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Delay R
Block Diagram
X
+
Delay
System Functional
Y
1
Y
= H(R) =
X
1 R R2
Delay
Unit-Sample Response
index shift
Difference Equation
System Function
z2
Y (z)
= 2
H(z) =
X(z)
z z1
Delay R
Block Diagram
X
+
Delay
System Functional
Y
1
Y
= H(R) =
X
1 R R2
Delay
Unit-Sample Response
index shift
Difference Equation
System Function
z2
Y (z)
= 2
H(z) =
X(z)
z z1
Delay R
Block Diagram
X
+
Delay
System Functional
Y
1
Y
= H(R) =
X
1 R R2
Delay
Unit-Sample Response
index shift
Difference Equation
System Function
z2
Y (z)
= 2
H(z) =
X(z)
z z1
Delay R
Block Diagram
X
+
Delay
System Functional
Y
1
Y
= H(R) =
X
1 R R2
Delay
Unit-Sample Response
index shift
Difference Equation
R z1
System Function
z2
Y (z)
= 2
H(z) =
X(z)
z z1
Check Yourself
Delay R
Block Diagram
X
+
Delay
System Functional
Y
1
Y
= H(R) =
X
1 R R2
Delay
Unit-Sample Response
index shift
Difference Equation
System Function
z2
Y (z)
= 2
H(z) =
X(z)
z z1
Check Yourself
= H(R) =
X
1 R R2
1 +R +2R2 +3R3 +5R4 +8R5 +
1 R R2 1
1 R R2
R +R2
R R2 R3
2R2 +R3
2R2 2R3 2R4
3R3 +2R4
3R3 3R4 3R5
H(R) =
1
= 1 + R + 2R2 + 3R3 + 5R4 + 8R5 + 13R6 +
1 R R2
7
Check Yourself
h[n]Rn
Check Yourself
Delay R
Block Diagram
X
+
Delay
System Functional
Y
1
Y
= H(R) =
X
1 R R2
Delay
H(R) =
h[n]Rn
Unit-Sample Response
index shift
Difference Equation
System Function
z2
Y (z)
= 2
H(z) =
X(z)
z z1
Check Yourself
Delay R
Block Diagram
X
+
Delay
System Functional
Y
1
Y
= H(R) =
X
1 R R2
Delay
H(R) =
h[n]Rn
Unit-Sample Response
index shift
Difference Equation
System Function
z2
Y (z)
= 2
H(z) =
X(z)
z z1
Check Yourself
H(R) =
h[n]Rn
Substitute R
H(z) =
1
:
z
h[n]z n
11
Check Yourself
Delay R
Block Diagram
X
+
Delay
System Functional
Y
1
Y
= H(R) =
X
1 R R2
Delay
H(R) =
h[n]Rn
Unit-Sample Response
index shift
H(z) =
Difference Equation
h[n]z n
System Function
z2
Y (z)
= 2
H(z) =
X(z)
z z1
Check Yourself
h[n]Rn
Substitute R
H(z) =
1
:
z
h[n]z n
13
Z Transform
h[n]z n
x[n]z n
n=
Simple Z transforms
[n]
n
x[n] = [n]
X(z) =
x[n]z n = x[0]z 0 = 1
n=
15
Simple Z transforms
x[n]
n
x[n] = [n 1]
X(z) =
x[n]z n = x[1]z 1 = z 1
n=
16
Check Yourself
n
x[n] = 78 u[n]
n
4321 0 1 2 3 4
1.
1
1 78 z
2.
1
1 78 z 1
3.
z
1 78 z
17
4.
z 1
1 78 z 1
5. none
Check Yourself
n
4321 0 1 2 3 4
X(z) =
n=
7 n n
z u[n] =
8
n=0
18
7 n n
1
z
=
8
1 78 z 1
Check Yourself
n
x[n] = 78 u[n]
n
4321 0 1 2 3 4
1.
1
1 78 z
2.
1
1 78 z 1
3.
z
1 78 z
19
4.
z 1
1 78 z 1
5. none
Z Transform Pairs
n
7
x[n] =
u[n]
8
X(z) =
1 78 z 1
X
X
7
7
1
n
X(z) =
z u[n] =
z n =
8
8
1 78 z 1
n=
n=0
Therefore
z
1
< 1, i.e., |z| >
.
8
8
20
Regions of Convergence
n
7
u[n]
8
X(z) =
1
1
7
8
21
7 z 1
8
|z| >
7
8
Z Transform Mathematics
X1 (z)
for z in ROC1
and
x2 [n]
X2 (z)
for z in ROC2
then x1 [n] + x2 [n] X1 (z) + X2 (z) for z in (ROC1 ROC2 ).
Let y[n] = x1 [n] + x2 [n] then
Y (z) =
y[n]z n
n=
n=
x1 [n]z
n=
x2 [n]z
n
n=
= X1 (z) + X2 (z)
22
Delay Property
1
[n 1]
z 1
More generally,
X
X(z) =
x[n]z n
n=
n
Y (z) =
y[n]z
=
x[n 1]z n
n=
n=
Substitute m = n 1
Y (z) =
x[m]z m1 = z 1 X(z)
m=
23
Rational Polynomials
Y (z)
a0 + a1 z 1 + a2 z 2 +
=
X(z) b0 + b1 z 1 + b2 z 2 +
a0 z k + a1 z k1 + a2 z k2 +
b0 z k + b1 z k1 + b2 z k2 +
24
Rational Polynomials
a0 z k + a1 z k1 + a2 z k2 +
b0 z k + b1 z k1 + b2 z k2 +
(z z0 ) (z z1 ) (z zk )
(z p0 ) (z p1 ) (z pk )
25
Rational Polynomials
n u[n]z n =
n=
n z
n
n=0
1
1
;
=
z
<1
1 z 1
z
; |z| > ||
=
z
ROC
x[n] = n u[n]
z
z
n
4321 0 1 2 3 4
26
z -plane
Check Yourself
z -plane
z
7
; |z| <
7
8
z8
ROC
7
8
27
Check Yourself
outer region.
ROC
7 n
x[n] = 8
u[n]
z
z 78
n
4321 0 1 2 3 4
What changes if the region changes?
The original sum
X(z) =
n
X
7
n=0
z n
z -plane
7
8
Check Yourself
H(z) =
Y (z)
z
.
=
X(z)
z
78
8
y[n] = (y[n + 1] x[n + 1])
7
29
Check Yourself
1
0
87
2
2
0
87
3
3
0
87
n
n
87
n
8
y[n] =
;
7
n
7
n<0=
u[1 n]
8
30
Check Yourself
Plot
n
y[n] = 87 u[1 n]
z -plane
n
4 3 2 1
z
z 87
31
ROC
7
8
Check Yourself
z
7
; |z| <
7
8
z8
ROC
7
8
n
y[n] = 87 u[1 n]
n
4 3 2 1
32
Check Yourself
7 n
x[n] = 8
u[n]
z
z 78
z -plane
7
8
n
4321 0 1 2 3 4
n
y[n] = 87 u[1 n]
z -plane
n
4 3 2 1
z
z 87
33
ROC
7
8
Check Yourself
34
Check Yourself
X(z) = 2
=
2z 1 z 2
2z 5z + 2
Not a standard form!
35
Check Yourself
Standard forms:
ROC
7 n
x[n] = 8
u[n]
z
z 78
z -plane
7
8
n
4321 0 1 2 3 4
n
y[n] = 87 u[1 n]
z -plane
n
4 3 2 1
z
z 87
36
ROC
7
8
Check Yourself
X(z) = 2
=
2z 1 z 2
2z 5z + 2
Not a standard form!
Expand it dierently: as a standard form:
3z
2z
z
z
z
X(z) = 2
=
=
1
2z 1 z 2
z
2
2z 5z + 2
z2
Standard form: a pole at 12 and a pole at 2.
37
Check Yourself
Ratio of polynomials in z:
3z
z
z
X(z) =
2
=
1
z
2z
5z + 2
z2
a pole at
12 and a pole at 2.
z -plane
ROC
1
2
n
1
x[n] =
u[n] + 2n u[1 n]
2
38
Check Yourself
Plot.
n
1
u[n] + 2n u[1 n]
x[n] =
2
x[n]
39
Check Yourself
X(z) = 2
=
2z 1 z 2
2z 5z + 2
Make it look more standard:
1
z
z
X(z) = z 1
2z 1
1
z2
2
z2
Now
1 n
u[n] + 2R {+2n u[1 n]}
2
n1
1
1
=
u[n 1] + 2 +2n1 u[n]
2
2
1 n
=
u[n 1] + {+2n u[n]}
2
x[n]
1
x[n] = R
2
n
40
Check Yourself
=
=
1
1
1
2z 1
2 z 1 1 2z 1
1 2z
Now
n
1
u[n] + 2n u[1 n]
x[n] =
2
x[n]
41
Check Yourself
x[n]
42
43
Inverse Z transform
44
Properties of Z Transforms
x[n]
Linearity
Multiply by n
z 1 X(z)
dX(z)
dz
nx[n]
ROC
x[n 1]
Delay
Convolve in n
X(z)
x1 [m]x2 [n m]
m=
45
X1 (z)X2 (z)
(R1 R2 )
Check Yourself
Find the inverse transform of Y (z) =
46
2
z
;
z1
|z| > 1.
Check Yourself
Find the inverse transform of Y (z) =
2
z
;
z1
|z| > 1.
R2
R3
R2 R3
R3 R4
R4 R5
R5 R6
Y
(n + 1)Rn
= 1 + 2R + 3R2 + 4R3 + =
X
1
R
R2
R3
1
R
R2
R3
R
R2
R3
R4
n=0
47
Check Yourself
z1
z
z1
y[n] =?
u[n]
48
Properties of Z Transforms
x[n]
Linearity
Multiply by n
z 1 X(z)
dX(z)
dz
nx[n]
ROC
x[n 1]
Delay
Convolve in n
X(z)
x1 [m]x2 [n m]
m=
49
X1 (z)X2 (z)
(R1 R2 )
Check Yourself
2
z
Y (z) =
z1
z
z1
2
1
d
z
=z
z
z1
dz z 1
2
z
d
z
=
z z
z1
dz z 1
50
y[n] =?
u[n]
nu[n]
(n + 1)u[n + 1] = (n + 1)u[n]
Delay R
Block Diagram
X
+
Delay
System Functional
Y
1
Y
= H(R) =
X
1 R R2
Delay
Unit-Sample Response
index shift
Difference Equation
System Function
z2
Y (z)
= 2
H(z) =
X(z)
z z1
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