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OSI Model
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI) is a conceptual model that characterizes
and standardizes the internal functions of a communication system by partitioning it into
abstraction layers. The model is a product of the Open Systems Interconnection project at the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), maintained by the identification ISO/IEC
7498-1.
The model groups communication functions into seven logical layers. A layer serves the layer
above it and is served by the layer below it. For example, a layer that provides error-free
communications across a network provides the path needed by applications above it, while it
calls the next lower layer to send and receive packets that make up the contents of that path.
Two instances at one layer are connected by a horizontal connection on that layer.
The Below Shown Diagram is helpful to understand the OSI seven Layer Model.

OSI MODEL EXPLANATION

The Physical Layer describes the physical properties of the various communications
media, as well as the electrical properties and interpretation of the exchanged signals. Ex: this
layer defines the size of Ethernet coaxial cable, the type of BNC connector used, and the
termination method. This includes the layout of pins, voltages, line impedance, cable
specifications, signal timing, hubs, repeaters, network adapters, host bus adapters. So Physical
Connectors are in Layer 1 called as Physical Layer.

The Data Link Layer describes the logical organization of data bits transmitted on a
particular medium. Ex: this layer defines the framing, addressing and check summing of
Ethernet packets. Data Link Layer divided in two sub layers:-Media Access Control (MAC) layer responsible for controlling how computers in the network gain access to data and permission to
transmit it.Logical Link Control (LLC) layer - control error checking and packet
synchronization.The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is an example of a data link layer in the
TCP/IP protocol stack.

The Network Layer describes how a series of exchanges over various data links can
deliver data between any two nodes in a network. Ex: this layer defines the addressing and
routing structure of the Internet. Routing information is there in Layer 3, Routing Protocols
like RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF are Layer 3 Protocols.

The Transport Layer describes the quality and nature of the data delivery. Ex: this
layer defines if and how retransmissions will be used to ensure data delivery.

Feature name
Connection-oriented network
Connectionless network
Concatenation and separation
Segmentation and reassembly
Error recovery
Reinitiate connectiona
Multiplexing / demultiplexing over single virtual circuit
Explicit flow control
Retransmission on timeout
Reliable transport service
a

TP0
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No

TP1
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes

TP2
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No

TP3
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes

TP4
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

If an excessive number of PDUs are unacknowledged.

The Session Layer describes the organization of data sequences larger than the packets
handled by lower layers. Ex: this layer describes how request and reply packets are paired in a
remote procedure call or you can say The session layer controls the dialogues (connections)
between computers. It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local
and remote application. It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex, or simplex operation, and
establishes checkpointing, adjournment, termination, and restart procedures. The OSI model
made this layer responsible for graceful close of sessions, which is a property of the Transmission
Control Protocol, and also for session checkpointing and recovery, which is not usually used in
the Internet Protocol Suite. The session layer is commonly implemented explicitly in application
environments that use remote procedure calls.

The Presentation Layer describes the syntax of data being transferred. Ex: this layer
describes how floating point numbers can be exchanged between hosts with different math
formats. The presentation layer establishes context between application-layer entities, in which
the application-layer entities may use different syntax and semantics if the presentation service
provides a mapping between them. If a mapping is available, presentation service data units are
encapsulated into session protocol data units, and passed down the TCP/IP stack.
This layer provides independence from data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating
between application and network formats. The presentation layer transforms data into the form
that the application accepts. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network. It
is sometimes called the syntax layer.

The Application Layer describes how real work actually gets done. Ex: this layer
would implement file system operations.This layer interacts with software applications that

implement a communicating component. Such application programs fall outside the scope of the
OSI model. Application-layer functions typically include identifying communication partners,
determining resource availability, and synchronizing communication. When identifying
communication partners, the application layer determines the identity and availability of
communication partners for an application with data to transmit. When determining resource
availability, the application layer must decide whether sufficient network or the requested
communication exists. In synchronizing communication, all communication between
applications requires cooperation that is managed by the application layer
at 1:07 PM
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