672

Start from pg 640

Tutorial 2 Done
10.11.2015:
16:30 16:45
17:30 20:00
Asf
Afdsaf
Thus the stagnation enthalpy represents the enthalpy of a fluid when it is
brought to rest adiabatically.
Here T0 is called the stagnation (or total) temperature, and it represents the
temperature an ideal gas attains when it is brought to rest adiabatically. The
term V2/2cp corresponds to the temperature rise during such a process and is
called the dynamic temperature.
Notice that kinetic energy terms do not explicitly appear in Eqs. 127 and 128,
but the stagnation enthalpy terms account for their contribution.
Note that the speed of sound in a fluid is a function of the thermodynamic
properties of that fluid.
The speed of sound changes with temperature and varies with the fluid. Noting
that the gas constant R has a fixed value for a specified ideal gas and the
specific heat ratio k of an ideal gas is, at most, a function of temperature, we see
that the speed of sound in a specified ideal gas is a function of temperature
alone.
Mach number, Ma, is the ratio of the actual velocity of the fluid (or an object in
still fluid) to the speed of sound in the same fluid at the same state.
Note that the Mach number depends on the speed of sound, which depends on
the state of the fluid. Therefore, the Mach number of an aircraft cruising at
constant velocity in still air may be different at different locations (due to the
difference in temperatures).
Reattempt Example 12.3 on pg 617
Numerical values of T/T0, P/P0, and p/p0 are listed versus the Mach number in
Table A13 for k=1.4, which are very useful for practical compressible flow
calculations involving air.
The properties of a fluid at a location where the Mach number is unity (the
throat) are called critical properties, and the ratios in Eqs. (1218) through (12
20) are called critical ratios (Fig. 1218). It is standard practice in the analysis of
compressible flow to let the superscript asterisk (*) represent the critical values.

These ratios are evaluated for various values of k and are listed in Table 122.
The critical properties of compressible flow should not be confused with the
thermodynamic properties of substances at the critical point (such as the critical
temperature Tc and critical pressure Pc).
In this section we consider the effects of back pressure (i.e., the pressure applied
at the nozzle discharge region) on the exit velocity, the mass flow rate, and the
pressure distribution along the nozzle.
Because the velocity of the flow is sonic at the throat for the maximum flow rate,
a back pressure lower than the critical pressure cannot be sensed in the nozzle
upstream flow and does not affect the flow rate.
Recall that P* is the lowest pressure that can be obtained at the throat, and the
sonic velocity is the highest velocity that can be achieved with a converging
nozzle. Thus, lowering Pb further has no influence on the fluid flow in the
converging part of the nozzle or the mass flow rate through the nozzle. However,
it does influence the character of the flow in the diverging section.
The rise in the temperature of the fluid downstream of a shock wave is of major
concern to the aerospace engineer because it creates heat transfer problems on
the leading edges of wings and nose cones of space reentry vehicles and the
recently proposed hypersonic space planes.

Redo:
12.78
12.79
12.80
12.81
12.82
12.83
12.86 (You didnt get this wrong, but look at how the stagnation values are
calculated first and used for the solution)
12.90
12.92 (try using angle given in solution to avoid inaccuracy incurred in reading
off from graph)

Chapter 13 Open-Channel Flow:

The flow in a channel is said to be uniform if the flow depth (and thus the
average velocity) remains constant. Otherwise, the flow is said to be nonuniform
or varied, indicating that the flow depth varies with distance in the flow direction.
Like pipe flow, open-channel flow can be laminar, transitional, or turbulent,
depending on the value of the Reynolds number.

The Froude number is an important parameter that governs the character of flow
in open channels.
Indeed, the denominator of the Froude number has the dimensions of velocity,
and it represents the speed c0 at which a small disturbance travels in still liquid.
Therefore, in analogy to the Mach number, the Froude number is expressed
as the ratio of the flow speed to the wave speed, Fr = V/c 0, just as the
Mach number is expressed as the ratio of the flow speed to the sound speed, Ma
= V/c.

Turbomachinery:
Positive-displacement pumps (PDPs) force the fluid along by volume changes. A
cavity opens, and the fluid is admitted through an inlet. The cavity then closes,
and the fluid is squeezed through an outlet. The mammalian heart is a good
example, and many mechanical designs are in wide use.
Rotor-dynamic pumps
A dynamic pump can provide very high flow rates (up to 300,000 gal/min) but
usually with moderate pressure rises (a few atmospheres). In contrast, a PDP can
operate up to very high pressures (300 atm) but typically produces low flow rates
(100 gal/min).
These are the Euler turbomachine equations, showing that the torque, power,
and ideal head are functions only of the rotor-tip velocities u1,2 and the absolute
fluid tangential velocities Vt1,2, independent of the axial velocities (if any)
through the machine.
Net head H is proportional to the useful power actually delivered to the fluid. It is
traditional to call this power the water horsepower.
All pumps suffer from irreversible losses due to friction, internal leakage, flow
separation on blade surfaces, turbulent dissipation, etc. Therefore, the
mechanical energy supplied to the pump must be larger than the water
horsepower. In pump terminology, the external power supplied to the pump is
called the brake horsepower, which we abbreviate as bhp.

We define leading edge angle b1 as the blade angle relative to the reverse
tangential direction at radius r1. In like manner we define trailing edge angle b2
as the blade angle relative to the reverse tangential direction at radius r2. We
now make a significant simplifying approximation. We assume that the flow
impinges on the blade parallel to the blades leading edge and exits the blade
parallel to the blades trailing edge. In other words,
We assume that the flow is everywhere tangent to the blade surface when
viewed from a reference frame rotating with the blade.

LEARN DIFFERENT TYPES OF EACH PUMP

Chapter 7 Dimensional Analysis and Modelling:

Done: 7.34 7.68, DO QUESTIONS 7.69 ONWARDS! (IMPORTANT!!!)

Got Wrong:
Example 7.8 on page 313 is amazing
7.48
7.52

Chapter 8 Flow in Pipes:

Done: 8.30 8.49, DO QUESTIONS FROM THE FRANK WHITE BOOK SINCE YOU
HAVE ALREADY DONE QUESTIONS FROM THE CENGEL BOOK
Need to do the concept questions 1-30
Got Wrong:
8.31
8.37 Nice Question
8.39
8.40
8.43 You forgot to put L in the rho g L sin theta term

Chapter 12 Compressible Flow:

Note that for pb less than back pressure C, there is supersonic flow in the nozzle
and the throat can receive no signal from the exit behaviour. The flow remains
choked, and the throat has no idea what the exit conditions are.
PH is also called the design back pressure.
Lovely resource for nozzle flow:

http://oldwww.unibas.it/utenti/bonfiglioli/Gasdyn/sol86.pdf

Look at explanation for pressures at C and H in

the decription below!!!

Done: 12.12-12.19, 12.54 - 12.67, 12.68 Got Wrong:

12.30C
12.39
12.45C
12.47C
12.54 IS BOSS QUESTION (AMAZING FOR CONCEPT)
Example 12.3 of new Cengel book
To summarize, for all back pressures lower than the critical pressure P*, the
pressure at the exit plane of the converging nozzle Pe is equal to P*, the Mach
number at the exit plane is unity, and the mass flow rate is the maximum (or

choked) flow rate. Because the velocity of the flow is sonic at the throat for the
maximum flow rate, a back pressure lower than the critical pressure cannot be
sensed in the nozzle upstream flow and does not affect the flow rate.
In fluid dynamics, a Mach wave is a pressure wave traveling with the
speed of sound caused by a slight change of pressure added to a
compressible flow. These weak waves can combine in supersonic flow to
become a shock wave if sufficient Mach waves are present at any
location. A Mach wave is the weak limit of an oblique shock wave (a
normal shock is the other limit).

Frank White Book:

Example 9.6 is amazing
Example 9.9 is confusing!
Done: P9.10, P9.35, P9.40, p9.63, P9.56, P9.116 9.128, 9.129 9.135
125 not done,
Gone Wrong:
9.118
9.126
9.128

Chapter 13 Open-Channel Flow:

Done: 13.21 13.40, 13.79 13.88; Need to do concept questions 13.69 -13.78,
and 13.89-13.94

A flow is considered supercritical if the flow depth y is less than the critical flow
depth yc. .Similarly, the flow is subcritical if the flow depth y is greater than the
critical flow depth yc .
13.83 BOSS QUESTION (LOOK AT ITS DISCUSSION AT THE END TOO WHERE IT
STATES THAT HYDRAULIC JUMPS ARE HIGHLY DISSIPATIVE PROCESSES))
Got Wrong:
13.24C
13.25C
13.27C
13.28C
13.29C Very important concept (specific energy is a different concept than
specific energy)
13.30C Awesome revision question
13.31 Cool question
13.33 VERY IMPORTANT QUESTION
13.38
13.39 (You forgot to put velocity in the Froude number equation)
13.40 Lovely question
13.85
13.86 BOSS QUESTION (This question shows that the head loss equation in terms
of initial and final depths is incorrect; Note that your equation might only works if
the width is sufficiently large?)
13.87 Killer Question!
13.96 Very important concept question
13.97 Very nice concept question
13.112
13.104 Amazing question
13.114 I am very confused about how to do these types of questions!

Chapter 14 Turbomachinery:

In the top of Fig. 11.7 is plotted the net positive-suction head (NPSH), which is
the head required at the pump inlet to keep the liquid from cavitating or boiling.

Done: 14.20, 14.58

Got Wrong:

Questions from Frank White book:

Done: 11.15, 11.16, 11.17, 11.18, 11.19, 11.22, 11.23, 11.42, 6.113, 6.114,
6.121, 6.120
Gone Wrong: 11.17, 11.18, 11.23

Cengel book:
Done: 6.47, 6.50, 6.53, 6.54, 6.57, 6.71, 6.72, 6.73, 14.1 14.14
Got Wrong: 6.50, 6.53, 6.73