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es

Seccin:Optoelectrnica/Section:Optoelectronics

Simulationoftransmissionperformanceforequalizedholographic
ROADMdesigns

SimulacindelcomportamientoentransmisinparadiseosdeROADMs
hologrficosecualizados

AlfredoMartinMinguez(*),PalomaR.Horche
DepartamentodeTecnologaFotnica,E.T.S.IdeTelecomunicacinUPM,Madrid,Spain.
Email:alfredo.minguez@tfo.upm.es

(*)

Recibido/Received:08/02/2012.Revisado/Revised:10/04/2012.Aceptado/Accepted:24/04/2012.

ABSTRACT:
A complete simulation of the transmission performance for Equalized Holographic ROADM
(ReconfigurableOpticalAddDropMultiplexer)designsispresentedinthispaper.Thesedevicescan
address several wavelengths from the input to different output fibres, according to the holograms
stored in a SLM (Spatial Light Modulator), where all the outputs are equalized in power. All
combinations of the input wavelengths are possible at the different output fibres. To simulate the
transmission performance of the EHROADM, a software program, from Optiwave, has been used.
Thecorrespondencebetweenphysicalblocksofthedevice(grating,SLM,lens)andthosesimulated
in the program (filters, losses, splitters) has been defined in order to obtain a close agreement
between the theoretical transmission performance and the simulated one. To complete the review
aboutequalizedholographicROADMssomeguidelinesaboutitsdesignhavebeendone.
Keywords:ReconfigurableOpticalAddDropMultiplexer,SpatialLightModulator,Coarse
WavelengthDivisionMultiplexing,Banyanswitch,Besselfilter.
RESUMEN:
En este artculo se presenta una simulacin del funcionamiento en transmisin para diseos de
ROADMs(ReconfigurableOpticalAddDropMultiplexer)HologrficosEcualizados.Estosdispositivos
puedendireccionarvariaslongitudesdeondadelasfibrasdeentradaafibrasdesalidadiferentes,
segnloshologramasalmacenadosenunSLM(ModuladorEspacialdeLuz)presentando,adems,la
potenciadesalidaecualizada.ParasimularelfuncionamientoentransmisindelEHROADM,seha
utilizadounprogramadesoftware,delfabricanteOptiwave,particularizadoparanuestraaplicacin.
Lacorrespondenciaentrelosbloquesfsicosdeldispositivo(lareddedifraccin,elSLM,lalente,..)y
aquellos simulados en el programa (filtros, prdidas, divisores de potencia,..) se ha definido para
obtener una concordancia ajustada entre el funcionamiento en transmisin terico y el simulado.
TambinsehanincluidoenelartculoalgunasindicacionessobreeldiseodeROADMsHologrficos
Ecualizados,conelobjetodecompletarlasimulacin.
Palabrasclave:EnrutadorpticoReconfigurable,ModuladorEspacialdeLuz,Multiplexacinpor
DivisinenLongituddeOndaGruesa,ConmutadordeBanyan,FiltrodeBessel.

REFERENCIASYENLACES/REFERENCESANDLINKS
[1]. J.Homa,K.Bala,ROADMarchitecturesandtheirenablingWSStechnology,IEEECommun.Mag.46,
150153(2008).
[2]. B. Fracasso, J. L. de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye, M. Razzak, C. Uche, Design and performance of a
versatile holographic liquidcrystal wavelengthselective optical switch, J. Lightwave Technol. 21,
24052411(2003).

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[3]. M. Shen, F. Xiao, S. Ahderom, K. Alameh, An optoVLSIbased reconfigurable optical adddrop


multiplexeremployinganoffaxis4fimagingsystem,Opt.Express17,1401514022(2009).
[4]. A.MartnMinguez,C.delRo,P.R.Horche,DesignofequalizedholographicROADMsforapplications
inCWDMMETROnetworks,Opt.Commun.284,50555061(2011).
[5]. S. Ahderom, M. Raisi, K. Lo, K. E. Alameh, R. Mavaddat, Applications of liquid crystal spatial light
modulators in optical communications, IEEE 5th International Conference on High Speed Networks
andMultimediaCommunications35,pp239242(2002).
[6]. M.Dames,R.Dowling,P.McKee,D.Wood,Efficientopticalelementstogenerateintensityweighted
spotarrays:designandfabrication,Appl.Opt.30,26852691(1991).
[7]. M.C.Parker,A.D.Cohen,R.J.Mears,Dynamicdigitalholographicwavelengthfiltering,J.Lightwave
Techcol.16,12591270(1998).
[8]. A. Martn Minguez, P. R. Horche, Application of WDM holographic devices in access and metro
networks,Opt.Quant.Electron.39,131146(2007).
[9]. R. Narevich, E. Narevicius, I. Vorobeichik, A. Liu, W. Long, C. Ho, H. Xu, J. Lam, Integrated optical
switch,variableattenuatorandpowermonitortapchipfor40channelPLCROADM,IEEEPhotonics
inSwitching2007,pp.151152(2007).
[10].A.Riza,S.Yuan,ReconfigurablewavelengthadddropfilteringbasedonaBanyannetworktopology
andferroelectricliquidcrystalfibreopticsswitches,J.LightwaveTechnol.17,15751584(1999).
[11].A.D.Cohen,M.C.Parker,R.J.Mears,100GHzresolutiondynamicholographicchannelmanagement
forWDM,IEEEPhotonic.Tech.L.11,851853(1999).
[12].J.K.Rhee,F.Garcia,A.Ellis,B.Hallock,T.Kennedy,T.Lackey,R.G.Lindquist,J.P.Kondis,B.A.Scott,J.
M. Harris, D. Wolf, M. Dugan, Variable passband optical adddrop multiplexer using wavelength
selectiveswitch,27thEuropeanConferenceonOpticalCommunication,2001.ECOC'01,vol.4,pp.550
551(2001).
[13].I.White,R.Penty,M.Webster,Y.J.Chai,A.Wonfor,S.Shahkooh,Wavelengthswitchingcomponents
forfuturephotonicnetworks,IEEECommun.Mag.40,7481(2002).

1. Introduction

ROADMsistheeasywayofchangingtheoptical
wavelength and power level of the signal at the
output by the dynamic implementation of
differenthologramsontheSLMaccordingtothe
requirementsofnetworkmanagement.Afterthe
designofthedevice,describedwithdetailin[4],
a simulation of holographic ROADMs
transmission characteristics, as a previous step
to realize experimental measurements, is the
goalofthiswork.

For METRO, and mainly for ACCESS networks


applications, an increment in capacity may be
achieved with a costeffective multiplexing
technology without the need for the high
number of channels and closely spaced
wavelengths typically used in long haul
networks with Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing (DWDM). Coarse Wavelength
Division Multiplexing (CWDM) technologies are
being widely deployed internationally in
metropolitan and access networks due to the
increased demand for delivering more
bandwidthtothesubscriber,createdbytheneed
of new services. A channel space of 20 nm, G.
694.2 ITU Recommendation, can be used
relaxingtheprocessingtolerancesandlowering
thecostofcomponents.

The organization of this paper is the


following: Section 2 is dealing with a short
description of the structure and main
characteristics of holographic ROADMs; in
Section 3 some guidelines about the design
optimizationofthistypeofdevicesaredone;in
Section 4 simulation assumptions are described
whoseresultsareshownandcommentedandin
Section5aholographicrouterwithconversion
and losses compensation for METRO networks
applicationisdescribed.

It is in this context where holographic


ROADMs devices have a potential use due to
their network flexibility; different technologies
havebeenproposedfortheirimplementation[1
3]. The main characteristic of holographic

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Fig.1: Reflectiveholographicrouter.

2. HolographicROADMstructureand
characteristics

In total, with an optimized holographic


device,alossabout6dBisassumed[8].

Theholographicdeviceusedinthispaperforthe
simulationisformedbyaphasereflectivespatial
light modulator (SLM) and a fixed transmissive
diffraction grating to select the corresponding
output wavelength from an ensemble of
channelsintheinput,asitisshowninFig.1[4].
The role of the fixed diffraction grating is to
provide more wavelength tuning range and
greater total diffraction angle. To optimize
losses, 4phase bar holograms are used with
efficiencyabout80%forthefirstorder[5,6].Ina
holographicrouterthetuningofthewavelength
range is reached by changing the spatial period
ofthehologram / ,where isthenumberof
four bars (4phases), is the number of pixels
(onedimension)and thesizeoftheSLMpixel
[7].

Power equalization at all output channels is


necessary to compensate the different response
ofthenetworkcomponentsanddistancesforthe
input channel wavelengths. To reach it, a gain
component, such as a Semiconductor Optical
Amplifier (SOA), together with the holographic
device, has been used to obtain at the output
fibresanetgainabout10dB.Awaytohaveon
the output selected wavelengths with different
relative attenuation between them, needed for
power equalization, is to control the losses due
tothe SLMaperture by changing the size of the
hologram according to the number of active
pixels.
TheequalizedholographicROADMisableto
select at the output fibres any combination of
wavelengths at the input fibre. This operation
mode is done by the selection in the SLM of a
mixed hologram composed by all individual
holograms corresponding to each input
wavelength. Fig. 2 points out an example for
three input wavelengths and its holograms,
formed,inthiscase,byblackandwhitebars(2
phases)forsimplicity.

The losses produced in a holographic router


areduetodifferentcauses:
Diffraction loss: the total light diffraction is
composed of the transmissive diffraction in the
grating (twice) and the reflective diffraction in
the SLM. Using 4phases SLM and grating with
first order intensity efficiency about 80%, the
totallossesare10log(0.83)3dB.

In an equalized holographic router, the


addressing of the input wavelengths at the
output fibres is done by the choice of three
parameters: value,forwavelengthtuning,Ni
valueforpowerequalizationand forplacing
the output optical fibres (see Fig. 1). With this
design philosophy, an equalized holographic

IntrinsicSLMloss:itisduetotheliquidcrystal
(LC)switchingangledifferenttotheoptimaland
the coverage of SLM aperture (1/ 2 of
).Atypicalvalueof2dBisconsidered.
Fibre / lens coupling: by considering 90%
efficiency,1dBisadded.

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Fig.2: Mixedhologramsoperation.

router can be implemented to cover a CWDM


(Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing) 4
channels grid according to the ITU G.695 Rec.,
forapplicationinAccessMetronetworks[8].

3. EqualizedholographicROADM
optimizeddesign

/2

Theexpressionwhichallowstheselectionofthe
output wavelength , according to the physical
parametersandstructureofthedevice,is[7,4]:
1
2
/2

/2

if the condition 8 is reached, where is


thefixedgratingspatialperiod.
In our case, we have a reflective 4phases
SLM with
1024 and = 8 m ( = 8.192
mm). Then, the focal distance for the lens is
37.655mmand
1.52nm(190GHz),being
= 6.5 m, the spatial period of a 4phases
=9m
transmissivediffractiongratingand
thecorediameterofasinglemodefibre.

where is the distance from the optical axis to


the output fibre, is the focal distance of the
lens, is the spatial period of the fixed
diffraction grating and has into account the
numberofphases.

In Eq. (1) the selected wavelength of


operation is calculated. The value of is varied
from = 0 (for maximum wavelength) and
/4(forminimumwavelength);thecentral
wavelength isobtainedwhen = /8.Forthe
design of a 14 router working in the upper
bandoftheCWDMgrid,14711611nm,wetake
= 1541 nm. In this case
= 1407 nm and

Once the SLM has been chosen, the focal


distance of the lens, , to illuminate with the
collimated light the complete active surface
oftheSLM(seeFig.2),isrelatedwith
the number of pixels and its size by the
expression:

Opt.PuraApl.45(2)239251(2012)

where
istheinputfibrecorediameterand
the central wavelength in the operation
region. The 3 dB passband filter bandwidth of
theholographicdevice,BW,is:

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Table I shows the holograms ( ) and


number of active pixels ( ) for a 4channels
grid according to the ITU G.695 Rec. For
instance, in Fig. 1, a mixed hologram
113+95+78+61 addresses the 4 input
wavelengths(3+3+5+6)totheoutputfibre3;
amixedhologram113+121+128+135addresses
3tofibre3,4tofibre4,5tofibre5and6to
fibre 6. In each case, every i has the
corresponding range to assure the power
equalization at the output fibres. Table II is a
summary of the losses in the device (SOA+EH
ROADM) according to the different input
channels.Inthiscase,thereisanetgainGT=10
dB to compensate the power variation due to
different paths of the input channels along the
network. The range, from 256 to 1024, in
TableIistocompensateatotalof10+2=12dBof
attenuation; with a step of =16 the ripple at
theoutputfibresis<0.5dB.

= 1693 nm; these values cover the entire


CWDM upper band. The distance from the
optical axis to the output fibre, (see Fig. 1),
where the first order of the total diffraction is
produced, is = 9.808 mm and the total
diffractionangle 14.6.
FromITUG.694Rec.,allCWDMchannelsare
spread = 20 nm to allow Direct Modulated
Lasers (DML) wavelength variation in
temperature and filters tolerance; therefore, an
= (8 1) =16111471=140 nm range
assumes =1260m,accordingtotherelation:
2
/2

This is the maximum interval, at the output


axis, where all the output fibres have to be
placed.Thatmeans,aseparationbetweenfibres
of
/(81)=1260/7=180m.

TableI
HologramsandactivepixelsforanEHROADM14.

Fibre3
Fibre4
Fibre5
Fibre6
Ni(pixels)

nij (holograms)
3=1511nm 4 =1531nm 5 =1551nm
113
95
78
139
121
103
165
146
128
191
172
153
2561024
2561024
2561024

6 =1571nm xj(m)
61
9538
85
9718
110
9898
135
10078
2561024

TableII
SOAgain,EHROADMlossesandtotalnetgain.

Intrinsicrouterloss(dB)

LHR

Additionalmixedhologram
loss(dB)

LHR
[10log(4)]

Max.gainofSOA,GA(dB)

24

@1531nm

Min.gainofSOA,GA(dB)

22

@1571nm

GA (dB)

Totalloss(dB)

1511nm

1.5

13.5

1531nm

14

1551nm

13

1571nm

12

Total min. net gain, GT (dB)

10

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4. EqualizedholographicROADM
simulation

have used; also, losses of the node filtering


elements impact on the channels (wavelengths)
output power. A non equalized output could
limit the maximum distance to cover in the
opticalnetworkforafixedquality.Therollofthe
SOAistosupplyanetgaintothedeviceinorder
to compensate the intrinsic losses and to allow
the output equalization with a power balance,
from the input to the outputs, next to 10 dB.
Typicalgainofthesedevicesforabandwidthof
100nmis2025dB,witharippleof45dB.

After these preliminary considerations about


structureanddesignofthedevice,wearegoing
to its simulation. The physical structure of the
ROADM is pointed out in Fig. 1, and the
corresponding block diagram for simulation,
from a transmission point of view, is shown in
Fig.3.
For every input wavelength (channel) a
hologram value, ni (spatial period), is assigned,
and a tuned wavelength, , ( =1,2,3,4) is
obtainedattheoutput.Inaddition, takesinto
accountthenumberofactivepixelstoreachthe
correctattenuationtoequalizetheoutputsignal
by a variation of the SLM aperture size. This
mixed hologram produces an additional loss in
the holographic router, 10log (n channels). A
more fitted equalization can be obtained by
monitoringtheoutputswithafeedbackloopto
adjustthesizeofthehologramsaccordingtothe
wantedoutputsignallevel.

The correspondence between the physical


blocksoftheFig.1andthesimulatedonesofthe
Fig.3,isthefollowing:
SLM and fixed grating assembly: 3rd order
optical Bessel filters for tuning the output
wavelengths, .
Lens and holograms: splitting and switching
elementstoselectthecorrecthologram, .
Device fixed losses: are distributed among the
different blocks: splitting (4 wavelengths) and
switching elements, <6+4<10 dB and filter
losses,<2dB.Totalfixedlosses,<12dB.

Equalization in ROADMs is an important


topic to be reached. The optical power of the
input wavelengths is not the same due to the
different paths through the network that they

EH-ROADM 1x4: transmission simulated scheme


i

Banyan switch
T

Optical
multiplexer

1
1c

Tx1 1

SOA
Tx2 2

Tx3 3

2c

Ni
pixels

Tx4 4

3
3c

IN

4
Bessel
optical filters

4c

4nij
holograms

OUT

Fig.3: TransmissionsimulatedschemeforanequalizedholographicROADM.

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Ni
pixels
1c
Comp.
Ref1
2c

Comp.

Optical
atennuators
3c

Ref2

Combiner
1

Demultiplexer
1
i
2

3
4

Comp.

Out

Ref3
4c

Comp.

Feed-back subsystem

Ref4

Fig.4: Feedbackcontrolschemefortheoutputsignalequalization.

simulationsareinagreementwithexperimental
measurements[7].

Variable losses: they are due to different SLM


apertures according to the input power level of
the wavelengths. They are variable between 0
and10dB.Thediagramofthefeedbackcircuit
toreachthisequalizationisshowninFig.4.Bya
demultiplexation of the output wavelengths, its
power level is obtained after a detection and
conversion to an electrical signal to change the
attenuation of each wavelength according to a
referencesignal[1,9].

In case ofa Bessel filter, the


(filter 3dB
bandwidth) and outband attenuation are
reached by the increment of the filter order or
thevariationofthepolynomialcoefficients.Fora
Gauss filter these values are obtained, directly,
bythechangeofthestandarddeviation =
:
1
with

,and

3
3

Tosimulatethetransmissionperformanceofthe
EHROADM, a software program, OptiSystem
from Optiwave, has been chosen. The complete

Hf Bessel 1551_Hf Gauss 1551


1536

1538

1540

1542

1544

1546

1548

1550

1552

1554

1556

1558

1560

1562

1564

1566

0
-5

BW-3dB= 4nm

-10
Hf (dB)

Forwavelengthsclosetothecentral,thefilter
response is very similar to the Gauss filter (5);
for wavelengths far from the central, the filter
response is similar to the 2nd3rd order Bessel
filter(6)withlessoutbandattenuation.Bothof
them have a lineal phase characteristic, which
means, a constant group delay. These

Opt.PuraApl.45(2)239251(2012)

Complete wavelength switching (44) from


the input to the output fibres is simulated by a
Banyan network composed by 4 binary cells
(22) [10]. The internal structure of these cells
is shown in Fig. 6; in this case, in both outputs,
thewavelengthcombinationsare:1,2,1+2,0,
obtainedbytheselectionofthecontrolbits(a,b,
c,d,e,f).ForthecompleteBanyanswitch(44)
the total wavelength combinations at the
outputs is 64 (424), obtained by 64
combinations of 4nij hologram groups. Fig. 5
shows a simulation of the wavelength response
oftheholographicdevicefilter[11,12].

-15

At (dB)

-20
-25
-30
-35

(nm)
log Hf Bessel 1551_order3
log Hf Gauss_1551

-40
wavelength (nm)

Fig.5.Simulatedresponseoftheholographicfilterdevice.

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Fig.6:Simulatedbinaryswitchoftheholographicdevice.

Fig.7:Schemeforthesimulationoftheholographicdeviceoperation.

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setupisshowninFig.7.Theinputchannelsare
simulated by a WDM transmitter, whose output
levels can be changed to take into account the
different attenuation paths along the network.
To know the value of these power levels,
different optical spectrum check points are
available on the diagram. Bessel filters are
selected at each input wavelength with the
correspondingvariableattenuationtoreachthe
equalizedoutputs.

In all cases, input channels have 10 dB of


maximum power difference (313 dBm)
between them and the output power ripple is
lessthan0.5dB(2.73.2dBm).Alsoswitching
tables for the Banyan networks and the
attenuation needed for output equalization,
depending on the wavelength, have been
calculated.

5. Holographicrouterwith
conversionandlosses
compensationforMETRO
networks

In Table III the outputs at the Bessel filters


for channel 2 and 3 are obtained (intermediate
point B). More than 40 dB of attenuation are
reached between channel 2 (or 3) and the
nearestwavelength.

As an example of application, Fig. 8 shows the


structure of a holographic router with losses
compensation and wavelength conversion,
whosemainapplicationisintheinterconnection
nodes of MetroAccess networks. This device
uses a SOA, in the nonlinear region, to do the
wavelength conversion and, in addition, to
provide the gain in order to compensate the
intrinsiclossesoftheholographicrouterandto
performtheoutputequalization.

In Table IV, several results obtained with three


differentcasesareshown:
EHROADM 1: 1, 2, 3, 4 output channels are
availableinoutput1.
EHROADM 2: 1, 2 output channels are
availableinoutput1and3,4inoutput4.
EHROADM 3: 1, 2, 3 output channels are
availableinoutput1and4inoutput4.

TableIII
SignalsattheintermediatepointB:Outputfilterchannels2and3.

EHROADM1

Input(A):Output1x4Mux
Power:313dBm(inputchannelswith10dBofpowerdifference)

Intermediate(B):OutputBesselfilterchannel2)and3)

Channel 2

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Channel 3

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TableIV
a)1,2,3,4channelsinoutput1;b)1,2channelsinoutput1and3,4inoutput4;c)1,2,3channelsinoutput1and4in
output4.
Input(A):Output1x4Mux
1,2,3,4inputchannelswith10dBofpowerdifference:313dBm
A)EHROADM1

1,2,3,4outputchannelsareavailable
inoutput1

Output1(D)>Power:2.73.1dBm

Control

a b c d e f

1 1 0 0 1 1 1
Bany 2 1 0 0 1 1 1
an
3 1 0 0 1 1 1
Switc 4 1 0 0 1 1 1
h

1
2
3
4
Att(dB)
9
7
3
0

Allchannelsareavailableinoutput1with
Input
Output1
apowerripple<0.5dB
B)EHROADM2

1,2outputchannelsareavailableinoutput1
and3,4inoutput4

Output1(D)>Power:2.83.2dBm
Output4(G)>Power:2.83.2dbm

Control
a b c d e f

1 1 0 1 1 1 1
Banyan 2 0 0 1 1 0 1
Switch 3 0 0 1 1 1 1
4 1 1 1 0 0 1

1
2 3 4
Att(dB)
12
10
6
3

1,2channelsareavailableinoutput1
and3,4inoutput4

Output1

C)EHROADM3

1,2,3outputchannelsareavailableinoutput
1and4inoutput4

Output1(D)>Power:2.83.2dBm
Output4(G)>Power:2.83.2dbm

Control

a b c d e f

1 1 0 1 1 1 1
Banyan 2 0 0 1 0 0 1
Switch 3 1 0 0 1 1 1
4 0 0 0 0 0 1

1
2 3 4
Att(dB)
9
7
6
6

1,2,3channelsareavailableinoutput1
and4inoutput4

Output1

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Output4

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optical switch/combiner from an array of


CWtunablelasers.

Control
Control
Tunable laser

CW1

CW1
CW2

CWj
SOA

CW3

HOLOGRAPHIC
ROUTER

CW4

i (modulated )
gain : 22 dB

Wavelength conversion semiconductor optical


amplifier: The type used is a quantum dot
SOA whose main advantages are: high
bandwidth(>60nm),lownoisefigure(<5dB),
gain>20 dB and a gain recovery time in the
saturation zone <10 ps. These characteristics
allow the use of the SOA for signals with bit
ratesupto10GBit/s.

CW2
CW3
CW4

losses : 12 dB

Net Gain: 10 dB

Fig. 8: Device composed of an optical converter and a


holographicrouter.

Wavelengthholographicrouter.Thesimulation
ofthisdevicehasbeenexplainedintheformer
section. In this example a simple operation
mode has been chosen: routing of up to 4
different wavelengths (depending on the
tunablelaserwavelength)attheinputfiberto
4 output fibers, according to the hologram
value.

The SOA performs the wavelength


conversionbyanonlinearoperation(saturation
zone) using the Cross Gain Modulation (XGM)
method [13]. An incident wavelength, i,
modulated by a digital signal is combined with
thewavelengthCWjgeneratedbyatunablelaser
(CW) into the SOA. At the amplifier output,
different CWj signals are obtained modulated
with the digital signal from the incident i
wavelength.TheseCWjsignalsarealsoamplified
andinverted.

In Fig. 10, the response of the WCRHD is


pointed out. In this case a NRZ 2.5 Gb/s input
signal has been used, whose i=1540 nm is
converted to an output signal, 0=1520 nm; the
losses of the holographic router are
compensated by the gain of the SOA, whose
valueisfittedbytheinjectioncurrent(150mA,
in this case). The choice of this value is a
compromise between gain and distortion. A Q
factor value of 100 and a very low BER are
obtained.

The holographic wavelength router,


depending on the input signal, CWj, and the
generated holograms ( ) stored in the SLM,
addresses this signal to the assigned output. As
has been stated, this technology has the
drawback of high insertion losses (less than 10
dB,usinganoptimizeddevice).Inordertosolve
this problem, by combining a SOA with the
holographic router, this insertion loss is
compensated with the amplifier gain. A
parameter to control in the SOA operation, is
relatedwiththeamplifiedspontaneousemission
(ASE) because of the impact on the signal
distortion.

6. Conclusions
ThesimulationofequalizedholographicROADM
devices for applications in CWDM optical
networks has been done with a commercial
program, OptiSystem from Optiwave. These
devices by using a mixed hologram,
corresponding to the combination of several
input wavelengths, the tuning of a broad range
of wavelengths is obtained allowing the full
routing ofseveral channelsfromthe input fibre
to the outputs. As it is possible to change the
active pixels in the SLM for each hologram, in
order to maintain a fixed output power level,
channel equalization has been reached. These
characteristics have been simulated by a

Figure 9 shows the simulation of the


Wavelength
Conversion
and
Routing
Holographic Device (WCRHD), composed of
threedifferentblocks:
CW tunable laser: The type used in the
simulation is a SGDBR (Sampled Grating
DistributedBraggReflector)laserwitharange
of wavelength tuning from 1520 to 1580 nm
and an output optical power of 6 to 0 dBm.
Wecanselecttheoperationwavelengthbyan

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Fig.9:WavelengthConversionandRoutingHolographicDevice(WCRHD)simulation

a)SignalPower

b)QFactorc)EyeDiagram

Fig. 10 WCRHD response for a 2.5 Gbit/s input signal: a) i=1540 nm, with wavelength conversion 0=1520 nm, and losses
compensation,b)Qfactor100andc)BER0.

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to similarity with the actual response of the


holographic device. Results obtained have
demonstrated the validity of the simulations
regarding to the assumptions made in the
ROADM design based on the holographic
technologyfortheuseinCWDMnetworks.

correlation between the physical parameters of


the device, such as lens, SLM, fixed
grating,losses,.., and the simulated blocks, from
thetransmissionpointofview,suchassplitters,
filters,attenuations,
Equalization topics have been addressed by the
inclusion in the ROADM design of a feedback
circuittotakeintoaccountthesupervisionofthe
optical output power for the different
wavelengths. Internal switching has been
simulated using a Banyan network and for
filteringaBesselapproachhasbeenchosendue

Acknowledgments
Theauthorsgratefullyacknowledgethesupport
oftheMICINN(Spain)throughprojectTEC2010
18540(ROADtoPON).

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