concept of a stelselbenadering is by no means peculiar to logistics not. It
is in all sciences from physics to management science and is used as the textboo
k says, a powerful paradigm.Closed systems are scarce and the saying in physics
that "the blow of a butterfly's wings in Borneo, a hurricane in Florida could ca
use" is not just word game, but can literally be true. In some studies, the stel
selge-oriented mutual relationships of cause and effect is always sought. This g
ives rise to the concept of afruilings who, despite being so early and so propos
ed to be emphasized, are still to be overlooked by students. The textbook's exam
ple about afruilings is not just theoretical but a practical construct that ther
e are daily wrestling. It can easily cost R1000 for one ton chemicals from Gaute
ng to Cape Town to send. If I have a ton per day are produced and sent to the Ca
pe, however, I wait 30 days and a large truck at one time to send at about R500
per ton. I can even have a treinvrag once per quarter and in line R300 per ton e
scape. But what is the impact of these savings? If I need to chemekalië a ton pe
r day I would be in the first case, for thirty days on both sides to save in the
second case, for ninety days.But is this the only effect? While the stock ronds
taan it should be financed. Furthermore, they may be old, etc.. The statement th
at "a reduction in transport costs are always lower logistics costs are caused n
ot true. There are also further exchanges at various levels. Be careful however,
because many more will still be proposed and understanding them is critical.
Logistics' role in the economy
The first paragraph of general concepts is important, but the rest are more spec
ific aspects of South Africa replaced.
In the first place to let the United Nations definition of sustainable developme
nt in figure 1:
Figure 1: Systemic relationship between development and logistics
The driving forces of the handbook describes what is about growth, but growth is
not sustainable if it is not fairly distributed and if it destroys the environm
ent or depletes minerals. Furthermore, growth is driven by specialization, where
for example at the lowest level of a farmer is not more "general" peasant, but
specialize in dairy production, another with corn and another with chickens. Thi
s specialization, however, require exchanges, which creates markets and logistic
s needs. Ultimately, this global phenomenon, where the computer that we work wit
h simple components from three different continents can contain. This of course
caused more complex exchanges and global logistics.
If the construct in the previous paragraph is well studied, it is also clear tha
t logistics' contribution to the content of the finished component, more and mor
e will increase as specialization increases. Compare the growth in the South Afr
ican economy with the growth in transport (a key component in Logistics) as illu
strate in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Economic and vervoergroei in South Africa
Mining, agriculture and manufacturing is often the "vervoerbare" part of the eco
nomy, and although called production grow faster than the primary sector, growth
is still slower than transport.
Specialization may be in South Africa throughout practically elucidated through
to production and consumption at the provincial level to see (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Production and consumption in South Africa
This depiction is for all commodities in the country, which illustrates that the
difference between production and consumption per commodity is even greater. Ul
timately, these differences give rise to kommoditeitsvloeie as depicted in figur
e 4 The flow of all commodities in South Africa

This specialization gives rise to the need for logistics. The elements of logist
ics in the country, costs and challenges involved in the article "The state of l
ogistics in South Africa - exposure to external risks" that are placed on WebCT
discussed.
Logistics' role in the organization
The textbook starts to the growing importance of logistics over the last two dec
ades to describe. It is linked to customer service, a central concept of logisti
cs. We prefer to be the difference between time and place of production and cons
umption problem solving to describe logistics as that logistics, or the function
of logistics, but finally output the final customer. The handbook speaks here o
f the marketing concept and the fact that kliëntebehoeftes central to everything
, because the business exists esensieel for client needs. That means, the model
top of page seven it illustrates that customer satisfaction, driven by the 4 p's
of marketing ultimately the firm's success can be achieved.
It completes the picture of the function description:
• There is a time and plekprobleem in markets and waardekanaal. Logistics solve
the problem
• There is a reason for it to resolve, namely clients' needs to address. Logisti
cs's final output is customer
• If the output is customer service, it is with only one goal in mind, namely kl
iëntevredenheid
• All this is not done unnecessarily, but to make a profit and the company a com
petitive advantage to give.
The marketing concept and the 4 p's of marketing is critically important to unde
rstand. The 4 P's is known and more comprehensive models of the marketing concep
t is nowadays, but the role afruilings here is important. The model top of page
eight is one of the kernkonstrukte the course and the textbook. This indicates t
he role of logistics in the marketing concept and the interaction between the el
ements in logistics. The handbook explains the 4 p's good and it should be under
stood, but think of other afruilings as the previous example.
If there is worked out that the total logistics costs to chemekalië transmit whe
n it is cheaper with a monthly vragmoter be sent (ie, the sum is made and additi
onal stoorkoste, etc. finansierinskoste. The stock is taken into account) should
be done ? Maw mean lower total logistics costs are always higher profits? The a
nswer is no because:
• Logistical costs may be lower, but customers prefer "fresh" products
• There was a big promotion in the Cape and the danger to be out of stock is hig
h
• By day delivery may be a higher price may be negotiated (more than the cost to
do this)
These examples are all real and onlosmaaklike shows the interaction between logi
stics and marketing concept to. With the start of the PVR service by DSTV in Sou
th Africa is a huge marketing campaign was launched. For several weeks after the
promotion began, there was no stock available anymore, but the campaign has con
tinued uninterrupted. You might wonder whether it's the right time and with the
right product was where "knapbetyds" should be employed. (if this is the reason
for voorraaduitputting was - there may be several reasons).Tesco in the United K
ingdom and emerging advertising often "specials" of imported products that are s
till on the open sea. The intention is to use directly out of containers into sh
ops to deliver. The cooperation between promotion and marketing is critical here
and logistikus should be sure that this difficult task on the very day can be p
erformed.
The handbook explains the principles of time and pleknut in this section. The di
stinction between form-utility over time and is pleknut interesant. It explains
the value of logistics to the total value of products, commodities and services
include.
Development of logistics
Logistics as a military concept is centuries-old and had come to wasdom and atte
ntion to besigheidwëreld in the second world war and the rebuilding of Europe af
ter. The further detail of the history of the function itself is not as importan
t, but the factors underlying the interest in the position as between page 13 an
d 19 are described.
• Cost and value. Logistics adds considerable value to a product when, according
to the original value of the product. A Ton of coal can be doubled in value fro
m Witbank to Kaapostad and vervierdubbel between Witbank and Hamburg. Gold's val
ue in Johannesburg and London are exactly the same. The average transport cost o
f a tonne of coal in South Africa is about R100 per ton, but manufactured food o
r aptekersware approximately R500 per ton. A Ton of coal is now worth an average
of about R100, 500 and R3 food aptekersware R100 000. This means that transport
costs within South Africa to 50% of the delivered value of coal can be, but onl
y 13% of the value of food and approximately one half of one percent of the valu
e of aptekersware. This explains why afleweringsmetodes duration could be used f
or aptekersware and why afruilings higher level of service benefits is important
to remain competitive.
• Increased profitability. The textbook refers to three essential methods to inc
rease profits, which increased sales, higher prices or cost savings. It is impor
tant to note that not only cost savings in logistics, which is a role play. It c
an play a role in the other two also, but cost savings with better logistics met
hods over the past decade, much attention and certainly offers great opportuniti
es. The handbook also provides a powerful example. Increased sales contributes r
elatively little to profitability by (it is now Rand for Rand), but reduced logi
stics costs' contribution is almost 100% (each edge means saving a Rand's greate
r gains). This example is of course not entirely true (the higher sales section)
where a large firm vastekoste components. It is vital to understand why this st
atement is true.
But what is not said is not very important, namely making sure that low cost is
100% directly contributes to profitability. Sometimes, a reduction in service co
sts reduced, causing sales to be disadvantaged. There should be no reduction in
either service or are not afruiling must play a role. It may happen that a compa
ny's logistics costs could crimp somatig that an intentional reduction in servic
e delivery is a particular market segment late loss, but that the predominant ef
fect is positive. This is a major strategic decision, and the logistikus's contr
ibution in the
Leadership for this decision is all the afruilingsmoontlikhede clear with good c
alculations to expose.
• Information. The manual mentions two important new contributions of informatio
n technology.This includes the ability for multiple logistic activities to monit
or and optimize, especially erskeie generations of later ERP and MRP systems. Fu
rthermore, it is all the more possible for electronic trading and the internet h
as today become an important channel.
• Competition. The handbook discusses two aspects which actually increased input
costs and globalization. Energy costs and interest rates is not necessarily alw
ays high, but unpredictable.This means that businesses that exposure to these ri
sks can reduce the competitive advantage will enjoy. Decrease in inventory reduc
ed by more exposure to the finance vanvoorraad and vervoeroptimesring exposure t
o fuel costs. Gloobalisering bring wêreldklasmededingers come in contact and inc
rease the pressure to logistically effective.
• Magverskuiwing in channels. The downward shift of power in the waardekanaal is
actually much broader than what the manual calls. Long ago, for example, farmer
s could simply work in landbourade and a pricing of commodities, based on input
costs and desired profits do.Steenkoolmyners, houtprodusente etc.. Have done the
same and processors in the channel mode has no power and had not been exposed p
rysnemers. This may initially afbeweeg to processors and ultimately much of the
power vested by consumers today. Due to globalization, the increase of products
and services and effective sales channels are now many more choices. Two decades
ago, virtually everyone in South Africa books and magazines purchased by the CN
A. Today there are not only several large chain stores, but also international I
nternet giants like Amazon distributors to choose from.
• Deregulation. The handbook does not mention deregulation which is also an impo
rtant ontwikkelingsdrywer was specifically not. The deregulation of transportati
on, energy and kommoditeitsmarkte choices have increased and not only reduce com
petition, but also the logistics manager's choices of diensalternatiewe broadene
d.
Sleutelaktiwiteite
The textbook list veskeie sleutelaktiwiteite in logistics, often in preliminary
form. Many of these activities, especially in the second part of the course disc
ussed in more depth.
• Client. As already mentioned a central concept in logistics - the final output
of logistics. The statement that customer satisfaction as well as the whole bem
arkingspoging successful, is extremely important.
• Vraagvooruitskatting. The ability to question, to understand and accurately pr
edict critical to logistics to keep costs low. One can only think that as a logi
stics service was 100% (when products are always at the appointed time will be d
elivered, undamaged and complete) and if demand 100% duty vooruitgeskat be no st
ock drakoste needed. Consider the example of aptekersprodukte in the previous se
ction. At 12% interest per year it costs about R30 per day to finance inventory.
Each day that one tonne buffer stock should be kept (because demand is uncertai
n and voorraaduitputting not an option is not) going to lose R30. And then the s
toorkoste (which is very expensive for the valuable and perishable products can
be) has not only taken into account. The handbook also refers to other aspects s
uch as geography, because the placement of distribution points and the final dis
tribution of products is affected.Forecasting is certainly one of the most compl
ex disciplines, but it is the trigger for the logistics process. Marketing to cr
eate and manage demand, but production and logistics to future demand as well as
possibly anticipate.
• Inventory. The place, time and money consumed by unnecessary inventory will ma
ke it obvious importance to stock as effectively as possible to manage. The manu
al speaks of the important afruiling between kliëntediensvlakke and inventory. T
here are also other afruilings as between verskepingsvolumes and inventory.
• Logistics communications. Kommuniaksie all the more ge-outomatiseerd, complex
and fast.The speed at which, for example, after the stock bestelfunksie can be c
ommunicated, can have an important role to play in competitiveness.
• Materials. The elimination of unnecessary handling, minimisering of vervoerafs
tande and the elimination of unnecessary produksiestappe and bottelnekke increas
e efficiency and reduce costs
• Bestelprossesering. Where vraagvooruitskatting and vraagbestuur term planning
processes and disabling, is the day to day operational aspects of logistics thro
ugh the kliëntebestelling ge-initiates. The extent to which it accurately and qu
ickly can be received again to lower and higher vorraadvlakke lead kliëntediensv
lakke.
• Packaging. Packaging has both a logistical and MARKETING. The MARKETING is oft
en known, but the beskermingsrol and especially effective hanteringsrol they cou
ld play regularly overlooked.
• Kliëntediensondersteuning. Logistics is also involved in naverkoopdiens and re
pairs. In some industries, products to life and supported prosses of certain ind
ustrial customers to suffer huge losses if it would stop (as hoogoonde, olierafi
naderye, etc.)
• Procurement. Veskeie issues are listed, but today such as security factors pla
y a role.Consider the recent gaskrisis in Europe.
• Reverse logistics. Terugsendingbestuur is important, but so is the handling of
wastes and so-called "green" logistics. Some countries in the processes needed
for goods such as cars skroot, already in production planning and in the price o
f the car is built.
• Transportation. Transport in South Africa is more than 50% of total logistics
costs and will thus much attention.
• Storage. Large differences between the time of production and konsumpsie causi
ng a greater need for storage. In cyclical industries, like agriculture, it is i
nevitable, but production as "batch" production also causes increased storage.
The need for integration
The textbook explains the basis of a simple diagram prosesintegrasie the nature
of logistics. It refers to the fact that logistics activities, but often not as
a process in organizations, management is not. Even two to three decades after a
wareness about the benefits of integration, root, is this state of affairs in ma
ny businesses are still the order of the day.Incoming materials will be governed
by production management, with a separate aankopebestuurder by marketing and di
stribution, etc.. What compounded the matter is that when processes are integrat
ed monitoring, the extent of gab and great savings to be achieved, but in isolat
ion are the cost elements that are often seen only a small portion of the indivi
dual's budget functions. Then enjoy it less attention and more importantly, cost
s are sometimes grouping together elements in overheads and then according to so
me overarching principle of ge-allocate to products, services or processes. All
these aspects will be mainly in the 344 course in the second semester attention.
Several benefits of integration are discussed. Except for the visibility of cost
s has improved flows with lower inventory, improved batebenutting and eliminatio
n of duplication. The five reasons that caused increased inventory is important
because it explains the integral concept of afruilings further.
The "Total Cost" concept
This concept takes the afruilingsbeginsel further. It is clear that through the
various elements of logistics in seclusion to focus, total cost increases rather
than decreases can be. The handbook provides a detailed breakdown of cost eleme
nts in the figure above on page 29, but it is mainly the different afruilings wh
at is important. Reduction in service levels can lead to lost sales leads. Reduc
tion in transport costs may increase in opslagkoste to lead and increase in best
elkoste (eg by the introduction of ge-outamitiseerde systems can lead to reducti
on in lead voorraadkoste). There is a direct and integral connection between all
the elements.
The strategic winsmodel
The handbook explains that inventories and receivables, but only other types of
assets (current assets) and through these investments to keep low, increase cash
flow and stock turnover. It is assumed that lower levels of current assets have
no effect on sales and other costs will be, but it is not true. Faster betaalte
rme means, in effect, a higher price and lower inventory can lead to lost sales,
increased transport costs and increased production leads.
The strategic winsmodel provide clarity on a high level on the kernafruilings wh
o are concerned.
• The ultimate question is whether the investment in the business worthwhile. Th
is can only be determined by dividing the net profit by the total value of the b
usiness section. What was needed for the business to be done?
• This relationship can be gedisagregeer through the gearing effect of asset opb
rengspersentasie multiplying. Which part of the assets of equity and what percen
tage of proceeds from the assets delivered?
• The asset opbrengspersantasie can gedisaggregeer by the net profit margin by a
sset turnover rate multiplied. How effective is the system to generate high marg
ins and how fast this process given over the assets to be deployed?
• At this stage, says the intuitive relationship of the following: "If the verko
opsproses fairly high margins make sales and if I could let this happen quickly
(in terms of rapid turnover of assets that include inventory and receivables), I
will be successful. If the assets are quickly turned around, but my margins are
very small, my profits are less. If my margins are very high, but it takes a lo
ng assets to turn I will be less effective.
The manual works through an example for various options with the use of strategi
c winsmodel explain. Work of this and make sure you understand it.
Future challenges
The textbook discusses several toekomsuitdagings as supply chain, beplanningsasp
ekte, quality management, knapbetydsprogramme, accelerated response times and "g
reen" and trulogistiek.
In South Africa there are specific challenges caused by outdated infrastructure
and poor gekonfigureerde extremely low competency and long distributions and ver
voerroetes.
These challenges will continuously integrate into the courseware to be.