Gravesen Wind

Wind and wave forces
Helge Gravesen and Sren L. Srensen (Carl Bro as):

Wind and wave design forces.
Examples based on Boussinesq simulation used for wind farm
Borkum Riffgrund
Improved Boussinesq simulations
Borkum Riffgrund Project developed by:
ENERGI E2 + Plambech Neuen Energien
77 turbines 3.6-4.5 MW
40 km from shore
Water depth 23-29 m
No sand waves

Met-ocean conditions
Return Wind Significant Low High Current
period velocity
wave
water water speed
(years) el. 10 height (m) level level
(m/s)
m (m/s)
(m)
(m)
1
22.1
6.5
-1.7
2.1
1.1
10
26.6
7.7
-2.1
2.7
1.2
50
29.7
8.5
-2.3
3.1
1.3
Table 1: Parameters for nature load determination (DHI)
Depth below MWL

Marine growth
(m)
thickness (mm)
0-10
50
10-20
45
20-25
65
25-32
90
Table 2: Marine growth
Figure 2: Sketch of foundation types. Monopile, steel tripod, concrete

tripod and gravity foundation.

Figure 3: Wind rose (DHI).

Wave Rose

Figure 5: Current rose (DHI).




Wind
Speed
(m/s)
0-2
2-4
4-6
6-8
8-10
10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20 20-22 22-24 24-26 26-28 28-30
All
7.0- 7.5
10
6.5- 7.0
15
26
6.0- 6.5
18
34
62
5.5- 6.0
18
77
31
134
5.0- 5.5
92
111
15
229
4.5- 5.0
133
351
106
601
4.0- 4.5
64
553
376
50
1045
3.5- 4.0
26
499
889
279
21
1716
3.0- 3.5
16
433
1415
1003
148
3017
Hm0 (m)
2.5- 3.0
20
312
1692
2184
575
17
4803
2.0- 2.5
10
45
373
2302
4088
1968
89
8878
1.5- 2.0
32
144
670
2595
6056
4040
278
13817
1.0- 1.5
376
1617
4510
8259
6293
657
21721
0.5- 1.0
1697
6073 10238 6655
614
25284
0.0- 0.5
1295
3367
6305
3252
1285
387
109
26
87648
All
1.
1510
132
3401 11211 16975 18036 15595 10943 6418





Design scatter table of wave steepness Sop and wave height
Hm0. The numbers indicate the number of events per 10
years.


Met-ocean conditions: Wave height statistics derived from the
design correlation between wind velocity and wave height.

Met-ocean conditions:



Figure 6: Force determination with the Lundgren/Boussinesq method.
This approach allows for:

adding the pressure arising
from the difference in
surface elevation
taking account for non-linear
pressure gradients
inclusion of an improved
estimate of the phase
difference on e.g. tripods
and gravity foundations.

Force exceedance distribution
Figure 7: Force exceedance distributions calculate
d with the
Lundgren/Boussinesq method. Example.
1 exp( log( P ( X > x ))

F = k
+ offset

Generalized force exceedanc distribution
6000
5000
H = 9m
s
H = 8m
s
4000
H = 7m
s
3000
H = 6m
s
Hs= 5m
2000 Hs= 4m
Hs= 3m
1000
H = 2m
s
Hs= 1m
0
-5
10
Figure 8: Generalized force exceedance distributions calculated with
the Lundgren/Boussinesq method
-4
10
-3
10
10

Integration of wave forces
6000
Hs = 6.75 m
Hs = 7.25 m
Hs = 7.75 m
5000
Hs = 8.25 m
Hs = 8.75 m
4000
Hs = 9.25 m
Hs = 9.75 m
Hs = 10.25 m
3000
Hs = 10.75 m
Sum
2000
1000
0
-2
10
Figure 9: Integration of the wave force distributions in figure 8 and
he wave height distribution
-1
10
10
10
10

Lundgren-Morison. comparison
3000
Lundgren
Morison
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-4
10
Figure 10: Example of comparison of wave force distributions
calculated with the Lundgren method and the Morison equation. Both
are based on Boussinesq data. In the present project the Lundgren
method is applied
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
10

Lundgren-Morison. Comparison
7
Lundgren
Morison
6
Figur
e 11: Example of comparison of wave force spectra calculated
with the Lundgren method and the Morison equation. Both are based
on Boussinesq data.
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6

Spectra of simulated Boussinesq-waves
u
r
t
c
e
p
s
r
e
w
o
p
n
o
i
t
a
v
e
l
e
e
c
a
f
r
u
S
Water depth h = 32 m (12 m in Boussinesq simulation)

9
10
Old data
New data
Old cut-off frequency
10
10
10
10
10
New cut-off frequency

Tail function, F=const*eta
Tail function, F=const*eta*T
10
10
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Frequency
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
6000
Old data
New data
5000
]
N
k
[
e
c
r
o
F
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
10
-3
10
-2
10
Exceedance probability
-1
10

Spectra of simulated Boussinesq-waves
9
10
Old data
New data
Old cut-off frequency
New cut-off frequency
Tail function, F=const*eta
10
10
Tail function, F=const*eta*T 2
10
10
10
10
10
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5

Results of force calculations
Water depth h = 25 m
Stream
Boussinesq/
Wave data function/Morison
Lundgren
Deviat.
%
M0.1
Sop Hs Tp F0.1% M0.1% Arm F0.1% M0.1% F0.1% %
0.044 8 10.8 3.56 72.6 20.4 3.62 66.6 1.5 -8.3
0.036 8 11.9 3.59 72.2 20.1 3.66 67.3 2.0 -6.8
0.030 8 13.1 3.63 72.8 20.0 3.70 68.0 1.7 -6.6
Water depth h = 32 m
Stream
Boussinesq/
Wave data function/Morison
Lundgren
Deviat.
%
F
M
Sop Hs Tp F0.1% M0.1% Arm F0.1% M0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
0.044 8 10.8 3.84 94.3 24.5 3.94 91.7 2.6 -2.8
0.036 8 11.9 3.81 92.3 24.2 3.91 91.0 2.6 -1.4
0.030 8 13.1 3.82 91.5 24.0 3.92 91.1 2.6 -0.5
Jonswap/Morison
Deviat. %
F0.1%
3.98
3.66
3.51
M0.1%
68.0
59.2
58.6
F0.1%
11.6
2.0
-3.4
M0.1%
-6.2
-18.0
-19.5
Jonswap/Morison
Deviat. %
F
M
F0.1%
4.14
3.91
3.72
M0.1% 0.1% 0.1%

89.4 7.7 -5.2
79.8 2.6 -13.5
77.4 -2.5 -15.4

Comparison physical model tests and calculations
Monopile, water depth h=25m
6000
Model tests
Boussinesq/Lundgren
5000
Force (kN)
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
Significant wave height (m

Figure 12: Comparison of Boussinesq/ Lundgren
tests (AU).
and physical model
10

Dynamic amplification
Interaction factor, ME
D, m=4
1.40
1.35
1.30
DME
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0
10
15
20
Wind velocity, hub height (m

Figure 13: Dynamic amplification factor for fatigue loads. Example
from FLEX 5 simulations.
25
30

Design formulas
Extreme forces:
Fmax,wind+waves=Fmean,wind+((Fmax,wind-Fmean,wind)2+Fmax,waves2)0.5
Fatigue:
FE,wind+waves=DFE(FE,wind2+FE,waves2)0.5

Inertia coefficient
Inertia coefficien
2.5
2
CM
1.5
1
DNV (2004)
ISO 19902
0.5
Reference value
0
0
10
20
KC
Figure 14: Inertia force coefficients from the DNV and ISO standards.
In the present project the ISO values are applied.
30
40

Drag coefficient
Drag coefficien
2.5
DNV (2004)
ISO 19902
Reference value
CD
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
10
20
30
KC
Figure 15: Drag force coefficients from the DNV and ISO standards.
In the present project the ISO values are appl
ied.
40

Total corrections
The wave spreading is included as a general factor of 0.91 to inertia
forces and 0.82 to drag forces.
Water depth h=25m
15
10
5
z (m)
CM
CD
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
0
0.5
1
Total correction factor
1.5
Figure 16: Corrections of hydrodynamic coefficients taking account
for depth variations in the KC number, marine growth and wave
spreading. The reference values are C D=1 and CM=2.

Initial Boussinesq simulations

Add to Boussinesq simulations
Improved Boussinesq
Linear correction to Boussinesq simulations
Improved Boussinesq
Corrected input spectrum
Improved Boussinesq
Force spectra Boussinesq witout and with linear correction

Gravesen Wind

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Wind and wave forces

Helge Gravesen and Sren L. Srensen (Carl Bro as):

Wind and wave forces

Depth below MWL

Wind and wave forces

Wind and wave forces

Figure 2: Sketch of foundation types. Monopile, steel tripod, concrete

Wind and wave forces

Figure 3: Wind rose (DHI).

Wind and wave forces

Wind and wave forces

Figure 5: Current rose (DHI).

Wind and wave forces

Wind and wave forces

Wind and wave forces

Wind and wave forces

Wind and wave forces

6073 10238 6655

3401 11211 16975 18036 15595 10943 6418

Wind and wave forces

Wind and wave forces

Wind and wave forces

Wind and wave forces

Wind and wave forces

Wind and wave forces

Wind and wave forces

Wind and wave forces

Wind and wave forces

Wind and wave forces

Wind and wave forces

This approach allows for:

Wind and wave forces

Figure 7: Force exceedance distributions calculate

Lundgren/Boussinesq method. Example.

1 exp( log( P ( X > x ))

Wind and wave forces

the Lundgren/Boussinesq method

Wind and wave forces

Figure 9: Integration of the wave force distributions in figure 8 and

he wave height distribution

Wind and wave forces

are based on Boussinesq data. In the present project the Lundgren

Wind and wave forces

e 11: Example of comparison of wave force spectra calculated

Wind and wave forces

Water depth h = 32 m (12 m in Boussinesq simulation)

New cut-off frequency

Wind and wave forces

Tail function, F=const*eta*T 2

Wind and wave forces

M0.1% 0.1% 0.1%

Wind and wave forces

Significant wave height (m

and physical model

Wind and wave forces

Wind velocity, hub height (m

from FLEX 5 simulations.

Wind and wave forces

Wind and wave forces

In the present project the ISO values are applied.

Wind and wave forces

In the present project the ISO values are appl

Wind and wave forces

Figure 16: Corrections of hydrodynamic coefficients taking account

Tail function, F=constetaT 2