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GLOSSARY
Medical Packaging Glossary
Pharmaceutical Terminology
Adhesive:
a substance capable of the surface bonding together of materials.
AIM:
Automatic Identification Manufacturers.
AIM International
is a global affiliation of trade associations.
Algorithm:
a set of steps taken to make a desired calculation.
Alphanumeric:
character set made up of digits and letters of the
alphabet.
Ampoule:
single dosage container made from glass sealed after filling by fusing the glass neck.
ANA (UK):
Article Numbering Association.
Application weight:
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Blister pack:
a piece of thermoformed material bonded to flat
material to form a closure (lid).
Blister packer:
a system to fill, lid and seal blister packs.
Board:
papers equal to or greater than 220gsm.
Bond:
the union of two substrates.
Bowl feeder:
vibratory bowl used to feed components up a spiral
ramp.
Calliper:
the thickness of a sheet of board.
Carton:
a container made from folding boxboard and supplied flat for erection when filling.
Carton blank:
an unglued carton, which is glued during the filling process.
Cartonboard:
material of defined substance and thickness made from one or more layers of paper to form a rigid or
semi-rigid sheet.
Cats whisker:
the sharp pointed protrusion from a blister that can arise when using a cross cutting blade and slitter to
cut out individual packs on a form fill seal machine.
Cavity wall:
a carton or fitment where the sidewalls are constructed so as to form a hollow frame effect.
Chase:
a frame used for locking cutting forms in place.
Check character (check digit):
a character calculated from the numerical value of the other characters in the code that is used to ensure
that the code is correctly processed.
Chevron pouch:
a pouch where one end seal is in the shape of a chevron (like sergeants stripe).
Closure:
means used to close a package where no seal is formed
EXAMPLE: Repeated folding to construct a tortuous path (ref. ISO 11607:2003(E)).
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Closure integrity:
Condition of the closure that ensures that the closure presents a microbial barrier to at least the same
extent as the rest of the packaging (ref. ISO 11607: 2003(E)).
Compliance qualification:
Documented evidence that packaging meets the requirements for packaging for terminally sterilized
medical devices based on testing for conformity to an agreed material specification (ref. ISO 11607:
2003(E)).
Code 39 (3 of 9):
a bar code symbology that encodes 43 data elements (0-9, A-Z and 7 special characters). Each character
has 9 elements, bars have two widths.
Code 128:
a bar code symbology that encodes the complete 128 ASCII characters set. Characters are made up of
bars and spaces in three widths.
Co extrusion:
a multi-layer structure prepared by extruding a number of polymers through a single die (with tie layers
as necessary).
Cohesive failure:
failure of a bond within the adhesive itself.
Contaminants:
any unacceptable or unintended trace materials.
Corrugated board:
board consisting of one or more fluted sheets between
flat facing plies.
Crash-bottom carton:
a carton where the base panel locks in place when the
body is squared up.
Crashlock base:
a carton where the base locks in place automatically
when pressed from opposite corners.
Development:
process of refining a prototype design or process to meet established product criteria (ref. ISO 11607:
2003(E)).
Die: (i)
solid sheet or cylinder into which knives and rules are fixed to create carton shapes.
Die: (ii)
solid sheet or cylinder into which knives are fixed to create label shapes.
Die-cut labels:
labels that are cut to shape by a cutting die.
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Flexography:
a rotary printing process that prints by the use of
flexible relief plates that directly apply the image to the
substrate.
Foil:
rolled metal in flexible sheet form. Typically this is
aluminium sheet, available in a range of thickness.
Form/fill/seal:
a system where packs are formed (typically from film or
foil), filled and closed in one continuous operation.
Gang:
the term used to describe a grouping of labels supplied
in sheet form
Gravure:
a printing process where the image is engraved
(electronically or chemically) in the form of cells in the
surface of a metal cylinder. Ink is transferred to the substrate by passage between the inked cylinder and
an impression cylinder under pressure.
Guard bars:
auxiliary characters at both ends and centre of EAN/UPC bar codes which provide reference points for
scanning and act as start/stop characters.
Gusset:
the folded inward portion of a flexible bag.
Heat-seal able film:
film that may be joined to itself or another substrate through the use of heat and pressure (without the
use of adhesives).
Heat-sealing:
joining together by using heat and pressure.
Heat-sealing adhesive:
an adhesive coating previously applied that forms a bond between two surfaces when heat and pressure
is applied.
Heat shrinking:
application of heat to shrink a band of plastics material around product.
Impulse sealing:
short rapid electrical resistance heating of metal strip or wire to seal plastics film.
Ink Jet Printing:
non-contact printing process that uses a modulated jet of ink to spray the image onto the substrate.
Label [1]:
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the USA Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act in Section 201(k) defines "label" as a:
"display of written, printed, or graphic matter upon the immediate container of any article..."
Label [2]:
ASTM, D 996 defines label as a piece of paper or other material to be affixed to a container or article,
on which is printed a legend, information concerning the product, or addresses. It may also be printed
directly on the container.
Labeling:
the USA Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act in Section 201(m) defines "labeling" as:
"all labels and other written, printed, or graphic matter (1) upon any article or any of its containers or
wrappers, or (2) accompanying such article" at any time while a device is held for sale after shipment or
delivery for shipment in interstate commerce.
Labelling:
Council Directive 92/27/EEC of March 1992 on the labeling of medicinal products for human use and on
package leaflets defines Labelling as information on the immediate or outer packaging.
Labelling System [1]:
assembly of the package and label and any supplied information on usage that is included within or in
contact with the final package (ref. ISO 11607: 2003(E)).
Labelling System [2]:
the means by which information is controlled and applied to a packaging component.
Laminate:
a material made by joining together complete surfaces of any combination of films, foils and papers.
Letterpress:
a printing process where ink is transferred from raised
areas to the substrate under pressure.
Lidding Stock:
material used to seal a blister pack.
Lithography:
a printing process in which oil based ink is transferred
from ink retaining areas on a treated plate to a
substrate. Water is used to contain the ink in the
required areas. In offset lithography the image is
transferred first to a rubber blanket and then the
substrate.
Life Cycle Analysis:
the measurement and aggregation of all factors relating
to the production, use and disposal of materials.
Manufacturer:
natural or legal person, individual or organization with the responsibility for packaging and/or sterilizing
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11607: 2003(E)).
Push fit closure:
a closure, usually plastic, that is pushed into the neck or opening of a container to form a seal and is held
in place by friction.
Qualification:
documented evidence that all specified design and
performance requirements are met (ref. ISO 11607:
2003(E)).
Release coating:
coating applied to label backing paper to aid removal of
self-adhesive labels.
Release paper:
easily removed backing paper for self-adhesive labels.
Relieved area:
an area, outside the product containment zone, that is designated to remain not sealed; this is to
facilitate ease of opening.
Revalidation:
documented procedure to reconfirm an established validation (ref. ISO 11607: 2003(E)).
Reverse tuck in end carton:
carton where the end tuck flaps are extensions of opposite carton faces.
Sachet:
a small flexible package made by bonding two layers together on all four sides.
Seal:
result of joining of packaging layers.
NOTE: A seal may be created, e.g., by use of adhesives or thermal fusion (ref. ISO 11607: 2003(E)).
Seal integrity:
condition of the seal that ensures that it presents a microbial barrier to at least the same extent as the
rest of the packaging
Note: In EN 868-1 the definition of this term differs slightly (ref. ISO 11607: 2003(E)).
Seal strength:
mechanical strength of the seal (ref. ISO 11607: 2003(E)).
Self-adhesive:
an adhesive that bonds by pressure only. Used for pressure-sensitive labels.
Self-checking:
denoting a bar code system using a checking algorithm.
Shaft encoder:
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a device, for measuring the speed of an object, that converts this information into a series of signals,
which may be interpreted by an ink jet printer.
Shelf life:
the period of time during which a packaged product retains its minimum acceptable quality or safety.
Shrink-banding:
heat tightening of a band of plastic material, to collate goods or seal a closure (may alternatively be
achieved by moisture loss from a cellulose band).
Shrink wrapping:
over-wrapping in plastic film, which retracts when
heated to produce a tight wrap.
Skin packaging:
using vacuum to pull heat-softened plastic film tightly
over a product whilst sealing the film to an underlying
porous surface.
Start/stop character:
a bar code character included in a symbol to indicate to
the scanner the beginning and end of the code.
Sterile:
free from viable microorganisms.
NOTE: For the purposes of EN 868-1, the term sterile is defined in EN 556 (ref. ISO 11607: 2003(E)).
Sterile fluid-path packaging:
system of protective port covers and/or packaging designed to ensure sterility of the portion of the
medical device intended for contact with fluids (ref. ISO 11607: 2003(E)).
Sterile barrier system:
the means by which a manufacturer ensures that a sterilized device remains in a sterile state until used in
the manner intended. Typically such a system comprises a sealed unit surrounding the device that is an
integral part of the product. When a healthcare professional purchases a sterile medical device, sterility is
part of the product (ref. EUCOMED-ESPA Position Paper: Sterile barrier systems and Directive 94/62/EC).
Sterilization compatibility:
attributes of the packaging material and/or system that allow it to both withstand the sterilization process
and attain the required conditions for sterilization within the final package (ref. ISO 11607: 2003(E)).
Stretch wrapping;
a method of wrapping/collating product with an elastic film under tension.
Symbol length:
total length of a bar code including the quiet zones preceding the start code and following the stop code.
Symbology:
the system of representing data in a bar code.
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Tamper-evident closure:
a closure that incorporates a feature that indicates any unauthorised tampering or interference.
Terminally sterilized:
term for medical devices that are sterilized after being completely sealed or enclosed in at least the
primary package.
Thermal printing:
the system whereby direct heating of the paper by the print head produces an image.
Thermal transfer printing:
the system where the heating, by a print head, of an ink layer on a thin film, causes ink to be released and
transferred to a substrate.
Thermoforming:
a process where film softened by heat is forced into or
over a mould.
Thermoform/fill/seal:
a system where packs are thermoformed from a plastic
sheet; then filled and lidded in one continuous
operation.
Thermoplastic:
a plastic that softens when heated and re-hardens when
cooled.
Tyvek:
a Dupont product. Non-woven spun bonded, polyethylene sheeting with good bacteria penetration
resistance; made from very fine, high-density polyethylene fibres.
UCC:
Uniform Code Council, the American organisation that administers the UPC system in North America.
UPC:
Uniform Product Code, the American standard article number.
Use by date:
Use by Nov. 2009, means do not use this product after 31st October 2009.
User:
natural or legal person, individual or organization with the responsibility for making use of the product
(ref. ISO 11607: 2003(E)).
Vacuum pack:
a package from which the air has been withdrawn before sealing.
Vacuum packaging:
the withdrawal of air from a pack immediately prior to sealing its closure.
Validation:
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documented procedure for obtaining, recording and interpreting the results required to establish that a
process will consistently yield product complying with predetermined specifications (ref. ISO 11607:
2003(E)).
Pharmaceutical Terminology
Accelerated aging
- artificially seeing how a medical product will age without
waiting for it to age in real-time. Using heat and pressure,
the product is quicker to the shelf. The process is based on
conditions that stimulate the effects of aging on materials.
Anti-counterfeiting
- methods of ensuring the validity of products to prevent
occasions of counterfeit. Drugs can be stolen, inaccurately
reproduced, resold, or merely replaced with a placebo. This
can cause problems in brand protection, and in the health
and safety of consumers. Tamper-evident seals, unique
carton numbers, bar code printing, and RFID are methods
of product tracking that prevent counterfeiting.
CFR 21 part 11
- an FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) code of
federal regulations (CFR) issued March of 2000 requiring
electronic records and signatures for products. Importance
of keeping up-to-date with technology was stressed.
Systems validation, audit trails, time stamps, general security and archiving became requirements. The
current requirements are under constant revision as technology changes.
Child-resistant
- a way of sealing a product to prevent a child from opening it, usually in the line of pharmaceuticals or
products that would cause children harm. Packages often require a dexterity that comes with age, or a
series of opening steps that have to be read on the package.
Clinical trials
- trials done on set groups of consenting patients to determine the effects of a product. Medical research
on real humans provides the best clue into consumer reactions and they have the best results when staff
and patients follow the protocol and keep in frequent contact. Ethical and legal medical practice codes
still apply and though there are risks, there are great medical benefits as well.
Cold chain
- a temperature-controlled supply chain. Hopefully uninterrupted, its a series of storage and distribution
activities which maintain a given temperature range. Temperatures depend on the product, but many
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products like vaccines are ineffective if cold is not maintained. Often the range is 2-8 degrees celsius.
Combination product
- a product comprised of two or more components, drug/device, drug/biologic, or drug/device/biologic
either mixed into one entity, packaged separately but bought together as a unit, or bought separately
with the intention of using them together. An inhaler is an example, where a drug is intended to be taken
with a device, and though they are bought separately, they combine in intention.
Current good manufacturing practices (cGMP)
- regulations issued by the FDA as minimum requirements. Most countries have their own, and they
require quality systems of design, manufacture, packaging, labeling, storage, installation, and servicing of
medical devices. Going beyond samples, the entire system is expected to be up to par, and
documentation facilitates this.
Dietary supplement
- vitamins, minerals, herbs, or amino acids. Dietary substances intended to supplement the diet and
intended for ingestion in pill, capsule, tablet, powder, or liquid form. Labeled as a dietary supplement, and
not represented as real food or as a sole ingredient to a diet.
FDA recalls
- the action needed when the FDA doesn't approve of a food or drug item. If it doesn't fit into the
guidelines for safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals, the company often will recall the item themselves,
but in serious situations the FDA will have to inform the public. Class I recalls - reasonable probability that
it'll cause injury or death. Class II - exposure may cause temporary injury. Class III - unlikely to cause
adverse health reactions, but just wrong labeling or manufacturing regulations.
Inhalers
- a medical device used to deliver medication into the body via the lungs. It's a combination product
combining a drug and a device that need to be delivered together.
Lyophilized drugs
- freeze-dried drugs. Vaccines are transformed from liquid to solid powder. This process enhances shelflife and stability of vaccines. Vapor products can be transformed directly to solid without the liquid
phase, easing production.
Medical device packaging
- wrapping, packaging, preparing a medical device for
shipping, display, and purchase. Devices, like the drugs
themselves often need certain requirements for safe
packaging, requiring sterility, shape and delicate
protection, certain temperatures, or other such
necessities. A difficult business to be in, because of the
requirements for entry and procedure.
Nutraceuticals
- refers to foods claiming to have a medicinal effect on human health. Also called functional foods. Some
examples are Flavanoids, Anti-Oxidants such as gamma linolenic acid, beta carateins, anthocyanins, etc.
OTC Products
- Over The Counter products. Medical or healthful products that can be purchased over the counter
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without a prescription.
Package design
- the art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. More
specifically it is the design and layout of the package structure and labeling integrated with the products
use and necessities.
Package testing
- tests to ensure that packaged products will survive the environmental hazards of temperature, humidity,
shock, vibration, compression, altitude or impacts when shipped to customers.
Packaging automation
- the world of machinery and production behind packaging controls and information technologies.
Relating physical machinery and design imagery.
Parenterals
- medicine taken into the body or administered in a manner other than through the digestive (alimentary)
tract, as by intravenous or intramuscular injection. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is meant to drip
through a needle or catheter placed in a vein. TPN is used for patients who cannot or should not get their
nutrition through eating.
Patient compliance
- refers to a patient both agreeing to and then
undergoing some part of their treatment program as
advised by a medicine package, their doctor, or another
healthcare worker.
Personalized medicine
- personalized medicine would allow a doctor to
prescribe precisely the right drug at the right dose to
an individual based on that persons unique DNA. A
possibility stemming from the human genome project
that would revolutionize the healthcare packaging industry.
Process analytical technology (PAT)
- a way to approach validation for pharmaceuticals since the FDA regulations associated with CFR 21 part
11.
RFID
- Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and
remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. The current thrust in RFID use is
in supply chain management for large enterprises. RFID increases the speed and accuracy with which
inventory can be tracked and managed thereby saving money for the business.
Risk management
- Risk management is the human activity which integrates recognition of risk, risk assessment, developing
strategies to manage it, and mitigation of risk using managerial resources. Evaluate and work to prevent
risks in the packaging field. Identify every possible risk scenario for all identified functions. Match those
scenarios with their likely effect(s). For instance, if a stopper is not placed properly in a vial (a possible
risk), the possible effects could include spilled product, product thats underweight/under dose, or
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