CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

What Is CPR?
The term CPR stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, a
combination of rescue breathing (mouth-to-mouth resuscitation)
and chest compressions.
Rescue breathing, provides oxygen to a person's lungs.
Chest compressions, keep the person's blood circulating.
CPR describes the treatments used to try and restart a persons
heart after it has stopped beating. CPR can restore the circulation
of oxygen rich blood to the brain. Without oxygen, permanent
brain damage or death can occur in less than 8 minutes. CPR was
initially developed to restart hearts that had stopped because of
sudden, unexpected heart attacks, later it was used in all
situations.
CPR can be lifesaving, but it is best performed by those who have
been trained in an accredited CPR course. The newest techniques
emphasize compression over rescue breathing and airway,
reversing long-standing practice.

Machines called automated external defibrillators (AEDs) can

be found in many public places, and are available for home use.
These machines have pads or paddles to place on the chest
during a life-threatening emergency. They automatically check the
heart rhythm and give a sudden shock if, and only if, that shock is
needed to get the heart back into the right rhythm.
CPR may be necessary during many different emergencies,
including
accidents,
excessive
bleeding,
near-drowning,
suffocation, poisoning, drug overdose, smoke inhalation,
electrocution injuries, and suspected sudden infant death
syndrome (SIDS).
When Is CPR Needed?
CPR is most successful when administered as quickly as possible,
but you must first determine if it's necessary. It should only be
performed when a person isn't breathing or circulating blood
adequately. The symptoms when you need to give CPR are
unconsciousness, no breathing or difficulty in breathing and no
pulse.
It can happen due to unexpected or expected circumstances:
Unexpected circumstances would include healthy people with
no history of serious. Illness such as younger people who are
victims of drowning or traumatic injury.
In such case, determine that it's safe to approach the person in
trouble. For instance, if someone was injured in an accident on a
busy highway, you would have to be extremely careful about
ongoing traffic as you try to help. Or if someone touched an
exposed wire and was electrocuted, you would have to be certain
that he or she is no longer in contact with electricity before
offering assistance, to prevent becoming electrocuted yourself.
(For instance, turn off the source of electricity, such as a light
switch or a circuit breaker.)
Expected circumstances that would cause the heart to stop would
include people with serious illnesses. Heart disease, for example,
directly affects heart functioning, whereas other illnesses such as
kidney failure, pneumonia, severe infection or terminal cancer
indirectly affect the heart.

 In patients with chronic illness such as cancer or severe heart

failure, CPR may help extend life. In patients with an unexpected
and reversible illness such as a heart attack, CPR may be lifesaving.
When someones heart stops beating, they become unconscious
within a few seconds because there is not enough blood going to
their brain. During this time they are not aware of things around
them and do not likely experience pain.
How To Determine Of CPRs Need?
Once you know that you can safely approach someone who needs
help, quickly evaluate whether the person is responsive. Look for
things like eye opening, sounds from the mouth, or other signs of
life like movement of the arms and legs. In infants and younger
children, rubbing the chest (over the breastbone) can help
determine if there is any level of responsiveness. In older children
and adults, this can also be done by gently shaking the shoulders
and asking if they're all right.
The next step is to check if the victim is breathing. You can
determine this by watching the person's chest for the rise and fall
of breaths and listening for the sound of air going in and out of
the lungs. If you can't determine whether someone is breathing,
you should begin CPR and continue until help arrives. Whenever
CPR is needed, remember to call for emergency medical
assistance.
First Aid Procedure:
The following steps are based on these instructions:
1. Carefully place the person on their back. If there is a chance
the person has a spinal injury, two people should move the
person to prevent the head and neck from twisting.
2. Perform chest compressions:
o Place the heel of one hand on the breastbone -- right
between the nipples.
o Place the heel of your other hand on top of the first hand.
o Position your body directly over your hands.
o Give 30 chest compressions. These compressions should
be fast and hard. Press down about 2 inches into the

chest. Each time, let the chest rise completely. Count the
30 compressions quickly.
3. Open the airway. Lift up the chin with two fingers. At the
same time, tilt the head by pushing down on the forehead
with the other hand.
4. Look, listen, and feel for breathing. Place your ear close
to the person's mouth and nose. Watch for chest movement.
Feel for breath on your cheek.
5. If the person is not breathing or has trouble
breathing:
o Cover their mouth tightly with your mouth.
o Pinch the nose closed.
o Keep the chin lifted and head tilted.
o Give 2 rescue breaths. Each breath should take about a
second and make the chest rise.
o Continue CPR (30 chest compressions followed by 2 breaths,
then repeat) until the person recovers or help arrives. If an
AED for adults is available, use it as soon as possible.
If the person starts breathing again, place them in the recovery
position. Periodically recheck for breathing until help arrives.
Three Parts of CPR:
The three basic parts of CPR are easily remembered as "ABC": A
for airway, B for breathing, and C for circulation.
A is for airway. The victim's airway must be open for breathing
to be restored because airway may be blocked when a person
loses his consciousness.
B is for breathing. Rescue breathing is begun when a person
isn't breathing. Someone performing rescue breathing essentially
breathes for the victim, by forcing air into the lungs. This
procedure includes breathing into the victim's mouth at correct
intervals and checking for signs of life.
C is for circulation. Chest compressions can sometimes
restore circulation. Two rescue breaths should be provided and

followed immediately by cycles of 30 chest compressions and 2

rescue breaths. It is not necessary to check for signs of circulation
to perform this technique. This procedure involves pushing on the
chest to help circulate blood and maintain blood flow to major
organs.
How to give a good CPR?
Push hard, push fast: forceful, fast compressions provide better
circulation of blood and oxygen. Fast means at least 100 compressions.
Allow for full chest recoil after each compression: relaxing
the pressure on the chest between compressions allows the heart
to refill and pump more blood.
Minimize interruption in chest compressions: blood flow
stops if compressions stop.
Early defibrillation: victims have a better chance of surviving
when CPR is performed in combination with early defibrillation.

Essentials about CPR:

No change in CPR sequence for drowning: after
assessing for breathing, rescuers deliver two initial rescue
breaths followed by 30 chest compressions.
Why? Drowning victims need urgent replenishment of oxygen
starting with rescue breaths as a result of severe asphyxia.
Drowning victims may respond after a few initial rescue breaths.
Compression-only CPR: all trained rescuers should
perform CPR with chest compressions and rescue breaths
using a mask and gloves. If an untrained rescuer is unwilling
or unable, compression-only CPR may be performed.
Why? Chest compressions and breaths are most effective,
especially for children and infants who experience cardiac arrest
as a result of hypoxia, or severe lack of oxygen. In addition, other
underlying causes of cardiac arrest such as a drowning, trauma,
drug overdose and other non-cardiac causes will benefit from
breaths and compressions.

 Choking procedures: conscious adults and children with a

severe obstruction receive alternating back blows followed
by abdominal thrusts until the obstruction is dislodged or the
victim becomes unconscious. To apply back blows, bend the
victim over near-parallel to the ground and support with one
arm across chest diagonally. Use your other hand to apply
back blows aiming between the shoulder blades. For
pregnant, obese and infant victims use a combination of
back blows and chest thrusts.
Why? Evidence supports the use of chest thrusts, abdominal
thrusts and back blow as effective and feasible means of relieving
an obstruction. In some cases more than one technique may be
required for severe-choking victims.
AED for children between 1 to 8 years of age: if
available the rescuer should use child pads. Some AED units
may have a child key or switch on the AED. If the child is
very small, you may need to put one pad in the center of the
chest and the other on the childs back to avoid touching
them. Use adult pads if child pads are not available.
Why? Child pads lower the amount of energy delivered compared
to adult pads. If no child pads are available, adult pads may be
used for providing a shock is better than no shock.
Jaw thrust: for spinal-injured victims, attempt a jaw thrust
to open the airway. Grasp the jaw on both sides of the face
where it forms an angle close to the ears. Using both hands,
move the jaw forward (upward) without tilting the head back.
If unsuccessful, lifeguards should immediately, use the headtilt or chin-lift method.
Why? The jaw thrust technique may minimize movement of the
cervical.
DO NOT:
1. If the person has normal breathing, coughing, or
movement, do NOT begin chest compressions. Doing so may
cause the heart to stop beating.
2. Unless you are a health professional, do not check for a
pulse. Only a health care professional is properly trained to
check for a pulse.

Side Effects From CPR?

There can be side effects from CPR:
Broken breast bone and ribs from pushing down hard on the
chest during CPR. This is particularly common in people who
have brittle bones or osteoporosis.
Bruised or punctured lungs from pushing on the chest.
Impaired mental functioning is the biggest problem. This
may occur because the brain has not received enough
oxygen during the time the doctors were trying to restart the
heart. A stroke might happen, which may leave the
individual with paralysis or speech problems as well as
memory, language, and personality problems. These mental
impairments mean a person can no longer live at home
without a lot of care from family and caregivers.
Prevention:
To avoid injuries and heart problems that can lead to cardiac
arrest:
Eliminate or reduce risk factors that contribute to heart
disease, such as cigarette smoking, high cholesterol, high
blood pressure, obesity, and stress.
Get plenty of exercise.
See your doctor regularly.
Always use seat belts and drive safely.
Avoid using illegal drugs

Assignment# 1
HEALTH EDUCATION

Submitted by: Hiba Majid

Major: Media Studies (semester 4)
Section: (A)
Submitted to: Maam Saleema Bashir
Submission date: 11th February, 2016