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Analytical Geometry
Introduction
‘Geometry’ is the study of Points, Lines, Curves, Surfaces, etc and their
properties. In the 17th century AD, the methods of Algebra were applied in the
study of Geometry and thereby ‘Analytical Geometry’ emerged out. The
renowned French philosopher and Mathematician Rane Descartes (1596-1650)
showed how the methods of Algebra could be applied to the study of
Geometry.
Locus
Straight Lines
• Slope-Intercept Form : y = mx + c
• Intercept Form :
, where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are x and y intercepts.
• Normal Form :
• General Form : ax + by + c = 0
• The length of the perpendicular from the point (x1, y1) to the line
ax+by+c=0 is
• The length of the perpendicular from the Origin to the line ax+by+c=0 is
Slope of an equation ax + by + c = 0
For ax + by + c = 0, Slope m =
If is the angle between the two straight lines, then
• If the two straight lines are Parallel, then their slopes are equal. i.e.,
m1=m2
• If the two straight lines are Perpendicular, then the product of their
slopes is -1. i.e., m1 x m2= -1
Equation of the Straight line passing through the intersection of the two lines
•
! represents a straight
line passing through the intersection of the straight lines
and
.
"
•
• Angle between the pair of straight lines passing through the origin is
"
Circle
Definition
A circle is the locus of a point which moves in such a way that its distance
from a fixed point is always constant. The fixed point is called the Centre of the
Circle and the constant distance is called the Radius of the circle.
• The equation of circle when the centre is (h, k) and radius ‘r’ is
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
Family of Circles
Concentric Circles
Two (or) more circles having the same centre are called Concentric Circle.
Two circles may touch each other either internally or externally. Let C1, C2 be
the centres of the circles and r1, r2 be their radii and P, the point of contact.
Orthogonal Circles
Conic
Definition
A conic is the locus of a point which moves in a plane, so that its distance
from a fixed point bears a constant ratio to its distance from a fixed straight
line. The fixed point is called focus, the fixed straight line is called directrix
and the constant ratio is called eccentricity, which is denoted by ‘e’.
Parabola ( y2 = 4ax )
Definition
The locus of a point whose distance from a fixed point is equal to the distance
from a fixed line is called a Parabola. i.e., Parabola is a conic whose eccentricity
is 1.
Definitions
• The fixed point used to draw the parabola is called the Focus F. Here,
the focus is F(a,o).
• The fixed line used to draw a parabola is called the Directrix of the
parabola. Here, the equation of the directrix is x = - a
• The axis of the parabola is the axis of symmetry. The curve y2 = 4ax is
symmetrical about x-axis and hence x-axis or y = 0 is the axis of the
parabola y2 = 4ax. Note that the axis of the parabola passes through the
focus and perpendicular to the directrix.
• The point of intersection of the parabola and its axis is called its Vertex.
Here, the vertex is V(0,0).
• The Focal Distance is the distance between a point on the parabola and
its focus.
• A chord which passes through the focus of the parabola is called the
Focal Chord of the parabola
Ellipse /
0
Definition
The locus of a point in a plane whose distance from a fixed point bears a
constant ratio, less than one to its distance from a fixed line is called Ellipse.
Definitions
Directrix : The fixed line is called directrix l of the ellipse and its equation
is
Major axis : The line segment AA/ is called the major axis and the length of the
major axis is 2a. The equation of the major axis is y = 0.
Minor axis : The line segment BB/ is called the minor axis and the length of the
minor axis is 2b. The equation of the minor axis is x = 0.
Centre : The point of intersection of the major axis and minor axis of the
ellipse is called the Centre of the Ellipse.
Vertices : The points of intersection of the ellipse and its major axis are called
its vertices.
Focal Distance : The focal distance with respect to any point P on the ellise is
the distance of P from the referred focus.
Focal Chord : A chord which passes through the focus of the ellipse is called
the focal chord of the ellipse.
Latus Rectum : It is the focal distance perpendicular to the major axis of the
Ellipse. The equation of the latus rectum are x = + ae, x = - ae.
Eccentricity : ' $
End Points of Latus Rectum are 1 , + ! and other latus rectum are
1 $, + !.
Length of the Latus Rectum are
Special Property : Thanks to the symmetry about the origin, it permits the
second Focus F2(-ae,0) and the second directrix x = -
$ "! $ -!
"! -!
a>b
The sum of the focal distances of any point on an ellipse is constant and is
equal to the length of the major axis.
Hyperbola / $
0
Definition
The locus of a point in a plane whose distance from a fixed point bears a
constant ratio, greater than one to its distance from a fixed line is called
Hyperbola.
Definitions
Directrix : The fixed line is called directrix l of the hyperbola and its equation
is
Transverse axis : The line segment AA/ joining the vertices is called the
transverse axis and the length of the transverse axis is 2a. The equation of the
transverse axis is y = 0.
Conjugate axis : The line segment joining the points B(0, b) and B/ (0, -b) is
called the conjugate axis and the length of the conjugate axis is 2b. The
equation of the conjugate axis is x = 0.
Centre : The point of intersection of the transverse and conjugate axes of the
hyperbola is called the Centre of the Hyperbola.
Vertices : The points of intersection of the hyperbola and its transverse axis
are called its vertices.
Latus Rectum : It is the focal chord perpendicular to the transverse axis of the
Hyperbola. The equation of the latus rectum are x = + ae, x = - ae.
Eccentricity : '
End Points of Latus Rectum are 1 , + ! and other latus rectum are
1 $, + !.
Length of the Latus Rectum are
If the transverse axis is along y-axis and the conjugate axis is along x-axis,
then the equation of the hyperbola is of the form $
• Center is C(0,0)
• Vertices A(0, a) and A/(0, -a)
• Foci are F(0, ae) and F(0, -ae)
• Equation of transverse axis is x = 0
• Equation of conjugate axis is y = 0
• End points of conjugate axis is (b, 0) and (-b, 0)
• Equations of Latus rectum is +
• Equations of directrices is +
• End points of Latus rectum is /+
, 0 , /+
, $0
$ ! t $∞ 3 4 3 ∞ ‘t’ or
$ !
.
. , !
Equation of Chord
.
$ $ !
Parabola
!
$ $ $ !
Ellipse
!
!
$ $ !
Hyperbola
!
Ellipse $ $
Hyperbola $
is
! !
$ !
is
$ ! !
$
$
!
Parabola ( , *
$
+
: , ;
Ellipse
where
$
$ $
+ $
: , ;
Hyperbola
where $
Asymptotes
Definition
An asymptote to a curve is the tangent to the curve such that the point of
contact is at infinity. In particular, the asymptote touches the curve at
∞ < $ ∞.
$ is
• The equations of the asymptotes to the hyperbola
$ <
.
Angle between the asymptotes is $ / 0
Rectangular Hyperbola ( xy = c2 where
)
Definition
Results