8 TH Science Reinforcement Worksheets

Glencoe
LIFE
SCIENCE
REINFORCEMENT
Teacher Edition
GLENCOE
McGraw-Hill
New York, New York
Columbus, Ohio
Mission Hills, California
Peoria, Illinois
A GLENCOE PROGRAM
Glencoe Life Science
Student Edition
Teacher Wraparound Edition
Study Guide, SE and TE
Reinforcement, SE and TE
Enrichment, SE and TE
Concept Mapping
Critical Thinking/Problem Solving
Activity Worksheets
Chapter Review
Chapter Review Software
Laboratory Manual, SE and TE
Science Integration Activities
Transparency Packages:
Teaching Transparencies
Section Focus Transparencies
Science Integration Transparencies
Cross-Curricular Integration
Science and Society Integration
Technology Integration
Multicultural Connections
Performance Assessment
Assessment
Spanish Resources
MindJogger Videoquizzes and Teacher Guide
English/Spanish Audiocassettes
CD-ROM Multimedia System
Interactive Videodisc Program
Computer Test Bank
DOS and Macintosh Versions
The Glencoe Science Professional Development Series

Performance Assessment in the Science Classroom
Lab and Safety Skills in the Science Classroom
Cooperative Learning in the Science Classroom
Alternate Assessment in the Science Classroom
Exploring Environmental Issues
TO THE TEACHER
Reinforcement worksheets in Glencoe Life Science provide an additional method for reviewing
the concepts within the numbered sections, or lessons, of each chapter. These exercises are
designed to focus on science content, rather than vocabulary, although a knowledge of the section
vocabulary will be helpful to the student. Reinforcement worksheets are designed for the full
range of students in your class, but they will be more challenging for your lower ability students
and more of a review for your more able students. Answers appear on reduced pages at the end
of the booklet.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to
reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such materials be reproduced only
for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used
solely in conjunction with the Glencoe Life Science program. Any other reproduction, for sale or
other use, is expressly prohibited.
Send all inquiries to:
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
936 Eastwind Drive
Westerville, OH 43081
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN 0-02-827751-1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DBH 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 1 Life
Unit 3 Diversity of Life
Chapter 1
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
Exploring Life
Living Things ....................................5
Where Does Life Come From?........6
What Is Science?................................7
Technology and
the Dairy Industry ............................8
Answers ........................................106
Chapter 7
7-1
7-2
7-3
7-4
Chapter 2
The Structure of Viruses

and Cells
Viruses ................................................9
AIDS Vaccine? ................................10
Cells: The Units of Life ..................11
Cell Organization............................12
Answers ........................................108
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
Chapter 3
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
Cell Processes
Chemistry of Living Things ..........13
Cell Transport..................................14
Energy in Cells ................................15
Energy from Biomass ....................16
Answers..........................................110
Chapter 4 Cell Reproduction

4-1 Cell Growth and Division ............17
4-2 Sexual Reproduction
and Meiosis......................................18
4-3 DNA..................................................19
4-4 Using Transplanted Cells
to Treat Diabetes ............................20
Answers..........................................112
Classifying Living Things

What Is Classification? ..................29
Modern Classification ....................30
Diminishing Diversity ..................31
Identifying Organisms ..................32
Answers..........................................118
Chapter 8 Monerans
8-1 Kingdom Monera ..........................33
8-2 Monerans in Your Life ..................34
8-3 Fighting Tuberculosis ....................35
Answers ........................................120
Chapter 9 Protists and Fungi
9-1 Kingdom Protista............................36
9-2 Kingdom Fungi ..............................37
9-3 Monitoring Red Tides ....................38
Answers ........................................121
Unit 4 Plants
Chapter 10 Introduction to Plants
10-1 Characteristics of Plants ................39
10-2 Seedless Plants ................................40
10-3 Cleaner Coal ....................................41
Answers ........................................123
Unit 2 Heredity and Evolution
Chapter 11 The Seed Plants

11-1 Seed Plants ......................................42
11-2 Parts of Complex Plants ................43
11-3 Seed Plant Reproduction ..............44
11-4 Medical Treasures ..........................45
Answers ........................................124
Chapter 5
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
Heredity
What Is Genetics? ..........................21
Genetics Since Mendel ..................22
Human Genetics ............................23
The Human Genome Project ........24
Answers..........................................114
Chapter 12 Plant Processes

12-1 Photosynthesis and Respiration ....46
12-2 Plant Responses ..............................47
12-3 Transgenic Crops ............................48
Answers ........................................126
Chapter 6
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
Evolution
Mechanisms of Evolution..............25
Evidence for Evolution ..................26
Primate Evolution ..........................27
Extinction and Evolution ..............28
Answers..........................................116
Unit 5 Animals
Chapter 13 Introduction to Animals
13-1 What Is an Animal? ........................49
13-2 Animal Experimentation ..............50
13-3 Sponges and Cnidarians................51
13-4 Flatworms and Roundworms ......52
Answers ........................................128
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(continued)
Chapter 14 Mollusks, Worms,

Arthropods, and Echinoderms
14-1 Mollusks ..........................................53
14-2 Segmented Worms..........................54
14-3 Arthropods ......................................55
14-4 Pesticides and Insects ....................56
14-5 Echinoderms .................................. 57
Answers ........................................130
Chapter 15 Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles
15-1 Fish....................................................58
15-2 Amphibians ....................................59
15-3 Amphibians and
Ultraviolet Light ............................60
15-4 Reptiles ............................................61
Answers ........................................132
Chapter 16 Birds and Mammals
16-1 Birds..................................................62
16-2 Mammals ........................................63
16-3 California Sea Otters ......................64
Answers ........................................134
Unit 7 The Human Body

Chapter 21 Bones, Muscles, and Skin
21-1 The Skeletal System........................80
21-2 BiomaterialSpeeding Bone
Fracture Recovery ..........................81
21-3 The Muscular System ....................82
21-4 Skin ..................................................83
Answers ........................................143
Chapter 22 Nutrients and Digestion
22-1 Nutrition ..........................................84
22-2 Nutrients Combat Cancer ............85
22-3 Your Digestive System ..................86
Answers ........................................145
Chapter 23 The Circulatory System
23-1 Circulation ......................................87
23-2 Growing Heart Valves ..............88
23-3 Blood ................................................89
23-4 Your Lymphatic System ................90
Answers ........................................147
Chapter 17 Animal Behavior

17-1 Types of Behavior ..........................65
17-2 Behavioral Adaptations ................66
17-3 Zoos and Captive Breeding ..........67
Answers ........................................136
Chapter 24 Respiration and Excretion

24-1 Your Respiratory System ..............91
24-2 Restricting Cigarette
Advertising ......................................92
24-3 Your Urinary System......................93
Answers ........................................149
Unit 6 Ecology
Chapter 25 The Nervous

and Endocrine Systems
25-1 Your Nervous System ....................94
25-2 Care and Treatment
of Alzheimers Patients..................95
25-3 The Senses........................................96
25-4 Your Endocrine System..................97
Answers ........................................150
Chapter 18 Life and the Environment

18-1 The Living Environment and
the Nonliving Environment ..........68
18-2 Interactions Among
Living Organisms ..........................69
18-3 Matter and Energy..........................70
18-4 Bringing Back the Wolves..............71
Answers ........................................137
Chapter 19 Ecosystems
19-1 How Ecosystems Change ..............72
19-2 Land Environments ......................73
19-3 Protecting Antarctica......................74
19-4 Water Environments ......................75
Answers ........................................139
Chapter 20 Resources and the Environment
20-1 Natural Resources ..........................76
20-2 Recycling..........................................77
20-3 Conservation and
Wildlife Protection..........................78
20-4 Maintaining
a Healthy Environment ................79
Answers ........................................141
Chapter 26 Reproduction and Growth

26-1 Human Reproduction ....................98
26-2 Fertilization to Birth ......................99
26-3 Development After Birth ............100
26-4 A New View of the Old ..............101
Answers ........................................152
Chapter 27 Immunity
27-1 Disease............................................102
27-2 Your Immune System ..................103
27-3 Should a Harmful Virus
Be Destroyed?................................104
27-4 Noncommunicable Disease ........105
Answers ........................................154
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Use with Text Pages 69
Chapter 1
Living Things
REINFORCEMENT
After each statement, write the feature of life that is illustrated.
Living things grow.

1. That boy shot up five inches in only one year. ________________________________________
Living things reproduce.
2. Our cat had a litter of kittens yesterday. ______________________________________________
Living things
3. To win at that sport, her muscle cells need to be worked hard every day. _________________
are made of one or more cells.
Living things develop.
4. My dog has become much less clumsy now that he is a year old. ________________________
Living things use
5. Eat a good breakfast and youll feel better through the morning. ________________________
energy.
6. When that car pulled into the driveway, my cat ran to hide under the porch.
Living things respond and adjust to changes in their environment.
Living things have a life span.
7. The fish died after living in the aquarium for many years.______________________________
Living things move.
8. The bird flew from tree to tree.______________________________________________________
9. That owls night vision allows it to see the movement of mice on even the darkest night.
Living things adapt.
a stimulus
10. In Figure A, the sun is what to the plant? ______________________________________________
11. In Figure B, the plant has shifted toward the sun. What is this reaction an example of?
a response
12. Your body normally maintains a temperature of 98.67 F. This is an example of what?
homeostasis
cells
13. What are the smallest units that carry on the functions of life? ____________________________
14. What adaptation does a giraffe have that allows it to eat from the high branches of a tree?
a long neck
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
NAME
DATE
Chapter 1
CLASS
Where Does Life

Come From?
REINFORCEMENT
The illustrations below represent a theory of the sequence of events in the solar system and on Earth. Beside each illustration, write about how long ago the event took place.
5 billion years ago

1. _______________________________
Whirling mass of dust and gas
4.6 billion years ago

2. _______________________________
Sun and planets form
3.5 billion years ago

3. _______________________________
The first living things form
Describe what each of the following scientists showed by their experiments.
He showed that maggots come from the eggs laid by flies on meat, not
4. Francesco Redi: _____________________________________________________________________
from the meat itself.
He showed that a sealed flask of boiled broth developed no tiny
5. Lazzaro Spallanzani: ________________________________________________________________
organisms.
He showed that broth becomes contaminated only when it was exposed
6. Louis Pasteur: ______________________________________________________________________
to the air.
Answer the following questions.
Living things come spontaneously from

7. What is the theory of spontaneous generation? _________________________________________
nonliving matter.
Living things come only from living things.
8. What is the theory of biogenesis? _____________________________________________________
lightning and
9. What did Oparin believe caused the early gases of Earth to combine?______________________
ultraviolet rays
10. What did Oparin think happened to these compounds after they fell into the hot seas?
They became more complex, able to copy themselves, and able to use other chemicals
for energy and food.
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 1
REINFORCEMENT
What Is Science?
List the steps of a scientific method in the order in which they should be performed.
observe
1. ___________________________________________________________________________________
gather information
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________
form a hypothesis
3. ___________________________________________________________________________________
experiment
4. ___________________________________________________________________________________
reach a conclusion
5. ___________________________________________________________________________________
accept or reject the hypothesis
6. ___________________________________________________________________________________
do something with the results
7. ___________________________________________________________________________________
International System of Units
8. What does SI stand for? ______________________________________________________________
Match the SI unit with what it measures by writing the correct letter in the space provided.
c
______
a
______
d
______
b
______
9.
10.
11.
12.
Kelvin scale
meter
cubic meter
kilogram
a. length
b. mass
c. temperature
d. volume
13. Suppose a scientist wants to test a new drug to fight the flu. The scientist injects the drug into
three people with the flu. The scientist injects a harmless solution into three other people with
The drug is the
the flu. In this experiment, what is the variable and what is the control? ___________________
variable, and the three people who are injected with the harmless solution make up the
control.
Being aware of
14. Why is it necessary to follow safety rules in the science laboratory? _______________________
possible hazards and taking precautions can prevent accidents in the science
laboratory.
A theory is an explanation
15. What is the difference between a theory and a scientific law? _____________________________
based on many observations. Theories can be changed as new information is
gathered. A law is a rule of nature.
NAME
DATE
Chapter 1
CLASS
Technology and the

Dairy Industry
REINFORCEMENT
Answer the following questions using information from the textbook.
Technology is the use of scientific knowledge to solve everyday

1. What is technology? __________________________________________________________________
problems or improve the quality of life.
Sanitation,
2. Give four examples of how technology has improved the quality of our lives.________________
penicillin, fluoridated water, and irradiated food are four possible examples.
BST is a hormone that
3. What is bovine somatotrophin (BST) and what does it do?_________________________________
increases milk production in cows.
BST causes cows to use more available
4. How does genetically engineered BST work? ____________________________________________
nutrients for milk production and less for body weight gain.
BST increases the chances
5. What is a harmful side effect in cows that are given BST?__________________________________
that the cows will develop mastitis, an infection of the cows udders.
6. Why are some consumers arguing for the labeling of milk produced by cows that were given
Consumers want to be able to choose whether or not to buy milk from cows
BST? ________________________________________________________________________________
treated with BST.
7. Why are some farmers against the labeling of milk that has come from cows treated with BST?
To be competitive, some farmers must take steps to decrease their costs and increase
their profits. BST helps them be competitive.
Fill in the following chart.
8. Give the pros and cons of treating cows with BST.
PROS
CONS
May allow some farmers to remain

in business and earn a better income.
Chemicals in the milk may have undesired side effects in humans.
May lower the price consumers pay

for milk.
Consumers may have to pay more for

BST-free milk.
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 2
REINFORCEMENT
Viruses
The pictures show a virus reproducing itself in a bacterial cell. Beside each picture, name the step and describe what is
happening.
Attach
1. Step: ___________________________________________________
virus attaches to the surface of the cell.
Description: The
____________________________________________
Invade
2. Step: ___________________________________________________
The nucleic acid of the virus is injected into
Description: ____________________________________________
the cell.
Copy
3. Step: ___________________________________________________
The viral nucleic acid takes control of the cell
Description: ____________________________________________
and begins to make new virus particles.
Release
4. Step: ___________________________________________________
The cell bursts open and hundreds of new
Description: ____________________________________________
virus particles are released from the cell.
Name three ways in which viruses are classified:
by their shape
5. ___________________________________________________________________________________
by the kind of nucleic acid the virus infects
6. ___________________________________________________________________________________
by the kind of organism the virus infects
7. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Name the two parts of a virus particle.
DNA or RNA core

8. ___________________________________________________________________________________
protein coat
9. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Answer the following question.
A latent virus causes cold sores. It enters

10. What causes cold sores? Explain the process. ___________________________________________
the bodys cells without destroying them and reproduces along with the cells. Then,
because of stress factors, it goes from a latent phase to an active phase, causing a
cold sore on the lip. When a cold sore disappears, the virus has gone back into its
latent phase.
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 2
REINFORCEMENT
AIDS Vaccine?
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS.

1. What is HIV? _______________________________________________________________________
the immune system
2. What body system is most affected by HIV? ____________________________________________
AIDS stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome, a condition in
3. What is AIDS? ______________________________________________________________________
which the immune system is weakened by HIV, leaving the body open to infection by
many other disease-causing organisms.
The body usually fights off HIV
4. Why is the bodys response to HIV described as a war? _________________________________
for many years before the bodys immune system can no longer function. It is a war
between the immune system and the rapidly mutating HIV.
The genetic makeup of HIV
5. Why is HIV the most genetically variable virus known? __________________________________
changes constantly because of HIVs high mutation rate.
6. From what genetically engineered virus is the new potential AIDS vaccine made?
from a modified canarypox virus
7. To be effective, what must an AIDS vaccine cause the human body to produce when
antibodies against HIV
confronted with HIV? ________________________________________________________________
8. The modified canarypox virus can enter human cells, but it cannot live and multiply in
The modified viruses manufacture and package
human cells. What does it do instead? _________________________________________________
HIV proteins into tiny virus-like particles.
9. When the potential AIDS vaccine packages HIV proteins into tiny virus-like particles, what
material do the virus-like particles lack, which makes them unable to cause disease?
The virus-like particles lack the hereditary material HIV needs to cause disease.
10
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 2
REINFORCEMENT
Cells: The Units of Life
Part A
In the sentences below, a code letter has been substituted for each letter of the alphabet. To find out what the sentences
say, use the following key to decode them. In the key, the code letters are shown directly below the alphabet letter they
stand for. Write the correct letter above each code letter, then read the sentence aloud.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N M L K J I H G F E D C B A
1.
ALL
ZOO
2.
A
Z
ORGANISMS
LITZMRHNH
CE L L IS THE
XVOO RH GSV
AN D FUNCTION
ZMW UFMXGRLM
3.
EVE RY
VE V I B
4.
TH IS I S
G S RH R H
CE L L
X VOO
ARE
Z I V
MAD E
NZWV
BASI C
YZHRX
IN
RM
AN
ZM
COM ES
X L NV H
CA L LE D
XZOOVW
THE
GSV
OF
LU
UN I T OF
FMRG LU
CE L L S.
XVOOH
S T RU C T U R E
HGI F XGF I V
ORGAN I SM.
L I T ZMRHN
FROM
UI LN
CE LL
XVOO
A NO T HER
ZMLGSVI
CE L L.
X VOO
T H E O R Y.
GSVL I B
Part B
1.
Who was the first person to see cells? Robert Hooke
2.
In what material were cells first seen? Cells were first seen in cork.
3.
Were the cells that were first seen living or nonliving? The cells were nonliving.
4.
What did Schleiden and Schwann conclude about cells? They were convinced that all
living things are made of cells.
5.
What instrument that uses light and lenses is used to view cells? a light microscope
11
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 2
REINFORCEMENT
Cell Organization
Part A
Complete the following table with the correct cell part or function. Refer to your textbook for help.
Cell Part
Function
Cytoplasm
gel-like material inside cells
Cell membrane
controls movement of materials into and out of cell
Nucleus
directs cell activities
Endoplasmic reticulum
moves materials within the cell
Ribosome
makes protein
Mitochondria
release energy in the cell
Chromatin
carries code that controls the cell
Chloroplast
changes light energy to chemical energy in plants
Cell wall
supports and protects the plant cell
Vacuole
stores water, food, and waste products
Golgi bodies
package and move proteins
Lysosome
digests wastes
Part B
Label each cell part.
12
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 3
REINFORCEMENT
Chemistry of Living Things

Atoms are the basic units of matter.
1. What are atoms? _____________________________________________________________________
Label the following diagram of an atom using the words: electron, proton, neutron.
2
+
compound
2. Is water (H2O) an element or a compound? ______________________________________________
It is made up of the elements hydrogen and oxygen, joined by chemical bonds.
Why? _______________________________________________________________________________
Study the graph and answer the questions.
Elements That Make Up the Human Body

hydrogen
nitrogen
calcium
other
carbon
oxygen
1. Oxygen and carbon together make up about what percent of the elements in the human body?
(Circle the correct answer.)
a. 50%
b. 80%
c. 30%
d. 10%
Organic compounds contain carbon.

2. Why is there such a large percentage of carbon? __________________________________________
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and enzymes are organic compounds.
Respiration requires oxygen; oxygen is carried in the
3. Why is there so much oxygen? _________________________________________________________
blood, and it is present in water, which makes up a large part of the human body.
carbon, hydrogen, and

4. Which elements in the graph make up the compound glucose?_____________________________
oxygen
13
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 3
REINFORCEMENT
Cell Transport
The passive transport of water by diffusion is called osmosis.

1. What is osmosis? _____________________________________________________________________
2. How does osmosis explain the fact that a watery syrup forms when you put sugar on
To maintain equilibrium, water molecules diffuse out through the cell
strawberries? ________________________________________________________________________
membrane of the strawberry to where there is less water.
They are moved by carrier molecules
3. a. How are glucose molecules moved into a cell? _________________________________________
in the cell membrane.
active
b. What type of transport is this? _______________________________________________________
They are packaged
4. a. After proteins are made by the ribosomes, how do they leave the cell? ____________________
by the Golgi bodies and moved to the cell membrane. The package fuses with the cell
membrane and its contents are released.
exocytosis
b. What is this process called?__________________________________________________________
It allows some molecules to pass
5. What is a selectively permeable membrane? _____________________________________________
through but not others.
Label the diagrams of cells with the following terms: diffusion, active transport, osmosis, equilibrium. The arrows
show the direction of transport. Some terms will be used more than once.
14
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 3
REINFORCEMENT
Energy in Cells
through photosynthesis
1. How do producers make their own food? _______________________________________________
2. Fill in the following equation for photosynthesis.
sunlight
__________________________
+ water + carbon dioxide + chlorophyll
oxygen
food
__________________________
+ ___________________________
carbon dioxide, water, and energy
3. What are the end products of respiration? _______________________________________________
It is a process that begins as producers use energy from the
4. What is a food chain? _________________________________________________________________
sun to make food. Energy flows from producers to consumers when plant-eating
consumers eat the producers. Consumers may eat other consumers.
Through fermentation, yeast breaks down glucose
5. How does yeast cause bread to rise? ____________________________________________________
and gives off carbon dioxide and alcohol. the carbon dioxide gas causes the bread to
rise.
6. How do your muscles continue to get energy during high levels of activity when there is not
Muscles can get energy from glucose through fermentation.
enough oxygen?______________________________________________________________________
Write the letter of the term that correctly answers each question or best completes each statement.
c
______
1. What process occurs in the mitochondria?
a. fermentation
b. photosynthesis
c. respiration
d. metabolism
b
______
2. The green pigment in plants that traps radiant energy from the sun is called _____ .
a. glucose
b. chlorophyll
c. oxygen
d. water
c
______
3. During photosynthesis, plants produce glucose and release _____ .
a. carbon dioxide b. energy
c. oxygen
d. water
d
______
4. The energy used by all living things starts with _____ .
a. producers
b. consumers
c. respiration
d. sunlight
c
______
5. During respiration some energy is released as _____ .
a. chemical energy b. radiant energy
c. heat
d. carbon dioxide
a
______
6. Fermentation releases energy without using _____ .
a. oxygen
b. glucose
c. energy
d. carbon dioxide
c
______
7. When muscles are overworked, soreness is caused by a buildup of _____ .
a. glucose
b. carbon dioxide
c. lactic acid
d. energy
15
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 3
REINFORCEMENT
Energy from Biomass
Biomass is organic material from plants or animals that is used

1. What is biomass? _____________________________________________________________________
for energy.
2. To what source of radiant energy can the energy in biomass ultimately be traced?
The energy found in biomass can be traced back to radiant energy from the sun.
3. Of the following sources of energy, circle the ones that are common examples of solid biomass.
plant crops
animal hides
wood chips
granite
firewood
slate
charcoal
animal dung
peat
4. How is the ethanol in gasohol produced? _______________________________________________

microorganisms convert sugar in sugar cane, corn, and grain into ethanol
A large amount of energy
5. Why isnt alcohol production from biomass energy efficient? ______________________________
is required to grow and harvest plant crops and much of the original energy in the
biomass is lost during its conversion to alcohol.
Microorganisms decompose household and
6. What is one way biogas is produced? ___________________________________________________
agricultural wastes to produce biogas.
the desert shrub,
7. Name three nonfood crops that can be grown to produce liquid fuel. _______________________
Euphorbia lathyri, sunflowers, and copaiba trees

8. List the advantages and disadvantages of using biomass for fuel.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Reduces dependence on fossil fuels.
equires land and water for plant

production.
Reduces the waste disposal problem.
Reduces land available for growing

food crops.
Does not pollute the atmosphere with

carbon dioxide as long as the amount
of plant matter burned equals the
amount of plant matter produced.
Could lead to soil erosion, sedimentation, destruction of reservoirs, and

flooding due to improper land
management.
Has a high net energy efficiency.
May reduce soil nutrients due to

removal of crop and forestry wastes.
16
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 4
REINFORCEMENT
Cell Growth and Division
Label the following diagrams with the appropriate phase of mitosis.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Skin cells need to be constantly

5. Why are skin cells undergoing mitosis continuously? ____________________________________
replaced as they are injured or rubbed off.
6. Once chromosomes have been copied during interphase, the cell is ready to begin what
mitosis
process? ___________________________________________________________________________
spindle fibers
7. During metaphase, the centromeres attach to what structures? ____________________________
because the cell
8. Why doesnt the cytoplasm pinch in following telophase in plant cells? ____________________
A cell plate forms
walls are rigid
_____________________________________
What happens instead? ________________________
between the two new nuclei and new cell walls form.
9. How many chromosomes does each new cell contain after mitosis if the parent has 52
52
chromosomes? ______________________________________________________________________
because the cell makes a copy of itself
10. Why is mitosis a form of reproduction? ________________________________________________
budding, fission, regeneration
11. What are three types of asexual reproduction? __________________________________________
nerve and muscle cells
12. What types of cells in your body are no longer undergoing mitosis? _______________________
interphase
13. What phase of the cell cycle are these cells in? __________________________________________
17
NAME
DATE
Chapter 4
CLASS
Sexual Reproduction
and Meiosis
REINFORCEMENT
Label the following diagrams of the stages of meiosis.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Centromeres divide and double-stranded

5. In what way is meiosis II similar to mitosis? ____________________________________________
chromosomes separate.
They contain only half the
6. How are gametes different from other cells in the body? _________________________________
number of chromosomes.
Two gametes fuse to form a zygote.
7. What happens during fertilization?____________________________________________________
diploid
8. What is the total number of paired chromosomes in a body cell called? ____________________
chromosome number
anaphase II
9. Do centromeres divide at anaphase I or II? _____________________________________________
10. Starting with one cell, how many haploid sperm cells are formed after both phases of
four
meiosis? ___________________________________________________________________________
18
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 4
REINFORCEMENT
DNA
Answer the following questions using information from the textbook
1. Write the letter of the matching base of the following DNA strand.
A
T: _____________________
C
G: _____________________
T
A: _____________________
A
T: _____________________
G
C: _____________________
2. Write the names of the bases corresponding to the letters:
adenine
A: _____________________
cytosine
C: _____________________
thymine
T: _____________________
guanine
G: _____________________
deoxyribose (sugar) and
3. What makes up the handrails of the helix of a DNA molecule? _____________________________
phosphate groups
A gene directs the making of specific
4. What determines which proteins a cell makes? ___________________________________________
proteins.
It carries the code for proteins from the
5. What role does RNA play in protein production? _________________________________________
the nucleus to the ribosomes.
It has uracil instead of thymine, and it is
6. How is RNA different from DNA?______________________________________________________
single-stranded.
Messenger RNA or mRNA carries
7. What are two kinds of RNA and what does each do? _____________________________________
the code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it attaches to ribosomes. Transfer
RNA or tRNA picks up amino acids in the cytoplasm and brings them to the ribosomes.
X rays or toxic chemicals can result in errors in copying a
8. What can cause mutations? ____________________________________________________________
gene or in a cell receiving an extra chromosome.
19
NAME
DATE
Chapter 4
CLASS
Using Transplanted
Cells to Treat Diabetes
REINFORCEMENT
Diabetes mellitus is a disease that affects

1. What is the definition of diabetes mellitus? ______________________________________________
the level of sugar in the blood, which in turn affects the digestive, urinary and
circulatory systems.
Type I diabetes usually affects
2. What age groups does Type I diabetes usually affect? _____________________________________
infants and young adults.
Insulin allows body cells
3. What does insulin permit the body cells of a healthy person to do? _________________________
to obtain energy from glucose in the blood.
The islets of Langerhans secrete insulin.
4. What tissue within the pancreas secretes insulin? ________________________________________
5. Name two diabetes-related disorders that are caused by the excess glucose in the blood.
blindness and kidney failure
Transplanted islets of
6. How can transplanted cells help people with Type I diabetes? _____________________________
Langerhans help maintain normal levels of glucose.
7. Give two reasons why islets of Langerhans are not transplanted into diabetes patients on a
Donated organs are in short supply and the drugs that keep a patients
routine basis. ________________________________________________________________________
immune system from rejecting the transplants have many different side effects.
pigs
8. What farm animal produces insulin that is almost identical to that of humans? ______________
9. Use the following terms to complete the concept map: digestive system, urinary system, circulatory system, excess blood sugar, blindness, kidney failure
diabetis
mellitus
causes
excess
blood sugar
affects
digestive
system
urinary
system
may result in
circulatory
system
blindness
20
kidney
failure
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 5
REINFORCEMENT
What Is Genetics?
Part A
One of the traits of pea plants that Mendel observed was seed shape. The seeds were either round
or wrinkled. Mendel observed that round seed shape (R) dominated over the wrinkled shape (r).
Complete the Punnett square to show the possible offspring of two heterozygous pea plants. Then answer the questions
that follow.
RR
Rr
Rr
rr
wrinkled and round

1. What two forms of the trait for seed shape did Mendel observe? ___________________________
round
2. What was the phenotype for seed shape of both parent plants? ____________________________
3. What percentage of the possible types of offspring had the same genotype as
50 percent
the parents? _________________________________________________________________________
50 percent
4. What percentage of the possible types of offspring were homozygous? _____________________
5. What percentage of the possible types of offspring had the same phenotype
75 percent
as the parents? _______________________________________________________________________
rr
6. What was the genotype of the offspring that did not share the parents phenotype? __________
7. What is the probability that two heterozygous parents would have an offspring that produced
3:1
round seeds? (Express your answer as a ratio.) ___________________________________________
Part B
They control the traits that show up in organisms.
1. What is the function of genes? _________________________________________________________
different forms of a gene for a trait

2. What are alleles? _____________________________________________________________________
the study of how alleles affect generations of offspring

3. What is genetics? _____________________________________________________________________
He was the first to do a thorough

4. Why is Mendel known as the Father of Genetics?_________________________________________
study of how traits pass from one generation to the next.
21
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 5
REINFORCEMENT
Genetics Since Mendel
1. Long radishes were crossed with round radishes and produced all oval radishes. In the next
generation, all three phenotypes of radisheslong, round, and ovalwere present.
Long and
a. What evidence is there that the long and round alleles did not become blended:____________
round radishes appeared again in the next generation.
2
b. How many alleles are there for radish shape? __________________________________________
c. What evidence is there that the round and long alleles are both inherited by incomplete
Both round and long traits are expressed in the oval radishes.
dominance? _______________________________________________________________________
d. What evidence is there that both the long and the round radishes are homozygous?
When the radish is heterozygous for shape, the radish is oval.
2. There are four phenotypes of human blood.
no
a. Is it possible for two alleles to produce four phenotypes? ________________________________
b. Which phenotype is produced by each of the following genotypes?
A
A
O
AA ________
AO ________
OO ________
B
B
AB
BB ________
BO ________
AB ________
3
c. How many alleles are there for blood type? ____________________________________________
by multiple alleles
d. When a trait has more than two alleles, how is that trait inherited? _______________________
AB; both
e. Which blood type is inherited by incomplete dominance? Explain your answer. ____________
alleles are visible in the phenotype.
3. All of the children of brown-eyed parents have brown eyes, but the shade of each childs eyes
is different.
There are many
a. What evidence is there that more than one pair of genes affects eye color? _________________
shades of the same eye color.
inheritance of traits that are controlled by more than
b. What is polygenic inheritance?_______________________________________________________
one pair of genes
skin color; hair color; height;
c. What other traits are examples of polygenic inheritance? ________________________________
weight; body build; shape of eyes, lips, and ears
22
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 5
REINFORCEMENT
Human Genetics
Part A
Each of the pedigrees below show the inheritance pattern of a sex-linked disorder, such as color blindness. Answer the
question below each pedigree.
The father
1. Is the father, A, affected or not affected by the disorder? Explain your answer. _______________
must be affected, because the daughter is a carrier and the mother is neither affected
nor a carrier.
2. Is the mother, B, affected by the disorder, not affected, or a carrier? Explain your answer.
One of the sons is affected by the disorder, so the mother must either be affected or be
a carrier. Since one son does not have the disease, the mother is not affected herself,
but a carrier.
Part B
1. Name two genetic disorders that are caused by a recessive allele on the X chromosome.
color blindness and hemophilia
cystic fibrosis and
2. Name two genetic disorders that are homozygous recessive. _______________________________
sickle-cell anemia
3. How are scientists in the field of genetic engineering trying to help people with genetic
Scientists are experimenting with methods that would allow them to correct
disorders? ___________________________________________________________________________
mutated or damaged genes.
23
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 5
REINFORCEMENT
The Human Genome Project
Fill in the table with information about the human genome project. Then answer the questions.
Name of project
human genome project
Purpose
to map all genes on all human chromosomes
Field of science
human genetics
Possible benefits
prevention of diseases, early detection of diseases,

cures for diseases, development of new technologies
Possible
disadvantages
misuse of genetic information, discrimination based on

information from genome, high cost
Genes are on
1. Why do scientists examine DNA in order to identify and locate genes? _____________________
chromosomes which are made of DNA.
It may
2. What might be the advantage of early detection of an inherited disease or disorder? _________
be possible to take preventive measures to avoid the development of the disease.
There may be therapies or programs to reduce the harmful effects of the disease.
Some people may choose not to have children to avoid passing on a disease.
cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, certain cancers,
3. What are some inherited diseases? _____________________________________________________
sickle-cell anemia, hemophilia, and Downs Syndrome
Answers may vary and may
4. Give a specific example of misuse of genetic information. _________________________________
include denial of a job based on the likelihood of the development of a disease.
24
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 6
REINFORCEMENT
Mechanisms of Evolution
Adaptations
The traits of an individual of a species that are better for survival and reproduction are adaptations. If an organism is not well adapted to its environment, it may die. If it is well adapted to its
environment, its chances of survival and reproduction are improved.
A. Bat Adaptations
Bats usually feed by catching insects at night. Bats locate insects by giving off high-frequency
sounds as they fly. These sounds bounce off insects and return to the bat. List three adaptations
shown in Figure 1 that aid the bat in catching food.
wings that enable the bat to fly
Adaptation 1 ___________________________________________________________________________
ability to give off high-frequency sounds
Adaptation 2 ___________________________________________________________________________
large ears that allow it to hear faint echoes from insects
Adaptation 3 ___________________________________________________________________________
Figure 2
Figure 1
B. Fish Adaptations
Fish have a number of predators. Birds such as pelicans or gulls feed on fish. Large fish often
feed on other smaller fish. List two adaptations shown in Figure 2 that aid the fish in avoiding
predators (note coloration).
dark upper surface makes it inconspicuous to flying predators
Adaptation 1 ___________________________________________________________________________
light belly makes it less conspicuous to predators looking up from below;
Adaptation 2 ___________________________________________________________________________
fins enable fish to swim away; mouth has teeth for defense; etc.
25
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 6
REINFORCEMENT
Evidence for Evolution
Study the sketches below, and in the lines provided, tell how each fossil was formed.
b.
a.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Most fossils are found in sedimentary rock.

1. In which type of rock are most fossils found? ____________________________________________
The age of a rock or
2. What two methods are used to determine the age of a rock or fossil?________________________
fossil can be measured by relative dating and radioactive dating.
The fossil record is incomplete because every
3. Why is the fossil record not complete? __________________________________________________
living thing does not or cannot become fossilized.
4. List other evidences of evolution.
embryology
a. _____________________________________
homologous structures
c. _____________________________________
vestigial structures
b._____________________________________
similarities in DNA
d. _____________________________________
26
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 6
REINFORCEMENT
Primate Evolution
In the table below list three physical characteristics that all primates share. Then describe how each of these characteristics functions or how it is adaptive.
Characteristic
Function/Adaption
opposable thumb
to grab or hold objects such as food or tools
binocular vision
to judge distances
rotating forelimbs
to swing from branches in a tree
Lemurs and tarsiers have

1. How do lemurs and tarsiers differ from the higher primates? ______________________________
large eyes and are most active at night.
Hominids eat both meat and vegetables,
2. How do hominids differ from monkeys and apes? ________________________________________
walk upright, and have large brains.
3. Would you expect the DNA of a human to be more similar to that of a gorilla or a lemur?
Because humans are more closely related to gorillas than to
Explain your answer. _________________________________________________________________
lemurs, the DNA of a human would be more similar to that of a gorilla.
Homo habilis had a larger

4. In what ways do Australopithecus and Homo habilis differ? _________________________________
brain than Australopithecus. Homo habilis was also more similar in form to a modern
human.
Both Neanderthal
5. What traits did the early humans, Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons, share? __________________
and Cro-Magnon humans were Homo sapiens, lived in family groups, and made and
used stone tools.
living in family groups,
6. What social behaviors do we share with Cro-Magnon humans? ____________________________
caring for the elderly, burying the dead, artistic expression through painting and
carving
27
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 6
REINFORCEMENT
Extinction and Evolution
Did you know that almost all the organisms that ever lived on Earth are now extinct? Some scientists believe that
fewer than one in 10 000 species that lived in the past are still alive today.
1. Does the above information fit with Darwins theory of natural selection? Explain your answer.
Yes. Climates have changed often throughout the history of the world. In addition, local
conditions have changed. Any organism that could not adapt, that was not naturally
selected, would not be able to survive and reproduce. Any species that was unable to
adapt would eventually become extinct.
2. What natural events cause an animal or plant to become extinct? Other than nature, what else
The environment changes and the
contributes to the extinction of plants and animals? ______________________________________
species cannot adapt, so it dies out. Humans destroy or change environments for their
own gain and cause species that cannot adapt to die out.
An endangered species is one whose numbers are
3. What is an endangered species? _______________________________________________________
so low that it is in danger of becoming extinct.
preserving the remaining habitats in which
4. Name two ways of preventing extinction. _______________________________________________
plants and animals live and breeding in captivity
Some species can be
5. What are the benefits and drawbacks of captive-breeding programs? _______________________
captured and bred in captivity, preventing the extinction of the species. Drawbacks:
captive breeding programs are very expensive and focus on only a few of the species
that are endangered.
28
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 7
REINFORCEMENT
What Is Classification?
1. The name Homo sapiens is the scientific name for modern man. What could you say about
Homo erectus and Homo sapiens

Homo erectus using your knowledge of classification? _____________________________________
belong to the same genus and therefore have ancestors in common.
binomial nomenclature
2. What is the scientific naming system using two names called? _____________________________
Latin
What language does it use? ____________________________________________________________
Aristotle divided the plant
3. How did Aristotle subdivide his largest taxonomic categories? _____________________________
kingdom into three groups according to size and structure. The animal kingdom was
divided into groups based on where the animals lived.
There are too many exceptions.
4. What was wrong with Aristotles method of classification? ________________________________
There is no way to classify what we now call amphibians because they live on land and
in water.
Organisms are classified according
5. What is Linnaeus system of classification based on? ______________________________________
to similarities in body structures and systems, size, shape, color, and methods of
obtaining food.
Taxonomy is the science of grouping and naming organisms.
6. What is taxonomy? ___________________________________________________________________
7. Arrange the following list of items from general to specific using the letters:
a. egg-laying mammals that live in Australia
b. mammals
c. animals
d. duck-billed platypus
e,c,b,g,a,f,d
e. organisms
f. egg-laying mammals that live in Australia and have webbed feet
g. egg-laying mammals
8. How would you describe your location as exactly as possible? Classify as much information as
you can so that someone else would know where to find you (this can be at home or school).
Answers will vary, but may
Your classification should be ranked from general to specific. ______________________________
include Milky Way Galaxy, Earth, continent, country, state, county, latitude and longitude, city, Zip
Code, street address, description of location within the room.
29
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 7
REINFORCEMENT
Modern Classification
They look at external

1. What are the ways scientists determine an organisms phylogeny?__________________________
characteristics, chemical make-up, similarities in gene and body structure, study
fossils, and study the embryology of the organism.
They dont make their
2. What do the Animal and Fungi Kingdoms have in common? ______________________________
own food.
3. How are members of the Animal Kingdom different from members of the Fungi Kingdom?
Animals can move.
4. Organisms belonging to the Kingdom Monera and some organisms in the Kingdom Protista
of the Kingdom
are unicellular. What is it that places them into different kingdoms? Members
________________________
Protista have organized nuclei and monerans do not.
5. How do we know that the first cells to form on Earth belonged to the Kingdom Monera?
Fossil evidence has indicated that bacterial cells were the first on earth.
6. Put these Latin names in order from the most general to the most specific.
orderDiptera
Animal
a. _________________________________
classInsecta
Arthropoda
b._________________________________
kingdomAnimal
Insecta
c. _________________________________
phylumArthropoda
Diptera
d._________________________________
speciesmelanogaster
Tephritidae
e. _________________________________
familyTephritidae
Drosophila
f. _________________________________
genusDrosophila
melanogaster
g. _________________________________
7. The organism you have classified is a fruit fly. What is its scientific name? ___________________
Drosophila melanogaster
30
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 7
REINFORCEMENT
Diminishing Diversity
Species diversity is a great variety of plants, animals and

1. What is species diversity? _____________________________________________________________
other organisms in an environment.
rain forests and
2. Give two examples of ecosystems that have high species diversity. _________________________
coral reefs
A high species
3. Why is it important to maintain a high species diversity in an ecosystem? ___________________
diversity makes the ecosystem more stable.
Humans have cleared
4. How have humans changed the species diversity in the rain forests? _______________________
the rain forests for farming or mining and cut down the trees for timber.
5. What impact has the northern spotted owl, an endangered species, had on the old growth
The endangered species status of the spotted
forests in the northwestern United States? _______________________________________________
owl has prevented loggers and lumber companies from being able to cut some forested
areas.
Carolina
6. Give two examples of species that are now extinct because of human intrusion. ______________
parakeet and the passenger pigeon
7. Give one argument in favor of (pro) and one argument against (con) maintaining high levels of
species diversity.
PRO
Loss of species diversity may result in
ecosystems that are out-of-balance,
even to the point of collapse.
CON
The livelihoods of people are more
important than a decrease in species
diversity.
31
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 7
REINFORCEMENT
Identifying Organisms
Different organisms may

1. Why dont scientists use common names to identify organisms?____________________________
go by the same common name in different places. Scientists would have difficulty
sharing information.
2. Why are scientific names important? Give four functions for scientific names.
a. to avoid errors in communication
b. to classify organisms with similar evolutionary history together
c. to give descriptive information about the species
d. to organize and easily find information about organisms
binomial nomenclature
3. The system of ______________________________
gives each organism a unique scientific name.
Use the key to species of birch trees below to answer the questions that follow.
1a.
1b.
2a.
2b.
3a.
3b.
4a.
4b.
5a.
5b.
6a.
6b.
7a.
7b.
8a.
8b.
9a.
9b.
bark dark, reddish-brown, yellowish-brown to black... go to 2

bark creamy white, pinkish, or gray...go to 6
bark and twigs with wintergreen fragrance when cut...go to 3
bark and twigs without a fragrance when cut...go to 5
leaves with 812 pairs of veins...go to 4
leaves with 46 pairs of veins...Betula uber
bark dark red to almost black; scales of cones smooth, 612 mm long... Betula lenta
bark reddish-brown, peeling in loose, ragged sheets, scales of cone hairy, 57 mm... Betula
alleghaniensis
branchlets covered near tip with many small glands, Rocky Mountains or Western Canada...
Betula occidentalis
branchlets smooth, shiny, no glands present, eastern U.S....Betula nigra
leaves hairy on lower surface...go to 7
leaves smooth, hairless underside...go to 8
leaves 513 cm long, pointed tip... Betula papyrifer
leaves 37 cm long, pointed tip, winter buds shiny...Betula pendula
bark dull gray to grayish-white, smooth and not peeling...Betula populifolia
bark white to pinkish-white, peeling... go to 9
leaves 610 cm, round base...Betula caerulea
leaves 35 cm, squared base...Betula pubescens.
smooth
1. Are the leaves of Betula populifolia hairy or smooth on the lower surface? ____________________
812
2. How many pairs of veins are on the leaves of Betula lenta? _________________________________
It peels off in loose,
3. What is a characteristic of the bark of Betula alleghaniensis?_________________________________
ragged sheets.
no
4. When a twig of Betula nigra is broken, does it give off a wintergreen fragrance? ______________
32
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 8
REINFORCEMENT
Kingdom Monera
Name and describe the three kinds of bacteria.

cocci
1. Name: _________________________________
sphere-shaped
Shape: _________________________________
bacilli
2. Name: _________________________________
rod-shaped
Shape: _________________________________
spirilla
3. Name: _________________________________
spiral-shaped
Shape: _________________________________
Label the figure of the bacterium by writing the correct term by each number.
7.
4.
8.
5.
9.
6.
Aerobic bacteria use

10. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria? ___________________________
oxygen for respiration, while anaerobic bacteria die when exposed to oxygen.
bacteria and cyanobacteria
11. What are the two types of monerans? __________________________________________________
everywhere
12. Where do bacteria live? ______________________________________________________________
blue-green bacteria
13. What is the common name of cyanobacteria? ___________________________________________
Cyanobacteria are producersthey can
14. What can cyanobacteria do that bacteria cannot? ________________________________________
make their own food from sunlight.
in lakes and ponds
15. Where can cyanobacteria be found? ___________________________________________________
the pigment they contain
16. What enables cyanobacteria to make their own food? ____________________________________
by fission
17. How do most bacteria reproduce? _____________________________________________________
Bacteria get food by breaking down
18. How do bacteria keep the world free from wastes? ______________________________________
or decomposing other living things.
33
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 8
REINFORCEMENT
Monerans in Your Life
1. What word on the milk carton tells you that the dairy eliminated
pasteurized
pathogens when processing the milk? _______________________
2. What process kills harmful bacteria? Describe the process.
Pasteurization; it involves heating the food to a
temperature that can kill the bacteria.
3. In the illustration above, a change has taken place over time. What kind of monerans caused
saprophytes
the change? __________________________________________________________________________
When digesting the
4. How does this change help other organisms in the environment? _________________________
dead organisms, the saprophytes return nutrients to the environment for
other organisms to use.
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
5. What kind of bacteria are helpful to farmers? __________________________________________
peanuts and peas
6. What two kinds of plants have these bacteria in their roots? ______________________________
pathogens
7. What are disease-causing organisms called? ____________________________________________
antibiotics
8. What kind of drugs can kill bacteria? __________________________________________________
toxins
9. What are the poisons that pathogens produce called? ___________________________________
endospores
10. What are the thick-walled cells of botulism bacteria called? ______________________________
34
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 8
REINFORCEMENT
Fighting Tuberculosis
the lungs
1. What parts of the body are attacked by tuberculosis bacteria? _____________________________
2. By the 1980s, why did the medical community in the United States think that the war
TB had become rare in the United States due to the
against TB had been won? _____________________________________________________________
development of antibiotics that were effective against TB.
where there are many
3. In what places is TB infection on the rise in the United States? _____________________________
homeless in shelters and where public health programs have been reduced
People
4. What effect has the AIDS epidemic had on the increased number of cases of TB? _____________
with AIDS have a reduced ability to fight off diseases such as TB.
Sometimes people with TB do not
5. How do antibiotic-resistant strains of TB bacteria arise? ___________________________________
complete their antibiotic treatment. If they stop taking the antibiotics too soon, some TB
bacteria remain in their bodies. Some of these bacteria may have developed a
resistance to the antibiotic. These antibiotic-resistant bacteria then multiply, and the
disease recurs in a form that is much harder to treat.
6. State two opposing points of view as to what to do about the current rise in TB cases.
SCIENCE IS THE ANSWER

Science and technology must produce new drugs to treat the new drug-resistant
strains of TB.
SOCIETY IS THE ANSWER

Preventive social measures should be instituted, such as eliminating poverty,
improving health education and public health care, and preventing the crowding
together of people who are likely to get TB.
35
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 9
REINFORCEMENT
Kingdom Protista
Complete the table by using the information in your textbook. Under the column heading Picture, write
the letter of the illustration below.
c
a
i
h
Protist
Picture
Phylum or Class
Plantlike Protists
Euglenas
Euglenophyta
Diatoms
Chrysophyta
Dinoflagellates
Pyrrophyta
Green algae
Chlorophyta
Brown algae
Phaeophyta
Protozoa
Sarcodines
Sarcodina
Ciliates
Ciliophora
Sporozoans
Sporozoa
Funguslike Protists
Slime molds
Water molds
36
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 9
REINFORCEMENT
Kingdom Fungi
On the line below each diagram, write the name of the fungi division that is identified with the diagram.
2.
1.
3.
4.
5.
Saprophytes break down and return

6. Why are saprophytes good for the environment? ________________________________________
dead organisms to the soil. The materials they break down are used by plants.
in warm, humid areas
7. In what conditions do fungi grow best? ________________________________________________
Many mushrooms are
8. If you find a mushroom in the wild, why shouldnt you eat it?____________________________
poisonous, and a mistake in identification could be fatal.
A lichen consists of a fungus and cyanobacteria or green
9. What makes up a lichen?_____________________________________________________________
algae.
Asci are little sacs in which the spores of sac fungi are produced.
10. What are asci? ______________________________________________________________________
A basidium is a club-shaped structure in which the spores of club
11. What is basidium? __________________________________________________________________
fungi are produced.
Sporangia are the round spore cases in which the spores of
12. What are sporangia?_________________________________________________________________
zygote fungi are produced.
As yeast grows, it produces alcohol and carbon
13. How does yeast cause bread to rise? ___________________________________________________
dioxide as waste products. The carbon dioxide causes the bread to rise.
imperfect fungi
14. What kind of fungi causes athletes foot? ______________________________________________
37
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 9
REINFORCEMENT
Monitoring Red Tides
a population explosion of dinoflagellates in ocean water

1. What is red tide? _____________________________________________________________________
The dinoflagellates
2. Why does the color of ocean water change to red during red tide? _________________________
contain a red pigment that makes the water appear red.
Fish and shellfish eat the dinoflagellates, which contain
3. Why is red tide a problem? ____________________________________________________________
a toxin. This toxin makes people and marine life sick, sometimes even causing death.
4. Why do the dinoflagellates swim to colder water during the night and move to warmer upper
At night, the dinoflagellates swim to lower layers to absorb
layers during the day? ________________________________________________________________
nutrients. During the day, they move to upper layers to photosynthesize.
The dinoflagellates drift
5. How can red tide spread hundreds of miles along a coastline? _____________________________
with the current.
6. What happens when the National Marine Fisheries Service finds large numbers of dinoflagelThe National Marine Fisheries Service alerts the
lates in marine waters and shellfish? ___________________________________________________
public not to eat fish or shellfish from the affected areas.
Satellites
7. What space technology has aided scientists in their efforts to monitor red tides? _____________
have been able to monitor red tides with infrared cameras that take photographs from
space of the ocean surface.
38
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 10
REINFORCEMENT
Characteristics of Plants
Part A
1. Name two things that all plants have in common.

They are many-celled and their cells have walls.
2. What are two characteristics shared by plants and plantlike protists?
Both have two types of chlorophyll and carotenoids.
3. How do cell walls and cuticles help plants adapt to life on land?
Both slow down water loss. Cell walls also support the plant, replacing the buoyant
support of water.
sunlight
4. Name one benefit to a plant of living on land compared to living in water. __________________
Bryophyta
5. In what division do the simplest plants belong? __________________________________________
6. What is the difference between vascular plants and nonvascular plants?
Vascular plants have vessels that transport materials through the plant; nonvascular
plants do not.
Part B
Classify the following plants as vascular or nonvascular.
39
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 10
REINFORCEMENT
Seedless Plants
Part A
Label the plants shown below.
Part B
Label the structures in the moss life cycle.
Part C
They break up rock and begin the

1. What is the importance of pioneer plant species? _________________________________________
weathering of rocks, which prepares an area for other plants.
2. Why do you think nonvascular plants are either small or live in very damp or wet places?
They have no system of transport. Nutrients and water must pass into and out of each
cell. For this reason they must be small or surrounded by a source of water.
40
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 10
REINFORCEMENT
Cleaner Coal
to produce energy, mostly in the form

1. Why is so much coal burned in the United States? ________________________________________
of electricity
When coal is burned, it releases many tons of
2. Why is coal considered a dirty fuel? __________________________________________________
particles and sulfur dioxide gas.
Sulfur
3. What effect does sulfur dioxide gas from burning coal have on precipitation? ________________
dioxide gas is one of the causes of acid rain.
4. Name three technologies that remove particle emissions given off by burning coal.
(1) cyclone collectors, (2) electrical fields, (3) filtering
The cyclone
5. How does a cyclone collector remove particle emissions from burning coal? _________________
collector uses gravity to pull particles into a collector. An air current aids the settling
of the particles.
The electrically
6. How does an electric field remove particles released by burning coal? ______________________
charged particles of burning coal move toward the electrical field. When they touch the
metal on which the electric field has been placed, the particles lose their charge and fall
into a collecting bin.
7. How effective have the three technologies for reducing particle emissions from coal
Some industries have lowered particle emissions from coal smoke by
smoke been? _________________________________________________________________________
as much as 90 percent.
A scrubber
8. How does a scrubber chemically remove sulfur dioxide from coal smoke? ___________________
channels sulfur dioxide gas through water that contains limestone. In a chemical
reaction, the limestone reacts with the sulfur dioxide to produce a safer compound,
calcium sulfate.
41
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 11
REINFORCEMENT
Seed Plants
Contrast the two major groups of seed plants by completing the table. Use information from your textbook.
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Coniferophyta, cycads,
ginkgos, Gnetophyta
Anthophyta
Characteristics
vascular plants that produce seeds on cones; evergreen; needlelike or scalelike leaves
vascular plants in which

seeds are in fruit; produce
flowers; two classes,
monocots and dicots
Examples
pines, firs, spruces, cedars,

junipers, cycads, ginkgos,
gnetophytes
corn, rice, oats, oaks,

maples, lettuce, beans,
watermelons, oranges,
garden flowers
Division(s)
Study the diagram of plants. On the line under each diagram write whether the plant is a monocot or a dicot.
Use your textbook to answer the following questions.
A seed plant is a plant that grows from a seed, which is the

1. What is a seed plant? _________________________________________________________________
reproductive part of a plant that contains a plant embryo and stored food.
Gymnosperms
2. When in the fossil record do gymnosperms and angiosperms first appear? __________________
first appear in the Paleozoic era, about 200 million years ago. Angiosperms first
appear in the Cretaceous period, about 120 million years ago.
Gymnosperms are used for building
3. What are some economic uses of gymnosperms?_________________________________________
materials as well as soap, paint, varnish, and medicines.
42
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 11
REINFORCEMENT
Parts of Complex Plants
Listed below are parts of complex plants. Label the figure and describe the function of each part.
takes in water and minerals and anchors the plant to the ground
1. root: ______________________________________________________________________________
supports the aboveground plant and allows movement of materials between
2. stem: ______________________________________________________________________________
leaves and roots
up of tubular vessels that transport water and materials up from the roots
3. xylem: made
____________________________________________________________________________
made up of tubular cells that move food from the leaves and stems to other
4. phloem:____________________________________________________________________________
parts of the plant
traps light and makes food from photosynthesis
5. leaf: _______________________________________________________________________________
allow carbon dioxide to enter, and water and oxygen to leave the leaf
6. stomata: ___________________________________________________________________________
Write a definition for each of the following terms.
cells that open and close the stomata

7. guard cells: the
________________________________________________________________________
layer just below the epidermis on a leaf that contains chloroplasts
8. palisade layer: the
______________________________________________________________________
the tissue that grows to produce new xylem and phloem cells
9. cambium: __________________________________________________________________________
the leaf layer between the palisade layer and the lower epidermis
10. spongy layer: ______________________________________________________________________
where xylem and phloem tissues are located
43
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 11
REINFORCEMENT
Seed Plant Reproduction
Use the diagrams below to answer the questions.
BB
A
A
female cone
male cone
B
1. Which cone produces pollen grains? ___________________________________________________
A
2. Which cone produces seeds?__________________________________________________________
A
3. In which cone is the egg fertilized? ____________________________________________________
gymnosperms
4. What type of seed plant produces the above cones: ______________________________________
Write the term that matches the following descriptions.
pollen tube
5. grows from the pollen grain to the ovule: ______________________________________________
pollination
6. transfer of pollen from stamen to ovules: _______________________________________________
anther
7. produces pollen grains: ______________________________________________________________
stamen
8. the male reproductive organ of angiosperms: ___________________________________________
stigma
9. the top of the pistil that catches the pollen grains: _______________________________________
embryo
10. a young plant growing within the seed: ________________________________________________
endosperm
11. provides the energy for the seed to grow: ______________________________________________
seed dispersal
12. the ways in which seeds get from the flower to the ground for germination: _______________
ovary
13. part of the flower that becomes the fruit: _______________________________________________
dormant
14. plant embryo that does not germinate for a period of time: _______________________________
insects
15. organisms that aid in pollination of flowers: ____________________________________________
pistil
16. the female reproductive organ of angiosperms: _________________________________________
pollen
17. part of the flower in which sperm form:________________________________________________
germination
18. the early growth of a plant from a seed: ________________________________________________
44
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 11
REINFORCEMENT
Medical Treasures
the bark of a
1. In what plant was the active ingredient in aspirin originally discovered? ____________________
willow tree
2. Other valuable medicines have been developed from plants such as the foxglove (left) and the
rosy periwinkle (right). Write the medicines developed from each of these plants in the space
provided next to each picture.
medicines for heart disease
a. _________________________________________
medicines for the treatment of cancer

b. _________________________________________
foxglove
rosy periwinkle
3. From what source do most of the medicines used by people throughout the world come?
Most of the medicines used by people throughout the world come from plants or from
compounds derived from plants.
An ethnobotanist studies the relationships between
4. What does an ethnobotanist do? _______________________________________________________
people of various cultures and the plants they use.
5. Why are ethnobotanists racing against time to find plants that may yield cures for many
More indigenous cultures and plant species become extinct each year. When
diseases? ____________________________________________________________________________
native healers die, often their knowledge of the medicinal uses of plants is lost forever.
6. Why do ethnobotanists think that both the plants and the indigenous cultures of the rain forest
The ethnobotanists want to preserve both the plant species that
should be preserved? _________________________________________________________________
may provide valuable medicines and the indigenous cultures that understand the
medicinal uses of the plants, so that all humankind may benefit.
7. Give two reasons why some drug companies are not interested in investing in the studies of
The drug companies think they are better off investing in synthetic
ethnobotanists? ______________________________________________________________________
drugs and they think the expense of finding new drugs from rain forest plants is greater
than the potential profit.
45
NAME
DATE
Chapter 12
CLASS
Photosynthesis
and Respiration
REINFORCEMENT

The guard cells absorb water, swell up,
1. a. What causes the stomata on leaves to open? ___________________________________________
and the stomata open.
daytime
b. When are the stomata usually open?__________________________________________________
Carbon dioxide moves in and water vapor
c. What happens when stomata open? __________________________________________________
moves out.
Water is required for photosynthesis, to make
2. Why do plants need a lot of water? _____________________________________________________
glucose. Even more water is lost in transpiration.
3. Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis. Label the chemical compounds.
6CO2
carbon dioxide
6H2O + light energy C6H12O6

water
glucose
6O2
oxygen
We depend on photosynthesis for food

4. How do we depend on photosynthesis? _________________________________________________
production, and removal of carbon dioxide and replenishment of oxygen in the
atmosphere.
Respiration is the process by which organisms break down food
5. What is respiration? __________________________________________________________________
to release energy.
6. Write the chemical equation for aerobic respiration. Label the chemical compounds.
C6H12O6
glucose
6O2
oxygen
6CO2
carbon dioxide
6H2O + energy
water
Label the following diagram of an opening in a leaf. Label the arrows to show the movement of water vapor, carbon
dioxide, and oxygen. Label the guard cells and the stoma.
46
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 12
REINFORCEMENT
Plant Responses
Write the letter of the term that best completes each sentence.
b
______
1. A plants response to gravity is called _____ .
a. phototropism
b. gravitropism
c. photosynthesis
d. photoperiodism
d
______
2. The flowering of a plant in response to change of light or dark is called _____ .
a. photosynthesis b. phototropism
c. gravitropism
d. photoperiodism
a
______
3. Anything in the environment that affects the behavior of an organism is called a
_____ .
a. stimulus
b. positive tropism c. response
d. hormone
c
______
4. Plants that require long nights to flower are called _____ .
a. long-day plants
c. short-day plants
b. long-night plants
d. day-neutral plants
______
5. Auxins cause cells to grow _____ .
d
a. longer on the sunny side of the stem
b. shorter on the sunny side of the stem
c. shorter on the shaded side of the stem

d. longer on the shaded side of the stem
a
______
6. Ethylene gas is _____ .
a. a plant hormone that affects ripening of fruit
b. used by growers to cause stems to lengthen
c. a stimulus
d. a plant hormone that affects seed germination
b
______
7. Because of the effect of auxins on cell growth, plant stems grow _____ .
a. away from gravity
c. toward touch
b. toward light
d. straight
d
______
8. The response of roots growing downward is an example of _____ .
a. negative phototropism
b. negative gravitropism
c. negative thigmotropism
d. positive gravitropism
Label the responses of the stem and roots in the following diagram. Figure 1 shows a plants response after being
tipped on its side for a few days. Figure 2 shows a plants response to sunlight.
Figure 1
Figure 2
negative gravitropism
A. stem: ______________________
positive phototropism
A. stem: __________________________
positive gravitropism
B. roots: ______________________
47
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 12
REINFORCEMENT
Transgenic Crops
Biotechnology is a process of moving DNA

1. What is the definition of biotechnology?_________________________________________________
directly from one organism to another.
A transgenic crop is one in which DNA from one kind of
2. What is a transgenic crop? _____________________________________________________________
organism has been inserted into plants to improve the crop.
3. Describe in detail the steps of the two main technologies used to create transgenic crops.
One method is to insert DNA into plants using a virus or bacterium to transport the
DNA. When the virus or bacterium infects the plant, the DNA is transferred to the target
plant, making it transgenic. A second method involves coating small metal balls with
DNA and shooting the balls into the target plant cells to create transgenic plants.
To create crop plants
4. Why do scientists want to modify the genetic makeup of crop plants?_______________________
that can do things that they normally would not be able to do, such as resist diseases.
Transgenic tomatoes have a gene
5. What improvement was made in transgenic tomatoes? ____________________________________
that slows the softening process, allowing farmers to leave tomatoes on the plant
longer to become ripe and red without becoming mushy.
Transgenic potatoes have
6. How has biotechnology been used to improve potato crops? _______________________________
been created that have the ability to produce an insecticide in their leaves, which fends
off attacks by potato beetles.
7. How is the bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, used to introduce new genes into plants?
Scientists remove the disease-causing genes from the bacterium and insert known
genes with desirable characteristics. Then scientists attach particular sequences of
DNA that make the genes effective in only particular parts of the transgenic plant.
48
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 13
REINFORCEMENT
What Is an Animal?
Each statement is an example of a characteristic shared by all animals. Write the characteristic on the line below each
statement.
Animals cannot make their

1. Sponges filter microscopic organisms from the water for food. ____________________________
own food.
Animals digest their food.
2. Enzymes are secreted in an earthworms digestive tract. __________________________________
Animals move from place to place.
3. Gorillas travel many miles in search of food. ____________________________________________
Animals have many cells.
4. The soft body of a mollusk has many different types of tissue. _____________________________
Animal cells are eukaryotic.
5. Each cell of a jellyfish has a nucleus surrounded by a membrane. __________________________
Describe each animal shown below by using one of the following terms: radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry or no
symmetry.
radial symmetry
no symmetry
bilateral symmetry
bilateral symmetry
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
49
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 13
REINFORCEMENT
Animal Experimentation
Use the sentences below as well as your textbook to answer the questions that follow.
a.
All animals have rights.
b.
Lab animals suffer during experiments.
c.
Drugs that fight human diseases can be tested by experimenting on animals.
d.
Animal research has saved the lives of many people.
e.
You may be alive because of a vaccine first tried on animals.
f.
Millions of animals die in animal research.
a, b, f
1. Which sentences would support the cause for animal rights? ______________________________
c, d, e
2. Which sentences would support the case for animal research? _____________________________
Researchers believe that sometimes animals
3. What is the basic belief of researchers? __________________________________________________
must be sacrificed to save human lives.
They believe all life
4. What is the basic belief of people who believe in animal rights? ____________________________
forms should be treated with respect.
5. Name three areas of medical research and the animals used for each.
Answers may include anti-malarial drugscanaries
a.___________________________________________________________________________________
drug addiction cats
b. __________________________________________________________________________________
antibioticsrats
c.___________________________________________________________________________________
6. What might be a good compromise between animal rights and the needs of researchers?
Answers will vary. Compromises could include making labs as humane for animals as
possible and doing animal research only when necessary.
50
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 13
REINFORCEMENT
Sponges and Cnidarians
Label the figure below and describe the function of each structure.
Structure
pore
Function
1. Water moves through the pores into
the sponge, allowing cells to get food
and oxygen.
collar cell
2. These help water move through the

sponge.
flagella
3. These help water move through the

sponge.
fibrous material that makes up the skeleton of soft-bodied sponges

4. What is spongin? ___________________________________________________________________
the sharp, pointed structures that make up the bodies of
5. What are spicules? __________________________________________________________________
many sponges
on tentacles that surround
6. On what structure are the stinging cells of cnidarians located? ___________________________
the mouth
The stinging cells shoot out
7. How do the stinging cells help the cnidarian ingest food? ________________________________
poison that paralyzes an organism, allowing the tentacles to wrap around it and bring
it into the digestive cavity.
8. Explain the differences between a polyp and a medusa. Include a description of how their
A polyp is shaped like a vase and usually sessile.
methods of reproduction differ. _______________________________________________________
Polyps reproduce by budding. A medusa is free-swimming and bell-shaped. Medusa
forms of cnidarians reproduce asexually by budding and sexually by producing sperm
and eggs that are released into the water.
The polyps of corals secrete a hard skeleton around
9. How do coral reefs form? ____________________________________________________________
themselves. These polyps live together as coral heads of many shapes. Many coral
heads form coral reefs near the shore in tropical waters.
10. If the coral of tropical waters were killed by water pollution, how would other organisms be
Because other organisms use the reefs to find food and shelter, they
affected? ___________________________________________________________________________
would probably decrease in number.
51
NAME
DATE
Chapter 13
CLASS
Flatworms and
Roundworms
REINFORCEMENT
The table below lists six worms you learned about in the textbook. Complete the table by referring to your textbook.
Some answers have already been filled in to help you.
Worm
Kind
Phylum
Reproduction
Way of life
Ascaris
roundworm
Nematoda
sexual
parasite
heartworm
roundworm
Nematoda
sexual
parasite
hookworm
roundworm
Nematoda
sexual
parasite
planarian
flatworm
Platyhelminthes
sexual or asexual
free-living
tapeworm
flatworm
Platyhelminthes
sexual
parasite
Trichinella
roundworm
Nematoda
sexual
parasite
Answer the following questions by referring to your textbook.
by eating only thoroughly cooked pork

1. How can you prevent getting trichinosis? _______________________________________________
wearing shoes when outdoors
2. How can you prevent getting hookworm? by
______________________________________________
3. Ascaris eggs enter the hosts body through contaminated food or water. What might you do to
could cook the food and boil the water.
prevent getting sick from this parasite? You
_________________________________________________
4. Where are the reproductive organs on a tapeworm? ______________________________________

male and female reproductive organs.
5. What characteristics do all worms have? ________________________________________________
and bilateral symmetry. Worms have three layers of tissues, organs, and organ systems.
52
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 14
REINFORCEMENT
Mollusks
Classify each mollusk pictured by writing gastropod, bivalve, or cephalopod.
1. cephalopod
2. gastropod
3. bivalve
4. gastropod
5. cephalopod
6. bivalve
7. Explain how the circulatory system of cephalopods is different from that of other mollusks.
Cephalopods have a closed circulatory system. The blood is transported throughout
the body by a series of vessels. Other mollusks have an open circulatory system. The
blood is not always contained in vessels but spreads out over the mollusks organs in
some areas.
The gills are organs
8. What is the purpose of a mollusks gills and where are they located? ______________________
that allow the mollusk to breathe, by exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the
water. The gills are located in the mantle cavity.
The radula works like a file, scraping and tearing algae and
9. How is a radula used? _______________________________________________________________
other food material.
All body organs of a mollusk are
10. Where are the body organs of a mollusk located?________________________________________
located together in an area called the visceral mass. It is covered by the mantle.
53
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 14
REINFORCEMENT
Segmented Worms
Listed below are some important parts of an earthworm. Describe the function of each part and label the figure.
crop
the sac used for storage of soil eaten by the earthworm

1. ______________________________________________________________________
gizzard
the muscular structure that grinds the soil

2. ______________________________________________________________________
intestine
where food is broken down and absorbed by the blood

3. ______________________________________________________________________
hearts
the five pairs of structures that pump blood through the body
4. ______________________________________________________________________
nerve cord
joins nerves from each segment to the brain

5. ______________________________________________________________________
setae
bristle-like structures that help the earthworm move and hold on

6. ______________________________________________________________________
to the soil
Leeches
7. When a leech attaches to another organism, what keeps the wound bleeding? ______________
secrete a substance that keeps blood from clotting and closing off the wound.
The word annelid means little rings,
8. Why are segmented worms called annelids? _________________________________________
which describes the bodies of these worms.
Earthworms exchange oxygen and
9. How do earthworms get oxygen to their cells? _________________________________________
carbon dioxide through their skin. The oxygen then travels in the blood through the
blood vessels to the cells of the earthworm.
10. How are waste materials removed from each segment of an earthworm and from the whole
Small coiled tubes in each segment remove waste from that segment.
organism? _________________________________________________________________________
The waste left from digestion is removed through the anus.
54
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 14
REINFORCEMENT
Arthropods
This drawing of an arthropod shows three distinct body regions. Label them with the correct terms.
1.
2.
3.
4. Why do scientists think arthropods and segmented worms have a common ancestor?
The bodies of both are divided into segments.
arthropods exoskeleton is made of
5. Why is molting necessary for arthropod growth? An
_______________________________________
nonliving material, so it cant grow with the organism. By molting, the arthropod can
increase in size before the new exoskeleton hardens.
A spider injects poison into its prey, paralyzing
6. If spiders cannot chew, how can they eat? _____________________________________________
the prey. The spider also injects enzymes that turn the prey into liquid. Then the
spider sucks up the liquid material.
7. What is the main difference between the body plan of ticks and that of insects?
Ticks have two body regionsa cephalothorax and an abdomen. Insects have three
body regionsa head, a thorax, and an abdomen.
Centipedes have one
8. What is the main difference between centipedes and millipedes? __________________________
pair of joined legs per segment, while millipedes have two pairs per segment.
three pairs of jointed legs and, in many species,
9. What is attached to an insects thorax? ________________________________________________
one or two pairs of wings
systems for digestion, reproduction, and
10. What organ systems do insects have? _________________________________________________
waste removal
11. What are the four stages of development in complete metamorphosis? ____________________
pupa, adult
12. What is a nymph? __________________________________________________________________
egg and the adult.
55
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 14
REINFORCEMENT
Pesticides and Insects
Complete the following sentences using the appropriate terms from the textbook.
harmless
1. Although some insects are pests, most insects are __________________.
beneficial
2. Praying mantises are __________________
because they eat harmful insects.
pollinate
3. Bees are necessary to help __________________
important farm crops.
pesticides
4. Farmers use __________________
to eliminate undesirable plants and insects.
Pesticides are chemicals that kill undesirable plants and insects.

5. What are pesticides?_________________________________________________________________
For every $3 million
6. To a farmer, why is the use of pesticides a good business decision? ________________________
spent on pesticides, about $12 million is returned on additional crops. In addition,
the price of pesticides has increased much more slowly than the price of other
farm expenses.
Most of the pesticide
7. What happens to most of the pesticide applied to farm fields? ____________________________
winds up in the soil, water, and air.
8. Pesticides are often aimed at insects but end up affecting larger animals. Explain.
Larger animals, such as birds and mammals, either come into direct contact with the
pesticide or feed on plants and animals that have been contaminated.
It is estimated that about 45 000 human
9. How are humans affected by pesticide use? ____________________________________________
poisonings every year are due to pesticides.
10. Food production might suffer without pesticides. Yet pesticides cause pollution and harm
We can cut back on pesticides
many species. How might we cut back on their use?_____________________________________
by using other chemicals that break down easily with the help of sunlight, water, and
biological action, by using natural predators, and by improved farming practices.
In no-till
11. How does the no-till method of farming reduce the need for pesticide use?_________________
farming, the soil is left undisturbed so that the natural predators of insect pests
remain in the soil and act to keep crop damage to a minimum.
56
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 14
REINFORCEMENT
Echinoderms
Write the name of the echinoderm under each picture.
1. sea urchin
2. brittle star
4. sand dollar
3. sea cucumber
5. sea star
A sea star wraps its arms around the clam

6. Describe how a sea star feeds on a clam. _______________________________________________
and uses its tube feet to open the clam shell. The sea star then pushes its stomach
into the clam shell and secretes enzymes that digest the clam.
7. What evidence is there that echinoderms are the most advanced group of invertebrates?
The echinoderms have complex body systems. Also, an echinoderm embryo develops
in the same way vertebrate embryos develop.
The tube feet act like strong
8. How do the tube feet of an echinoderm help the animal? ________________________________
suction cups and help the animal move, feed, get oxygen and get rid of waste.
A sea star can grow a new one. The arm
9. What happens if a sea star loses an arm? ______________________________________________
itself can also grow into a whole new sea star if enough of the arm is left.
They feed on dead
10. Why are echinoderms important to the marine environment? ____________________________
organisms and help recycle organic material.
57
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 15
REINFORCEMENT
Fish
From each of the following fish, write the common name of the class to which it belongs.
cartilaginous fish
1. shark: _________________________________________
bony fish
2. lungfish: _______________________________________
bony fish
3. perch: _________________________________________
jawless fish
4. lamprey: _______________________________________
cartilaginous fish
5. ray: ___________________________________________
bony fish
6. To which class do 95 percent of all fish belong? _________________________________________
Name and describe the three adaptations that allow fish to live in water. Then label the figure with those terms.
Gills are the structures in the throat area that take in oxygen as water passes over
7. ___________________________________________________________________________________
them.
Fins are the fanlike structures used for steering, balancing, and propelling a fish.
8. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Scales are the overlapping, thin, hard plates that cover and protect a fishs body.
9. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Name and describe the three structures that all chordates have in common.
the notochord; a flexible, rodlike structure along the back of an animal

10. ___________________________________________________________________________________
the dorsal hollow nerve cord; a bundle of nerves that lies above the notochord,
11. ___________________________________________________________________________________
usually turning into the spinal cord and brain
the gill slits; paired openings located in the throat area
12. ___________________________________________________________________________________
58
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 15
REINFORCEMENT
Amphibians
Listed below are some of the parts of a frog. Describe the structure and function of each part and label the figure.
moist, smooth, and thin without scales; through which oxygen and carbon dioxide
1. skin: ________________________________________________________________________________
are exchanged
attached to front of mouth; covered with sticky saliva; used to catch insects
2. tongue: _____________________________________________________________________________
by flipping it out and then pulling the food back in
openings on top of head; allow the frog to breathe while almost totally
3. nostrils: _____________________________________________________________________________
submerged in water
bulging, located on top of head; allow frog to see while almost totally
4. eyes: ________________________________________________________________________________
submerged in water
stronger and longer than the front legs; used for swimming and jumping
5. back legs: ___________________________________________________________________________
Both describe periods of inactivity.

6. Compare and contrast hibernation and estivation. _______________________________________
Hibernation is inactivity in the cold winter months, while estivation is inactivity in the
hot summer months.
frogs, toads, and salamanders
7. What are three kinds of amphibians? ___________________________________________________
a series of changes that a larva goes through to
8. What is metamorphosis? ______________________________________________________________
become an adult
59
NAME
DATE
Chapter 15
CLASS
Amphibians and
Ultraviolet Light
REINFORCEMENT
Beside each picture, explain how the activity shown contributes to amphibian population decline.
1. ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
3. What is a biological indicator? _________________________________________________________

particular ecosystem
4. What does the rapid loss of amphibians say about our environment? _______________________
5. What is killing the Cascade frogs that live high in the Cascade Mountains where there is
little or no pollution? _________________________________________________________________
6. What layer in the atmosphere normally shields Earth from harmful rays from the sun and
what is happening to this layer?________________________________________________________
harmful radiation, but the ozone layer is thinning and letting more ultraviolet rays get
through to Earths surface.
7. Why arent the eggs of the Pacific tree frog damaged by the same rays that kill the eggs of the
The Pacific tree frog produces more of an enzyme called photolyase
Cascade frog? ________________________________________________________________________
that can repair the damage done by ultraviolet rays.
60
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 15
Reptiles
REINFORCEMENT
A reptile is an ectothermic vertebrate with dry, scaly skin.

1. What is the definition of a reptile? ______________________________________________________
Scientists hypothesize that, over time, some
2. How are reptiles related to amphibians?_________________________________________________
amphibians became less dependent on water and became the ancestors of reptiles.
The amniotic egg provides a complete
3. What are the advantages of the amniotic egg?____________________________________________
protective environment in which the embryo can develop.
Listed below are the structures of a reptile egg. Describe the function of each part.
Egg shell
Chorion
Embryo
Yolk sac
Amnion
Yolk
Egg membrane
Allantois
Air space
protects and allows exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

4. leathery shell: ________________________________________________________________________
supplies food to the developing embryo
5. yolk: ________________________________________________________________________________
protect and cushion embryo and help it get rid of wastes
6. amnion, chorion, allantois:_____________________________________________________________
the Age of the Reptiles

7. What is the Mesozoic era known as? ____________________________________________________
The lower chamber is
8. How does the three-chambered heart function for the reptile?______________________________
divided, keeping oxygen-rich blood from the lungs separate from blood containing
carbon dioxide. This system provides lots of oxygen to all parts of the body.
turtles; crocodiles and alligators; lizards and snakes
9. Name the three orders of reptiles. ______________________________________________________
61
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 16
REINFORCEMENT
Birds
Describe the four characteristics of birds.
Birds are warm-blooded. They keep a constant body temperature of about 40C.
1. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Birds are covered with feathers.
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Birds lay eggs enclosed in a hard shell.
3. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Birds have two front legs that have been modified into wings.
4. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Label the drawing of a contour feather with the names of its parts.
vane
7. ____________
barb
6. ___________
barbules
5. ____________
shaft
8. ____________
Write the name of the organ responsible for each step in the digestive process of a bird.
crop
____________________
9. where food is moistened and stored
stomach
____________________
10. where food is partially digested
____________________ 11. where grain, seeds, and other foods are ground and crushed
small intestine
____________________
12. where the rest of digestion occurs
Balloonlike air sacs are

13. How do the air sacs of birds help make the body lighter? ________________________________
attached to each lung. The air sacs spread to various parts of the body, including the
hollow bones.
It is an egg that provides a complete environment for the
14. What is an amniotic egg?_____________________________________________________________
developing embryo.
Preening spreads oil over the feathers, making them
15. What is the purpose of preening? _____________________________________________________
water repellent.
Contour feathers are long and
16. Compare and contrast contour feathers and down feathers. ______________________________
sleek, while down feathers are soft and fluffy. Contour feathers are used in flight, while
down feathers are used for insulation.
62
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 16
REINFORCEMENT
Mammals
Classify each of these animals according to what they eat.
carnivore
1. _____________________
herbivore
2. _____________________
omnivore
3. _____________________
Cross out the animal name that does not belong in each row. Then write the name of the order to which the other three
belong. Use Figure 16-15 in your textbook if needed.
4. camels
cows
seals
deer
Artiodactyls
__________________________
5. bats
rabbits
pikas
hares
Lagomorphs
__________________________
6. monkeys
humans
apes
dogs
Primates
__________________________
7. manatees
whales
dolphins
porpoises
Cetaceans
__________________________
8. cats
otters
elephants
walruses
Carnivores
__________________________
9. horses
zebras
cows
rhinoceroses
Perissodactyls
__________________________
mice
squirrels
rabbits
Rodents
__________________________
10. beavers
Use Figure 16-15 to find the order that these characteristics describe. Write the name of the order in the space
provided.
Proboscideans 11.
__________________
elongated nose forms a trunk; enlarged incisors form tusks
Insectivores
__________________
12.
long skulls, narrow snouts, clawed feet, small in size
Chiropterans
__________________
13.
front limbs adapted for flying
Primates
__________________
14.
long arms; opposable thumbs; eyes face forward
Describe the three groups of mammals based on how the young develop.
The embryos develop inside the female in the uterus; the embryo
15. placental mammals: _________________________________________________________________
is attached to the placenta by the umbilical cord.
The young are born only a few days after fertilization; after birth, the
16. marsupials: ________________________________________________________________________
young spend months in the females pouch.
Female lays leathery eggs; after hatching, the young lick milk from the
17. monotremes: _______________________________________________________________________
skin and hair surrounding the females mammary glands.
63
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 16
REINFORCEMENT
California Sea Otters
Carnivora
1. To what order of mammals do sea otters belong? _______________________________________
In the oceans along parts of the rocky
2. In what parts of the world are sea otters found? ________________________________________
coast of North America and in a few coastal areas of Russia and Japan.
Abalone, sea urchins, clams, and crabs
3. What do sea otters eat? ______________________________________________________________
4. How do sea otters break open the shells of their prey to get at the meat inside?
They use an object, such as a rock, to smash open the shells of their prey.
They eat a lot because
5. Why must sea otters eat such large quantities of food each day? __________________________
they are very lively and active.
6. How do sea otters protect themselves against the cold waters of the oceans in which they
Air bubbles caught in their fur protect the otters from the cold ocean waters.
live? ______________________________________________________________________________
They were hunted because
7. Why were sea otters once hunted almost to extinction? __________________________________
of their valuable fur.
8. Today fewer than 2400 sea otters inhabit the Pacific waters south of San Francisco. How do
Scientists suggest that
scientists explain the slow growth of the sea otter population? ___________________________
pesticides and loss of habitat have restricted the number of sea otters.
9. Commercial abalone and sea urchin harvesters do not want the habitat of the California sea
The abalone and sea
otter to extend beyond the current 250-mile range. Explain why. __________________________
urchin harvesters argue that an extended range would destroy their industry, because
the sea otters would eat most of the existing abalone and sea urchins.
10. What value do environmentalists see in allowing sea otters to occupy a broader range?
Environmentalists argue that sea otters would help preserve the kelp forests off the
coast of California by keeping the number of sea urchins in check. This in turn would
benefit the kelp harvesting industry and would prevent the disruption of the waves,
currents, and kelp forest habitats.
64
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 17
REINFORCEMENT
Types of Behavior
Tell which of the following examples are innate behavior and which are learned behavior. Write the word innate or
learned in the space provided.
innate
____________________
1. Sowbugs move away from the light.
learned
____________________
2. A dog lies down when given a command to do so.
innate
____________________
3. A male stickleback fish protects its young.
innate
____________________
4. The pupil of a cats eye increases in size in dim light.
learned
____________________
5. A seeing-eye dog leads a blind person.
learned
____________________
6. A dog barks twice for a bone.
innate
____________________
7. Spiders spin webs correctly on their first try.
innate
____________________
8. Birds fly south for the winter.
learned
____________________
9. A person rides a bicycle.
innate
____________________
10. A person shivers when cold.
Examples of types of behavior are given below. Identify each behavior and tell how it is helpful.
Behavior
Example
How it is helpful
conditioning
Fish will move to the place

where they are fed when you
tap on the tank.
useful in training animals
trial and error
A person tries the keys on a

key ring until one works.
helps avoid making similar

mistakes
imprinting
A duckling becomes socially

attached to its mother.
parental care helps animals

survive
A person sneezes.
helps body protect itself
A chimp stacks boxes to

reach a banana hung out of
its reach.
helps solve problems
reflex
insight
65
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 17
REINFORCEMENT
Behavioral Adaptations
Answer the following questions using information from your textbook.
It is used by animals to defend territories, protect

1. What purpose does aggression serve? _________________________________________________
young, or to get food.
There is safety in numbers, warmth, and less
2. Why do some animals live in groups? _________________________________________________
chance that an individual will get lost.
It is a cyclic behavior that is based on a 24-hour cycle.
3. What is a circadian rhythm? _________________________________________________________
They allow species to recognize each other
4. What is the purpose of courtship displays? ____________________________________________
and are used to attract a mate at the correct time.
courtship and mating, caring for young,
5. What are some examples of social behavior? ___________________________________________
claiming territories, protecting each other, getting food
Its body temperature drops to near that
6. What happens to an animal when it hibernates? ________________________________________
of its surroundings and breathing rate is reduced.
cold temperatures and limited food supplies
7. What signals some animals to hibernate? ______________________________________________
8. What courtship behaviors help males and females find each other across a distance?
light, fireflies use flashing signals; chemical messengers or pheromones; sound
It is a cyclic behavior in response to seasonal changes.

9. Why do some animals migrate? ______________________________________________________
It is an exchange of information.
10. What is communication? ____________________________________________________________
66
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 17
REINFORCEMENT
Zoos and Captive Breeding
Answer the following questions using information from your textbook.
the breeding of endangered species in captivity

1. What is captive breeding? _____________________________________________________________
Zoos use captive breeding to protect animals
2. What is the role of zoos in captive breeding? ____________________________________________
from extinction.
3. What role has the San Diego Wild Animal Park played in the captive breeding of California
California condors were bred at the zoo, and the condor population increased
condors? ____________________________________________________________________________
from 21 to 68 members. Eight of the captively bred condors have been released back
into their natural habitat.
4. What lessons have zoo directors learned from captive-breeding programs?
They have learned to begin such programs before the number of animals still living gets
too small. They have also learned that they must obtain enough male and female
animals to prevent inbreeding.
Some zoos sell surplus animals to
5. What are some disadvantages of captive breeding? _______________________________________
dealers who sell them to other zoos or to hunting camps where hunters pay to shoot
exotic species. Captive breeding programs do not help to prevent habitat destruction or
to restore an animals natural habitat.
Such programs may prevent some
6. What are some advantages to captive breeding? _________________________________________
animals from going extinct and provide scientists with an opportunity to find and
protect natural habitats that will allow the animals to be released back into the wild.
7. Name three types of animals that have been saved from extinction because of captive-breeding
Accept any three of the following: California condor, black-footed ferret,
programs. ___________________________________________________________________________
Guam rail, and the Arabian oryx.
Answers may vary. Likely
8. List the names of three animals that have become extinct. _________________________________
responses will include three of the following: the dodo, the Passenger pigeon, the
Carolina parakeet, and the Tasmanian wolf.
67
NAME
DATE
Chapter 18
CLASS
The Living Environment and

the Nonliving Environment
REINFORCEMENT
Classify the factors in the picture as either biotic factors or abiotic factors by listing them in the correct column.
trees
sun
wind
deer
duck
butterfly
fish
water
soil
rocks
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
sunlight
deer
soil
fish
water
trees
wind
butterfly
rocks
duck
Place the terms below within the circles. The term that includes all of the others should be in the outermost circle.
Place the others in order until the smallest group is in the center circle.
population
ecosystem
community
individual
68
NAME
DATE
Chapter 18
CLASS
Interactions
Among Living Organisms
REINFORCEMENT
the number of organisms in an area of a specific size

1. What is population density? ___________________________________________________________
2. Fifty mice, 2500 grasshoppers, and 10 rabbits live in a park with an area of 1 square kilometer.
10 rabbits per km2
What is the population density of rabbits? ______________________________________________
any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the number of
3. What is a limiting factor? _____________________________________________________________
individuals in a population
the largest number of individuals a habitat
4. What is meant by the term carrying capacity? ____________________________________________
can support and maintain for a long period of time
predation
5. What type of relationship is shown between the lion and zebra below? _____________________
6. Is the relationship between the lion and zebra an example of symbiosis? Explain.
Yes, because the lion benefits from the relationship.
a plain
7. What is the habitat of the giraffe? ______________________________________________________
lion: predator or consumer; zebra: prey
8. What is the niche of the lion? The zebra? ________________________________________________
69
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 18
REINFORCEMENT
Matter and Energy
Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow.
an energy pyramid
1. What is this a diagram of? ___________________________________________________________
a producer
2. What does the grass at the bottom represent? __________________________________________
3. Why does the hawk at the top need a larger population of blackbirds than its own
Less energy is available at each level of the pyramid as one moves
population? _______________________________________________________________________
toward the top. The hawk cant use all the energy stored in the blackbirds.
4. What kind of relationship exists between the grasshoppers and the blackbirds?
predation
A process in which the last step brings the cycle back to its starting
5. What is a cycle? ____________________________________________________________________
point. A cycle occurs again and again.
evaporation, condensation, and precipitation
6. What are the three steps of the water cycle? ___________________________________________
the suns energy
7. What causes water to evaporate in the water cycle? _____________________________________
in the atmosphere as clouds form
8. Where does condensation occur in the water cycle? _____________________________________
9. On the roots of clover, nitrogen is combined with other elements. What is this process called?
nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen is needed by all living
10. Why is nitrogen fixation important to living things? ____________________________________
things, but it cannot be used in its pure form. Nitrogen fixation combines nitrogen
with other elements into compounds that can be used.
70
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 18
REINFORCEMENT
Bringing Back the Wolves
1. Describe four reasons why the population of gray wolves in the lower 48 states of the United
Reasons should include that European settlers moved
States has declined since the 1600s. _____________________________________________________
into the wolves habitat forcing the wolves to seek habitat elsewhere, people killed the
prey on which the wolves fed making it more difficult for the wolves to feed themselves,
hunters killed wolves for their pelts, and ranchers killed wolves that preyed on their
livestock.
Many states have declared the gray wolf
2. Why is wolf hunting now illegal in many states? _________________________________________
an endangered species, making it illegal to hunt these animals.
Answers may include any three
3 Name three states in which gray wolves are found living. _________________________________
of the following: Wisconsin, Michigan, Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming.
4. Why have populations of bison and elk in Yellowstone National Park grown in the last 40
Wolves are predators of these animals. Without the presence of wolves, bison
years? ______________________________________________________________________________
and elk populations thrived.
5. What are some potential benefits to bringing wolves back into Yellowstone National Park?
Population sizes of both bison, deer, and elk will be kept in check and the areas
economy will improve as more people visit the area to see the wolves.
6. Why do ranchers believe that wolves introduced to Yellowstone National park will not remain
There are no fences around the park to keep the wolves from wandering
in the park? _________________________________________________________________________
out of the park area.
7. What conditions have been offered to ranchers who are concerned about the threat wolves
Ranchers will be paid for any livestock they lose because of the
pose to their livestock? _______________________________________________________________
wolves. Ranchers are permitted to kill wolves if they discover them in the act of
attacking livestock.
71
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 19
REINFORCEMENT
How Ecosystems Change
What kind of ecological succession occurs after each of the following events? Write either primary succession or
secondary succession under each diagram.
secondary succession
1. _____________________________________
secondary succession
2. _______________________________________
primary succession
3. _____________________________________
primary succession
4. _______________________________________
For each of the following, describe the limiting factor that makes each statement unlikely or even impossible.
The limiting factor would be the fresh water of the lake.

5. a whale living in a lake: _____________________________________________________________
The limiting factor would be the hot temperature
6. a penguin living in southern California: _______________________________________________
of California.
The limiting factor would be too much rain.
7. a cactus living in the rain forest: ______________________________________________________
The limiting factor would be the cold temperatures.
8. a palm tree living in Minnesota: ______________________________________________________
9. What adaptation of oaks and hickories allows them to replace pine trees in succession?
Oaks and hickories can grow in the shade of the pine trees.
10. What is the general name of the first species to grow after a volcanic eruption covers an area
pioneer species
with lava? _________________________________________________________________________
Succession ends when a community is able to remain
11. When does succession end? __________________________________________________________
stable, maintaining a balance between biotic and abiotic factors.
72
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 19
REINFORCEMENT
Land Environments
Complete the table below using information in your textbook.
Biome
Climate
Dominant plants
Characteristic
Reproduction
animals
tundra
cold; dry
cold;
dry
Nematoda
lichens,
moss
arctic hares, polar

bears,
reindeer,
sexual
caribou, snowy
owls
taiga
cold winters;
roundworm
short,
warm
summers
pines,
firs,
Nematoda
spruces, cedars
moose,
bears,
sexual
wolves, lynx
temperate
deciduous forest
cold winters; hot

roundworm
summers;
mild
springs and falls
maples, oaks,
Nematoda
hickories
deer, foxes, racsexual

coons,
squirrels,
black bears
grassland
varies from hot

year-round to cold
flatworm
winters
and hot
summers; little
rainfall
grasses
Platyhelminthes
bison, antelope,
sexual orgiraffes,
asexual
zebras.
kangaroos
desert
hot days and cold

flatworm
nights; very dry
Platyhelminthes
cacti
kangaroo rats,
sexual
mice, gerbils
tropical rain forest
roundworm
hot; wet
very
diverse
Nematoda
insects, monkeys,
sexual
birds, large cats
and grains
73
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 19
REINFORCEMENT
Protecting Antarctica
There are hundreds of species of lichens,

1. Describe the living resources of Antarctica. ______________________________________________
mosses, and two species of flowering plants. Animals include birds and seals and also
fishes, whales, and krill living in the ocean.
Answers may include coal, gold,
2. What are some of Antarcticas nonliving resources? ______________________________________
platinum, iron, lead, copper, uranium, and oil.
3. What are two of the main concerns about exploiting the mineral reserves of Antarctica?
Concerns focus mainly on how exploitation of Antarcticas resources will affect the
natural environment of the region and what international disagreements may result
from such exploitation because seven countries claim ownership to the continent.
4. How does the agreement that claims Antarctica as a reserve devoted to peace and science
The agreement bans all mining exploration on the
help to protect the continent? __________________________________________________________
continent for 50 years, limits visits by tourists, and sets up strict rules to protect the
environment of the region.
5. What are some of the reasons people give to support the exploitation of Antarcticas
Mining of Antarcticas resources would supply humanity with needed
resources? __________________________________________________________________________
raw materials and improve the lives of people worldwide.
The annual freezing
6. How is the climate of Antarctica important to other parts of the world? _____________________
and thawing that occurs in Antarctica provides the force that drives ocean currents
and affects worldwide weather patterns.
74
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 19
REINFORCEMENT
Water Environments
List five limiting factors in water biomes.
amount of salt present in water

1. ___________________________________________________________________________________
temperature of water
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________
amount of light
3. ___________________________________________________________________________________
amount of dissolved oxygen
4. ___________________________________________________________________________________
water pressure
5. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Describe the three major zones of the ocean and how organisms are affected by the conditions in each zone.
littoral zone is the zone along the shore. It is underwater during high tide and
6. The
___________________________________________________________________________________
exposed during low tide. Organisms in this zone can withstand varying temperatures,
water levels, and salt levels.
sublittoral zone is the water above the continental shelf. The light and
7. The
___________________________________________________________________________________
nutrients support a wide variety of organisms.
pelagic zone is the open ocean just beyond the sublittoral zone.
8. The
___________________________________________________________________________________
Its great depths, little light, and high water pressure mean less variety among
organisms.
green pond
fast-moving stream
9. The illustrations above show two types of freshwater ecosystems. Which supports more
The green pond supports more species because its organic matter
species and why? ___________________________________________________________________
contains the nutrients that can feed these species. The fast-moving stream may be
colder and temperature may be a limiting factor.
It is the area where
10. What is an estuary and why is it important to marine organisms? _________________________
a freshwater river or stream meets the ocean. Many marine organisms use estuaries
as breeding grounds.
75
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 20
REINFORCEMENT
Natural Resources
natural resources that can be replaced by nature over

1. What are renewable resources? _______________________________________________________
time
natural resources that are available only in
2. What are nonrenewable resources? ____________________________________________________
limited amounts and cannot be replaced by nature
3. Complete the chart by classifying each resource as a renewable resource or a nonrenewable
resource.
Resource
Renewable or Nonrenewable?
sunlight
renewable
gasoline
nonrenewable
cotton
renewable
oxygen
renewable
oil
nonrenewable
water
renewable
copper
nonrenewable
topsoil
nonrenewable
coal, natural gas, and fuels made from oil

4. Name three fossil fuels. ______________________________________________________________
fuels formed from the remains of organisms that lived millions
5. What are fossil fuels? ________________________________________________________________
of years ago
Fossil fuels are nonrenewable
6. What are two drawbacks to using fossil fuels for energy? ________________________________
resources and they contaminate the air and water of Earth.
Accept any three of the following:
7. Name three alternative energy sources to fossil fuels. ____________________________________
solar energy, geothermal energy, nuclear energy, wind energy.
Nuclear energy does not
8. What advantage does nuclear power have over fossil fuels? ______________________________
pollute the air.
Mining for uranium disrupts land
9. What are some disadvantages to nuclear energy? _______________________________________
ecosystems and nuclear power plants produce radioactive waste products.
the heat energy contained in Earths crust
10. What is geothermal energy? __________________________________________________________
76
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 20
REINFORCEMENT
Recycling
unwanted, solid material that must be disposed of

1. What is solid waste? __________________________________________________________________
Landfills disrupt the local ecosystem,
2. Identify three problems associated with landfills. ________________________________________
often dont smell very good, and often contain toxic materials that can pollute land
and water.
3. Look at the drawings below. Circle each drawing that shows a material that can be recycled.
SOD
Reuse means to use the same item

4. How does reuse of an item differ from recycling?_________________________________________
over and over again, without changing or reprocessing it. When an item is recycled,
it is changed in form or processed before it is reused.
grass clippings and leaves
5. What kinds of materials are recycled to make compost? ___________________________________
These products
6. Why does it make sense to recycle glass, aluminum, and paper products? ___________________
are made from nonrenewable resources.
Buying
7. Why is it important for people to buy products made from recycled materials? ______________
products made from recycled materials helps reduce the amounts of natural
resources people use and makes recycling programs more efficient.
77
NAME
DATE
Chapter 20
CLASS
Conservation and
Wildlife Protection
REINFORCEMENT
the wise and careful use of Earths resources

1. What is conservation? ________________________________________________________________
2. What are three renewable energy sources used by some communities to produce electricity?
solar energy, wind energy, and geothermal energy
loss of soil from the effects of wind, water, and trees
3. What is erosion? _____________________________________________________________________
contour plowing, strip cropping,
4. What are four farming methods used to prevent erosion? _________________________________
terracing, and no-till farming
5. Give examples of three human activities that threaten the habitats of organisms.
Examples may include building roads, clearing land for farms or ranches, or draining
marshes to provide dry land for buildings.
They are both examples of endangered
6. What do the two animals below have in common? _______________________________________
species.
Reforestation restores forest habitat and helps

7. What are two benefits of reforestation? _________________________________________________
prevent erosion of soil.
By recycling, minerals can be reused;
8. How does recycling help to conserve minerals? __________________________________________
thus, fewer minerals need to be mined from within the earth.
78
NAME
DATE
Chapter 20
CLASS
Maintaining a
Healthy Environment
REINFORCEMENT
a form of pollution created when sunlight reacts with polluting

1. What is smog? _______________________________________________________________________
chemicals produced by burning fuels
Answers may include smoke,
2. What are some pollutants produced by the burning of fuels? ______________________________
ash, soot, and chemicals such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxides of
sulfur and nitrogen.
Acid rain forms when sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides
3. How does acid rain form? _____________________________________________________________
released by burning fossil fuels react with water vapor in the atmosphere to form strong
acids.
The layer of ozone
4. Explain how ozone in the upper atmosphere is helpful to organisms. _______________________
in the upper atmosphere acts as a kind of sunscreen to protect Earths organisms from
harmful UV rays given off by the sun.
5. What types of chemical pollutants are responsible for ozone depletion? Where do these
CFCs or chlorofluorocarbons cause ozone depletion. CFCs are
chemicals come from? ________________________________________________________________
used in the cooling systems of refrigerators, air conditioners, and freezers.
6. Draw and label an illustration of the greenhouse effect.
79
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 21
REINFORCEMENT
The Skeletal System
Listed below are the four kinds of movable joints. Label the illustrations.
hinge joint
1. ____________________
pivot joint
2. ____________________
gliding joint
3. ____________________
ball-and-socket joint
4. _____________________
Describe the function of each joint.
one bone rotates in the ring of another bone

5. pivot joint: _________________________________________________________________________
one bone has a rounded end that fits into a cup-like cavity on
6. ball-and-socket joint: ________________________________________________________________
another bone
back and forth movement like the hinges on a door
7. hinge joint: _________________________________________________________________________
one part of a bone glides over another bone
8. gliding joint:________________________________________________________________________
List the five major functions of the skeletal system.
It gives shape and support to the body.

9. ___________________________________________________________________________________
It protects the body's internal organs.
10. ___________________________________________________________________________________
It provides a place for major muscles to attach.
11. ___________________________________________________________________________________
In the marrow of some bones, blood cells are formed.
12. ___________________________________________________________________________________
It provides a place for the minerals calcium and phosphorus to be stored.
13. ___________________________________________________________________________________
80
NAME
DATE
Chapter 21
CLASS
BiomaterialSpeeding
Bone Fracture Recovery
REINFORCEMENT
minerals and protein fibers

1. What materials make bones strong and flexible? _________________________________________
a break in the bone
2. What is a fracture? ___________________________________________________________________
3. Explain the difference between a simple fracture and a compound fracture. _________________
occurs when the broken ends of the bone do not break through the skin. A compound
fracture occurs when the broken ends of a bone do break through the skin.
The cast keeps the bone from moving
4. Why are casts often used to set broken bones? ___________________________________________
during the healing process.
5. In the space below, create a concept map that outlines the steps in the healing process during
the first few days, during the first and second week, and in the second and third months after
the bone is broken.
Accept all reasonable concept maps
1
First few days:

spongy bone
forms where the
break occurs.
Weeks 1 and 2:
blood vessels
regrow between
bone sections and
spongy bone fills
in and hardens.
23 months: bone
almost healed
artificial materials that can be used to replace body parts

6. What are biomaterials? _______________________________________________________________
7. What are the main advantages of repairing a broken bone using an injection of a biomaterial
The healing process may take as much as half the
instead of setting the bone in a cast? ____________________________________________________
time and is also less expensive.
a disease that breaks down bone, causing it to become brittle
8. What is osteoporosis? ________________________________________________________________
and weak
a diet low in calcium, consuming too much
9. What are some causes of osteoporosis? _________________________________________________
caffeine, and getting too little exercise
81
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 21
REINFORCEMENT
The Muscular System
Think of the type of muscle associated with each of the following body parts. In the space provided, write the name of
the type of muscle associated with that body part. Also tell whether that muscle is voluntary or involuntary.
skeletal, voluntary
1. thigh: _____________________________________________________________________________
skeletal, voluntary
2. upper arm: _________________________________________________________________________
smooth, involuntary
3. intestine: __________________________________________________________________________
cardiac, involuntary
4. heart: ______________________________________________________________________________
skeletal, voluntary
5. calf: _______________________________________________________________________________
smooth, involuntary
6. stomach: ___________________________________________________________________________
skeletal, voluntary
7. hand: ______________________________________________________________________________
smooth, involuntary
8. blood vessels:_______________________________________________________________________
smooth, involuntary
9. uterus: _____________________________________________________________________________
skeletal, voluntary
10. neck: ______________________________________________________________________________
11. The two illustrations show an ankle bending. Label the second illustration, showing which
muscle contracts and which muscle relaxes.
contracts
relaxes
relaxes
contracts
more than 600

12. How many muscles are in the body? __________________________________________________
When muscles contract, the bonds in glucose
13. How do muscles make mechanical energy?_____________________________________________
break down. Chemical energy is changed to mechanical energy.
The muscles have no energy
14. What happens when glucose is not available to muscles? ________________________________
supply so they tire and need rest.
82
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 21
REINFORCEMENT
Skin
List the five functions of skin.
Skin forms a protective covering over the body.

1. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Skin regulates body temperature.
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Skin excretes waste from the body.
3. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Skin serves as a sensory organ.
4. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Skin produces vitamin D in the presence of sunlight.
5. ___________________________________________________________________________________
The sweat keeps
6. How does sweating help a runner?_________________
the body temperature constant so that the runner
does not get too hot. Sweat also gets rid of some
wastes.
water, sodium
7. What is in the runners sweat? ___________________
chloride, and urea
about 3 million
8. How many sweat glands are there in the body? ________________________________________
In the presence
9. Under what conditions is vitamin D produced by the body and where? ____________________
of sunlight, vitamin D is produced in the epidermis.
Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium.
10. Why does the body require vitamin D? ________________________________________________
11. Below is an illustration of the skin. Label the two layers.
epidermis
dermis
The amount of
12. Why does a persons skin usually get darker during the summer?_________________________
melanin increases when the skin is exposed to the ultraviolet rays of the sun, and
a person usually is outside more during the summer.
A scab forms. The cells of
13. What occurs when the epidermis is slightly injured?_____________________________________
the deepest layer of the epidermis reproduce to cover the injured dermis.
83
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 22
REINFORCEMENT
Nutrition
Name the six nutrients available in food and briefly describe each:
carbohydrates
1. ______________________
These
nutrients contain C, H, and O atoms. Carbohydrates
__________________________________________________________
are
the main source of energy.
__________________________________________________________
proteins
2. ______________________
Proteins
are made up of amino acids. Proteins are used for
__________________________________________________________
growth,
replacement, and repair.
__________________________________________________________
fats
3. ______________________
Fats
provide energy and help the body store some
__________________________________________________________
vitamins.
__________________________________________________________
vitamins
4. ______________________
Vitamins
are essential, organic nutrients that help the body
__________________________________________________________
use
other nutrients.
__________________________________________________________
minerals
5. ______________________
Minerals
are inorganic nutrients that regulate many chemical
__________________________________________________________
reactions
in the body.
__________________________________________________________
water
6. ______________________
Water
enables the chemical reactions to take place in the
__________________________________________________________
body
and removes waste products from the cells.
__________________________________________________________
Red meats supply

7. What foods supply saturated fats and unsaturated fats? _________________________________
saturated fats and plant foods supply unsaturated fats.
about 60 percent
8. How much of a human body is water? ________________________________________________
the milk group, the fruit and vegetable group,
9. What are the four food groups? ______________________________________________________
the grain group, and the meat group.
Pizza is an example of a food group
10. Which food group is represented by pizza? ____________________________________________
combination.
Use Tables 22:1, 22:2, and 22:3 in your textbook to answer the following questions.
calcium and phosphorus

11. Which minerals help make strong bones? ______________________________________________
vitamin A
12. Which vitamin is essential for good eyesight? __________________________________________
through the excretory system
13. In what way do we lose the most water? ______________________________________________
in and around cells in tissues
14. Where is most of the bodys water located? ____________________________________________
citrus fruits, tomatoes, green leafy vegetables
15. What food sources provide vitamin C? ________________________________________________
by eating seafood and iodized salt
16. How does a person get iodine? _______________________________________________________
84
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 22
REINFORCEMENT
Nutrients Combat Cancer
1. Name three foods that are good sources of antioxidants. __________________________________

squashes, and citrus fruit. Accept all logical responses.
2. What are antioxidants? _______________________________________________________________
oxygen
3. What are two sources of chemicals that may cause cancer when they enter the body and react
smoking and pollutants
with oxygen? ________________________________________________________________________
Antioxidants prevent
4. What are two ways that antioxidants react with cancer cells? ______________________________
chemicals in cancer cells from reacting with oxygen or may prevent cancer cells from
repairing their damaged DNA.
yellow-orange pigments found in carrots and squashes
5. What are carotenoids? ________________________________________________________________
vitamins C and E
6. What vitamins are antioxidants? _______________________________________________________
7. What are some problems that occur when antioxidants are used to fight cancer in combination
Answers may include that not all cancer cells are killed,
with other cancer treatments? _________________________________________________________
or that antioxidants may cause radiation treatments to be less effective, as harmful
side effects, such as a disruption of certain body functions, may result.
85
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 22
REINFORCEMENT
Your Digestive System
Listed below are organs that aid in the digestion of food. Describe the function of each organ and label the figure.
begins both chemical and mechanical digestion; glands in mouth produce

1. mouth: _____________________________________________________________________________
saliva, contain amylase, which breaks down starch
connects the throat to the stomach; this muscular tube moves food
2. esophagus: __________________________________________________________________________
downward by a squeezing action called peristalsis
a muscular bag where chemical and mechanical digestion continue; food
3. stomach: ____________________________________________________________________________
stays here for about four hours, during which it is changed to chyme
a tube nearly seven meters long where digestive juices from the liver
4. small intestine: ______________________________________________________________________
and pancreas are added; villi here absorb molecules from the chyme
small organ that produces substances that stop the action of stomach acid,
5. pancreas: a___________________________________________________________________________
and enzymes that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
absorbs water from undigested food; where the unabsorbed materials
6. large intestine: _______________________________________________________________________
become more solid
produces bile, which is stored in the gall bladder; bile physically breaks up large
7. liver: _______________________________________________________________________________
particles of fats into smaller particles
a small sac that stores bile produced by the liver
8. gall bladder: ________________________________________________________________________
where muscles control the release of wastes from the body
9. rectum: _____________________________________________________________________________
86
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 23
REINFORCEMENT
Circulation
Label the diagram of the heart. Include the following terms on your diagram: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle,
left ventricle, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery, aorta. Use a pencil to draw arrows showing
the path of oxygen-rich blood. Use a pen to show the path of oxygen-poor blood.
5.
1.
6.
2.
to lungs
from lungs
7.
to smaller
arteries &
capillaries
3.
8.
4.
Fill in the blanks with the correct terms for questions 1 4.
1. The ___________________ is the only vein in the body that carries oxygen-rich blood. This vein
moves blood from the ___________________ to the ___________________.
2. Valves inside the veins prevent blood from flowing ___________________ the heart.
3. Blood in ___________________ carries wastes away from the cells of the body back to the heart.
4. A measure of the flow of blood in arteries is called ___________________ .
5. What is pulmonary circulation and what is its function?___________________________________
blood high in carbon dioxide and other cell wastes to the lungs. In the lungs, the blood
exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen and returns to the heart. The heart then pumps
the blood to body tissues.
87
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 23
REINFORCEMENT
Growing Heart Valves
to regulate the flow of blood within the hearts chamber

1. What is the job of heart valves? ________________________________________________________
2. What valves does blood pass through as it moves from the atria to the ventricles?
the A-V valves
One is located at the place where the blood
3. Where are the semilunar valves located? ________________________________________________
passes from the left ventricle into the aorta. The other is located where the blood moves
from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
4. On the lines provided label the four valves of the heart shown.
semilunar valve
semilunar valve
A-V valve
A-V valve
A heart murmur is a defect that results when a valve does not

5. What is a heart murmur? _____________________________________________________________
work properly and a stream or spurt of blood is able to move back through the valve.
shortness of
6. What symptoms may indicate that a heart valve is not working properly? __________________
breath, dizziness, and fatigue
replacement of
7. What are two standard treatments used to replace damaged heart valves? __________________
the valve with an artificial valve such as the ball-and-cage valve, or a transplant of a
valve from an animal into a human
Heart muscle tissue is taken from the patients
8. How are replacement valves cultured? _________________________________________________
body. The tissue is used to grow new heart cells in a laboratory. The materials
are placed into a material that acts as a framework for the growth of a new living valve.
The old valve is removed from the patient and the new valve framework is put in its
place. In about six weeks, the framework dissolves and a new valve takes over the
control of blood flow.
88
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 23
REINFORCEMENT
Blood
Fill in the missing words to describe the four functions of blood.
oxygen
carbon dioxide
1. carries body ____________________
to and removes ____________________
from all body cells
waste products
kidneys
2. carries ________________________
of cell activity to ____________________
to be removed
nutrients
3. transports __________________________________
from the digestive system to all cells
infections
4. carries materials that fight ____________________
and heal wounds
The parts of the human blood are shown below. Write what each part does on the line below its picture: help clot blood;
transport oxygen; contains nutrients and minerals; help fight infection.
White blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets
Plasma
help fight
contains nutrients
help
clot
blood
transport
oxygen
infection
and minerals
5. __________________ 6.____________________ 7. ____________________ 8.____________________
Complete the following table. Possible blood types of the donor are listed horizontally. The possible blood types of the
receiver are listed vertically. Make a check in the box if the receiver can receive blood from the donor directly above.
Then answer the questions below the table.
Donor (can give blood to)
Receiver
(can receive blood from)
Blood Type
AB
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
AB
people with type AB blood

9. Who can receive any type blood? _____________________________________________________
people with type O blood
10. Who can receive only type O blood? __________________________________________________
89
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 23
REINFORCEMENT
Your Lymphatic System
Label the drawing below of the lymphatic system. Include the terms lymph node, thymus, tonsils, and spleen.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Answer the questions below.
The lymphatic system drains

1. What are three main functions of the lymphatic system? __________________________________
fluids from around tissue cells, filters these fluids, and fights infection.
2. What do lymph nodes do? Why do they sometimes become large and tender?
They filter the lymph. They become large and tender when they are infected.
It produces lymphocytes.
3. What is the role of the thymus? ________________________________________________________
They both filter
4. How is the spleen like a lymph node? How do their functions differ? ______________________
impurities from the body. Lymph nodes filter lymph; the spleen filters blood.
In the space below, write a paragraph to explain how HIV affects the lymphatic system when it enters a persons body.
Include a description of the function of the cells the virus attacks.
When HIV enters a persons body, it attacks and destroys helper T cells. Helper T cells
are a kind of lymphocyte that helps produce antibodies to fight infection. When helper
T cells are destroyed by HIV, fewer cells are available to fight infection. As a result, a
person infected with HIV is less able to fight pathogens.
90
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 24
REINFORCEMENT
Your Respiratory System
Label the parts of the respiratory system shown in the diagram below.
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
4.
7.
In the space provided below, write the name of the structure indicated.
nasal cavity
__________________
1. warms and moistens air; filters dust particles
trachea
__________________
2. transports air to the lungs
epiglottis
__________________
3. prevents food from entering the trachea
alveoli
__________________
4. oxygen passes into the capillaries
lungs
__________________
5. organs made up of masses of alveoli
diaphragm
__________________
6. a sheet of muscle across the bottom of the chest cavity
bronchi
__________________
7. a division of the trachea
Label each statement below as a description of either inhalation or exhalation. Write the word inhale or exhale in the
space provided below.
inhale
__________________
8. The diaphragm contracts and moves downward.
exhale
__________________
9. Air pressure in the chest cavity increases.
exhale
__________________
10. The gases inside the lungs are pushed out through air passages.
inhale
__________________
11. Air pressure in the chest cavity decreases.
inhale
__________________
12. The volume of the chest cavity increases.
91
NAME
DATE
Chapter 24
CLASS
Restricting Cigarette
Advertising
REINFORCEMENT
1. What technological development led to an increase in the use of tobacco during the first half of
the invention of the cigarette machine, which allowed cigarettes to
the 20th century? ____________________________________________________________________
be mass produced
2. When did doctors first suspect that there was a link between cigarette smoking and cancer?
in the 1920s
3. When was smoking formally recognized as a leading cause of cancer and other diseases?
in 1964
It is illegal to sell
4. What are two restrictions that have been placed on cigarette use? __________________________
tobacco products to individuals under age 18 in many states and smoking has been
banned on all domestic flights. Students may also mention that many restaurants and
other public buildings either ban smoking altogether or limit it to certain areas.
the breathing in of cigarette smoke-filled air
5. What is passive smoking? _____________________________________________________________
Since 1971, cigarette
6. What restrictions have been placed on cigarette advertising? ______________________________
advertisements have been banned on television and radio.
7. Why are some people against restricting the advertising done by cigarette companies?
Some people feel that restricting advertisements infringes upon a companys right to
free speech and may lead to more regulations on other companies.
92
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 24
REINFORCEMENT
Your Urinary System
Complete the following sentences using information from the textbook.
They rid the blood of

1. What functions do the organs of the urinary system perform?______________________________
wastes, help control blood volume, and get rid of excess salts.
Water accumulates, causing swelling.
2. What happens when the kidneys dont work?____________________________________________
Wastes accumulate, acting as poisons. An imbalance of salts prevents normal cell
functioning. Kidney failure can eventually lead to death.
kidneys, lungs, and skin
3. What are the excretory organs of the body? ______________________________________________
You exhale water vapor and carbon
4. Why do you see your breath on a cold day? _____________________________________________
dioxide. The water vapor forms a cloud of small droplets in the cold air.
Some of the bodys wastes are removed
5. Why is skin considered an excretory organ? _____________________________________________
through the skin.
Number the following events to place them in the correct order.
______
Urine flows from ureters to the
7
bladder.
2
______
Blood enters the nephrons.
1
______
Blood enters the kidneys through
the aorta.
6
______
Urine drains from each collecting
tubule into funnel-shaped areas of
the kidney.
4
______
Capillaries reabsorb most of the water,
sugar, and salt.
3
______
Water, sugar, salt, and wastes in the
blood enter a cuplike structure.
5
______
The renal vein returns purified blood
to be circulated.
8
______
Urine flows from the bladder through
the urethra and out of the body.
Label the parts of the urinary system shown in the diagram below using the following terms: urethra, ureter, bladder,
kidney, aorta, renal vein. (Arrows show the direction of blood flow).
1. aorta
2. renal vein
3. kidney
4. ureter
5. bladder
6. urethra
93
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 25
REINFORCEMENT
Your Nervous System
Define each term and then label the figure below.
neuron
the nerve cell or the functioning unit of the nervous system

1. ______________________________________________________________________
dendrite
the branch of the neuron cell body that receives messages and
2. ______________________________________________________________________
sends them to the cell body
axon
the branch of the neuron that sends messages from the cell body
3. ______________________________________________________________________
to the next neuron
synapse
the small space between one neuron and the next

4. ______________________________________________________________________
5.
6.
7.
8.
Name the three kinds of neurons and describe the function of each.
Sensory neurons pick up information from receptors and send messages to

9. ____________________________________________________________________________________
the brain.
Motor neurons conduct messages from the brain to the muscles and glands.
10. ____________________________________________________________________________________
Interneurons are nerve cells throughout the brain and spinal cord that transmit
11. ____________________________________________________________________________________
impulses from the sensory neurons to the motor neurons.
Make a simple drawing of the brain and label its three main parts.
94
NAME
Chapter 25
REINFORCEMENT
DATE
CLASS
Care and Treatment

of Alzheimers Patients
a failure of nerve cells in the brain to communicate

1. What is Alzheimers disease? __________________________________________________________
Nerve impulses are not
2. What happens when acetylcholine is not produced in the body? ___________________________
carried from one neuron to the next.
At first, people forget
3. What symptoms are observed in an Alzheimers patient over time? ________________________
or misplace things. Later they may not recognize family members and lose various
physical and mental abilities. Eventually, they die from the disease.
One cause may
4. What are two possible causes of Alzheimers currently being researched? ___________________
be that the disease results from a defective chromosome. Another is that certain
proteins contained in cerebrospinal fluid may cause the disease.
5. What is the only way to positively identify whether a person has Alzheimers disease?
through an autopsy of the brain after death
6. What are some ways that treatment of an Alzheimers patient affects family members?
Likely responses will include that proper care and treatment for the disease can be
financially costly and emotionally draining on family members. Accept all reasonable
responses.
7. Why is it likely that the number of people suffering from Alzheimers will increase in the
The number of people living into their 70s, 80s, and 90s is increasing and these
future? _____________________________________________________________________________
people are most at risk of developing the disease.
95
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 25
REINFORCEMENT
The Senses
Use the following terms to label the figure below.
rods and cones
retina
1.
cornea
optic nerve
lens
cornea
2.
optic nerve
3. rods and cones

4.
5.
retina
lens
1. Using the terms with which you labeled the figure, describe how light entering your eye
Light rays first pass through the cornea and onto the
becomes an image you see. ____________________________________________________________
lens. The lens focuses the light onto the retina. Rods and cones on the retina respond
to the light, sending impulses to the optic nerve. The optic nerve carries the impulses to
the brain. The brain interprets the impulses, allowing you to see an image.
the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear
2. What are the three main sections of the ear? _____________________________________________
The cochlea is a fluid-filled structure shaped
3. What is the cochlea and what does it do? ________________________________________________
like a snails shell in the inner ear. It picks up vibrations in the fluid and sends impulses
to the auditory nerve.
olfactory cells
4. In what cells does a smell impulse begin? _______________________________________________
sweet, salty, sour, and bitter
5. What four basic taste sensations do the taste buds have? __________________________________
The senses pick up any change
6. How do your senses help you maintain homeostasis? _____________________________________
in the environment and transmit this information to the brain and spinal cord. The body
responds to that information to protect itself or maintain homeostasis.
96
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 25
REINFORCEMENT
Your Endocrine System
Listed below are some of the endocrine glands. Describe the location and function of each gland and label the figure
below.
pituitary gland
Located at the base of the brain, this gland produces

1. __________________________________________________________________
hormones that control the activities of other glands in the
body.
thyroid gland
Located on the trachea, this gland produces hormones that

2. __________________________________________________________________
regulate the rate at which energy is used by the cells, affecting
growth and development.
Located on the underside of the thyroid gland, these glands

parathyroid glands 3. __________________________________________________________________
produce a hormone that helps keep the amount of calcium and
phosphorus at a steady level in the blood.
adrenal glands
Located at the top of each kidney, these glands regulate

4. __________________________________________________________________
potassium and sodium in the blood and also cause blood
vessels to expand in emergency situations.
5. pituitary gland
6. thyroid gland
7. parathyroid glands
8. adrenal glands
The hormone is
9. How does the endocrine system control its output of a hormone? __________________________
controlled by a negative feedback system. When a target tissue responds to the
hormone, the tissue sends a chemical response back to the gland to tell it to slow
or stop production of the hormone.
97
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 26
REINFORCEMENT
Human Reproduction
This is to maintain a cooler

1. Why are the testes located outside the body rather than inside? ____________________________
temperature than body temperature, which is necessary for sperm production.
Semen is made of sperm and a nourishing fluid.
2. What does semen consist of? __________________________________________________________
once a month
3. a. How often are eggs released? _______________________________________________________
ovulation
b. What is the process of egg release called? _____________________________________________
The lining of the uterus
4. What happens inside the uterus as an egg matures in the ovary? ___________________________
thickens as it prepares for a fertilized egg.
The
5. a. If an egg isnt fertilized, what happens to the egg and to the lining of the uterus? __________
egg disintegrates and the lining is shed.
The process is
b. What is this called, how often does this occur, and how long does it last? _________________
called menstruation. It usually occurs once a month and lasts 4 to 6 days.
It is the time when a person becomes physically able to reproduce.
6. What is puberty? _____________________________________________________________________
Ovulation and menstruation are gradually

7. a. What happens during menopause? __________________________________________________
reduced and eventually stop.
between the ages of 45 and 55
b. When does this occur? _____________________________________________________________
continuation of the species
8. What is the importance of reproduction? ________________________________________________
Label the following diagram of the male reproductive organs.
9. sperm duct
10. urethra
11. testes
12. seminal vesicle
13. penis
14. scrotum
98
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 26
REINFORCEMENT
Fertilization to Birth
The egg sets up a chemical barrier once

1. Why can only one sperm fertilize an egg? _______________________________________________
fertilization has occurred.
23
2. a. How many chromosomes are in the sperm cell nucleus? ________________________________
46
b. How many chromosomes are in the zygote? __________________________________________
It usually occurs in an oviduct.
3. Where does fertilization usually occur? _________________________________________________
The zygote has divided a number of
4. What happens to the zygote after about seven days? ______________________________________
times and has become a ball of cells. This ball of cells becomes implanted in the wall
of the uterus.
5. Describe how the embryo receives oxygen and nutrients and how it gets rid of wastes. _______
Oxygen and nutrients are carried through the arteries of the umbilical cord. Wastes are
removed through the umbilical veins.
6. While developing in the uterus, at what point does an unborn baby have recognizable facial
at five weeks
features? ____________________________________________________________________________
a fetus
7. At the time body organs are present, what is the developing baby called? ___________________
eggs are released and fertilized by two sperm.
8. a. Explain how fraternal twins develop? Two
________________________________________________
They develop from a single egg, which

b. Why do identical twins look exactly alike? ____________________________________________
separates after fertilization, therefore they have the same genes.
Place the following events on the time line below. Write the letter of each event on the appropriate space above the
time line.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
recognizable eyes, nose, mouth form

mother feels movements of the fetus
fertilization
fatty tissue develops
fingers and toes develop
fetus shifts to head-down position
a e
4
5
(months)
99
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 26
REINFORCEMENT
Development After Birth
They are caused by the hormones

1. What causes secondary sex characteristics to develop? ____________________________________
FHS and LH, which are produced by the pituitary gland.
It begins between 11
2. a. When does the adolescent growth spurt begin and end for girls? ________________________
and 13 and ends between ages 15 and 16.
It begins between 13 and 15 and ends between ages 17 and 18.
b. For boys? _________________________________________________________________________
3. a. What physical changes might you expect during the period from age 30 into your 50s?
a decrease in physical strength, less efficient circulation and respiration, bones more
brittle, and skin less elastic
middle adulthood
b. What is this stage called? ___________________________________________________________
adolescence
4. What stage includes puberty? __________________________________________________________
5. How is a baby delivered if the mothers pelvis is too small for the baby to fit through?
through an incision in the abdomen and uterus called a cesarean section
muscular contraction of the uterus
6. What is labor? _______________________________________________________________________
Contractions usually cause the amniotic
7. Describe the events that lead up to childbirth.____________________________________________
sac to break. Over several hours the baby moves out of the uterus into the vagina.
More powerful contractions push the baby out.
facial, pubic, and underarm hair;
8. What are some secondary sex characteristics in males? ____________________________________
deeper voice; increased muscle size; sexual attraction to the other sex
breast development, pubic and
9. What are some secondary sex characteristics in females? __________________________________
underarm hair; fatty tissue in buttocks and thighs; sexual attraction to other sex
100
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 26
REINFORCEMENT
A New View of the Old
People 100 years old and older

1. What are centenarians? _______________________________________________________________
2. Describe two traits some people associate with the old view of the elderly.
Likely responses may include forgetful and physically impaired.
3. Name three diseases often associated with the aging process according to the old view.
Likely responses will include three of the following: arthritis, osteoporosis, diabetes,
cancer, and Alzheimers disease.
Possible responses include
4. What role do scientists think genes play in the aging process? _____________________________
that genes are responsible for a persons physical and mental abilities to deal with
disease or injury and may play a role in how much functional reserve a persons organs
have.
eat right,
5. What are four things an older person can do to help maintain their health? _________________
exercise regularly, monitor stress, and not smoke
6. According to some predictions, about how large will the population of people in the United
30 million people
States over age 85 be in 40 years? ______________________________________________________
7. According to the new view of aging, what implications will the physical and mental wellness
Because the overall health of the oldest of the old is
of the very old have on health care? ____________________________________________________
good, the health maintenance costs for a person over 90 may not be as high as once
believed.
101
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 27
REINFORCEMENT
Disease
Viruses and harmful bacteria known as pathogens

1. What causes most diseases? __________________________________________________________
cause most diseases.
It is heated to a temperature that kills most
2. What happens when milk is pasteurized? ______________________________________________
bacteria.
A disinfectant kills pathogens on
3. How is a disinfectant different from an antiseptic? ______________________________________
nonliving things; an antiseptic kills pathogens on skin.
Air, water, food, contact, and
4. What are some ways communicable diseases are spread? ________________________________
animals can all spread communicable diseases.
The Plague was spread by fleas that lived on rats.
5. How was the Plague spread? _________________________________________________________
AIDS and herpes
6. What are some sexually transmitted diseases that are caused by viruses? __________________
STDs that are

7. What kinds of STDs are treatable? What does the treatment consist of? ____________________
caused by bacteria can be treated with antibiotics such as penicillin.
Robert Koch developed a set of rules to use for figuring out which pathogen caused a particular disease. Use the following terms to complete the rules listed below.
disease
suspect
original organism
pure culture
injected
same
test animal
pathogen
pathogen
8. In every case of a particular disease, the _______________________
thought to cause
disease
the ______________________
must be present.
suspect
9. The _______________________
pathogen has to be separated from all other pathogens and
pure culture
grown in a _______________________
.
injected
10. When the pathogen from the pure culture is _______________________
into a
test animal
_______________________
, it must cause the original disease.
11. When the suspect pathogen is removed from the test animal and cultured again, it has to be
same
original organism
compared with the _______________________
to see if they are the _______________________
.
102
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 27
REINFORCEMENT
Your Immune System
An antibody is a substance made by

1. What is an antibody and how does it function? _________________________________________
an animal in response to an antigen. It attaches to the antigen, making it harmless.
The mother gives her newborn baby passive
2. What is one source of passive immunity? ______________________________________________
immunity. Some vaccines, such as the one for tetanus, provide passive immunity.
It attacks lymphocytes that normally fight
3. What does HIV do to the immune system? ____________________________________________
antigens and chemicals. The body cant fight off invading antigens as a result.
4. What happens if disease-causing bacteria get through a break in the skin and enter the
blood cells sweep them up and digest them.
circulatory system? White
_________________________________________________________________
Vaccines are made from weakened or killed pathogens.
5. What are vaccines made from? _______________________________________________________
Mucus and
6. How are pathogens trapped by and expelled from the respiratory system? _________________
cilia trap the pathogens; they are then expelled by coughing.
diseases such as pneumonia, cancer,
7. What usually causes a person with AIDS to die? ________________________________________
or tuberculosis
They cause the body to form its own antibodies.
8. a. How do vaccines work? ___________________________________________________________
active immunity
b. What is this type of immunity called? ______________________________________________
By actually getting the disease,
c. What is another way to get this type of immunity?____________________________________
the body makes antibodies that will stay in the blood after the disease is gone.
Enzymes in the
9. What defenses does the digestive system have against pathogens? ________________________
mouth, stomach, pancreas, and liver destroy pathogens. Hydrochloric acid in the
stomach kills bacteria entering the body on food.
Proteins and chemicals that are foreign to your body are antigens.
10. What is an antigen? _________________________________________________________________
103
NAME
Chapter 27
REINFORCEMENT
DATE
CLASS
Should a Harmful Virus

Be Destroyed?
the process of giving a vaccine by injection or orally

1. What is vaccination? _________________________________________________________________
Likely
2. Name four diseases which children can be protected from through vaccination. _____________
responses may include polio, measles, mumps, whooping cough, chicken pox,
and tetanus.
A vaccine provides a person with immunity from a disease.
3. What does a vaccine do? ______________________________________________________________
4. Why are some diseases, such as whooping cough and tuberculosis, becoming more common
Many parents
than they once were even though vaccines are available for these diseases? _________________
do not have their children vaccinated against these diseases. Some people dont realize
that they need booster shots later in life for diseases against which they were
vaccinated earlier.
5. Why do some scientists want to keep cultures of viruses for diseases that people no longer get?
They argue that the cultures might be useful in producing future vaccines or other
medicines for diseases similar to the earlier diseases. They also question the rights of
humans to intentionally cause the extinction of a virus.
6. Why are some scientists in favor of destroying the live cultures of the smallpox virus?
They fear the virus might accidentally be released into the environment and cause
illness or death to millions of people.
7. Why is the world population considered to be unprotected from the smallpox virus?
Vaccinations of smallpox are no longer given.
104
NAME
DATE
CLASS
Chapter 27
REINFORCEMENT
Noncommunicable Disease
Write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each sentence.
c
______
1. diseases that are not caused by pathogens are _______.
a. communicable
c. noncommunicable
b. chronic
d. viral
a
______
2. A tumor is usually located _______.
a. anywhere on the body
b. deep inside the body
c. near the surface of the body

d. on the skin
b
______
3. Proven cancer treatments may involve _______.
a. injections of megadoses of vitamins
c. physical therapy
b. radiation
d. gene therapy
d
______
4. A chronic disease involving a faulty immune system is _______.
a. diabetes
b. cancer
c. heart disease
d. arthritis
b
______
5. A tumor that can spread is said to be _______.
a. chronic
b. malignant
c. pathogenic
d. benign
c
______
6. When you come in contact with an allergen, your immune system forms _______.
a. hormones
b. lymphocytes
c. antibodies
d. antigens
a
______
7. An allergy is a strong reaction of the _______.
a. immune system
c. respiratory system
b. circulatory system
d. digestive system
d
______
8. Some noncommunicable diseases are called chronic diseases because _______.
a. they are present at birth
c. they are short-lived
b. they are inherited
d. they last a long time
d
______
9. Cigarette smoke has been linked with all of the following EXCEPT _______.
a. lung cancer
b. lung diseases
c. heart disease
d. arthritis
c
______
10. Diabetes is a chronic disease resulting from _______.
a. contact with harmful chemicals
c. an improperly functioning organ
b. an unhealthy lifestyle
d. cigarette smoking
Complete the following statements by selecting the appropriate terms from the list.
normal
function
uncontrolled
large
travel
Most cancers are characterized by:

large
Uncontrolled
1. ___________________
cell growth results in ___________________
numbers of cells.
function
2. The large number of cells do not ___________________
as part of the body.
normal
3. The cells take up space and interfere with ___________________
bodily functions.
travel
4. The cells do not remain in one place, but ___________________
all over the body.
105

8 TH Science Reinforcement Worksheets

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Glencoe

Mission Hills, California

The Glencoe Science Professional Development Series

Unit 3 Diversity of Life

The Structure of Viruses

Chapter 4 Cell Reproduction

Classifying Living Things

Unit 2 Heredity and Evolution

Chapter 11 The Seed Plants

Chapter 12 Plant Processes

Chapter 14 Mollusks, Worms,

Unit 7 The Human Body

Chapter 17 Animal Behavior

Chapter 24 Respiration and Excretion

Chapter 25 The Nervous

Chapter 18 Life and the Environment

Chapter 26 Reproduction and Growth

After each statement, write the feature of life that is illustrated.

Living things grow.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Where Does Life

5 billion years ago

Whirling mass of dust and gas

4.6 billion years ago

3.5 billion years ago

The first living things form

Describe what each of the following scientists showed by their experiments.

Living things come spontaneously from

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Use with Text Pages 1423

Answer the following questions.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Technology and the

Answer the following questions using information from the textbook.

Technology is the use of scientific knowledge to solve everyday

8. Give the pros and cons of treating cows with BST.

May allow some farmers to remain

Chemicals in the milk may have undesired side effects in humans.

May lower the price consumers pay

Consumers may have to pay more for

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Use with Text Pages 3237

DNA or RNA core

A latent virus causes cold sores. It enters

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Use with Text Pages 3839

Answer the following questions.

HIV is the virus that causes AIDS.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Use with Text Pages 4044

Cells: The Units of Life

Who was the first person to see cells? Robert Hooke

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Use with Text Pages 4555

gel-like material inside cells

controls movement of materials into and out of cell

directs cell activities

moves materials within the cell

release energy in the cell

carries code that controls the cell

changes light energy to chemical energy in plants

supports and protects the plant cell

stores water, food, and waste products