Computer Network

Introduction to internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve
several billion users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and
government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking
technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the interlinked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW), the infrastructure to support email, and peer-to-peer networks.
More than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions. According to Internet World Stats, as of December
31, 2011 there was an estimated 2,267,233,742 Internet users worldwide. This represents 32.7% of the world's population.
Each Internet computer, called a host, is independent. Its operators can choose which Internet services to use and
which local services to make available to the globThere are a variety of ways to access the Internet.al Internet community. It is also
possible to gain access through a commercial Internet Service Provider (ISP).
The largest network of the networks is called internet.

Applications of Internet
There are many different applications of the internet used commonly across the world. The most common names are the
JAVA, JAVA script and the Flash.
These are the most useful as well as the most frequently used applications which need to be installed on the computer
before the full access of the internet can be guaranteed.
The flash is required for the animated videos and pictures. For example the electronic greeting cards these days used
extensively for various occasions all require the us if the internet application Flash. Some websites which are used to
upload videos online like the most commonly used YouTube also require the latest flash player to work. Every other
website consists of flash content these days and so it is one of the most useful applications of the internet.
Another mentioned application which is also well-known is the JAVA; java is also needed for the internet access to a
certain extent. For example using the ftp services on the internet, you need to have the JAVA technology JVM to be able to
manage and control the documentation transfers.
These applications are basically used to run the applets on the internet web pages which are made to work with them,
without these tools the internet though can be easily accessed it does not offer all the features to the user, which might
also be some useful information.
The internet applications all reduce the traffic on the network and thus make the server work on a much optimized level. All
the applications are interoperable, and support the cross platforms, both of the OS servers and the clients.

Brief history of the internet

ARPA- Advanced Research Project Agency
1962 Jan 2 started and experimental computer network
Concept No server, but equal importance/participation to every computer in the network.
Even if, one or two node destroyed that will not effect the network.

Vinton Cerf
Father of internet
Co-designer of the TCP/IP networking protocol.
First named as ARPANET
This is renamed as internet

Services provided by the internet:

1.

Electronic mail (e-mail)

2.

World Wide Web

3.

File transfer protocol (FTP)

4.

Chat rooms

5.

Mailing list

6.

Instant messaging

7.

Chat

8.

News groups

Electronic Mail
More commonly known as email, electronic mail started as an afterthought to the Internet. Today, email holds the number one
position as the most popular service offered on the Internet. A protocol for sending, receiving and storing electronic messages, email
has become the preferred method of communication. The U.S. Postal Service handles around 200 billion pieces of mail each year.
Email service on the Internet handles around 247 billion emails every day.
Read more: http://www.ehow.com/info_8196115_important-services-provided-internet.html#ixzz2j5daFsBl
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another host over a TCP-based
network, such as the Internet. FTP is built on a client-server architecture and uses separate control and data connections between
the client and the server.
The World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3,[3] commonly known as the web) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents
accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and
other multimedia and navigate between them viahyperlinks.
Chat rooms an area on the Internet or other computer network where users can communicate, typically one dedicated to a
particular topic.
Instant messaging (IM) is a type of online chat which offers real-time text transmission over the Internet. A LAN
messenger operates in a similar way over alocal area network. Short messages are typically transmitted bi-directionally between two
parties, when each user chooses to complete a thought and select "send"

the three basic functions of the internet.

Web Access
Web access is the way that we view the content on the internet. Typically we use a modem and phone line to access the internet.
This allows you to view all the content one the internet as well as sending and receiving email.

Web Sites
Web sites form all the content that we view on the internet. This web site is one example. They have all sorts of information about
a particular business, person or hobby. The resources available on the internet are endless.
In order to own a functional web site you may need the following
1.
2.

3.

A server with a high speed dedicated connection to hold your page and make it available to others on the internet. This is
referred to as web hosting.
Content for your site. Content consists of web pages that have been designed and uploaded to the site. These pages
hold all the information that your visitors will be able to view.
A web address or URL. This can be a domain name like www.jpswebsolutions.com. This name is how your customers
will be able to find your site. This needs to be registered and setup with InterNIC.

E-commerce
E-commerce is simply selling product on the internet. The internet allows for completed automated sales. Your customers can
view your products, make their selections and pay, all online and automated.

Intranet
An intranet is a set of Internet services (for example a web server) inside alocal network, i.e. only accessible from workstations of a
local network, or rather a set of well-defined networks that are invisible (or inaccessible) from the outside. It involves the use of
Internet client-server standards (using TCP/IP) protocols such as, for example, the use of Web browsers (HTTP protocol-based
client) and Web servers (HTTP protocol), to create an information system inside of an organization or enterprise.

An intranet is generally based on a three-tier architecture, comprising:

clients (generally Web browsers);

one or several application servers (middleware): a web server which makes it possible to interpret CGI, PHP, ASP or other

scripts and translate them into SQL queries to query a database;

a database server.

Advantages of an Intranet
An Intranet makes it possible to create an information system at a low cost (specifically, the cost of an Intranet may very well be
limited to the cost of the material, its maintenance and updating, with client workstations operating with free navigators, a server
running under Linux with the Apache web serve, and the database server MySQL).
On the other hand, considering the "universal" nature of the means in play, any type of machine can be connected to the local
network, i.e. the Intranet.

Extranet
An extranet is an extension of the information system of the company to its partners located outside of the network.
Access to the extranet must be secured to the extent that the same provides access to the information system for persons located
outside of the enterprise.
This might involve simple authentication (authentication via user name and password) or strong authentication (authentication via
a certificate). It is recommended to use HTTPS for all web pages that are consulted from the outside to secure the transport
of HTTP queries and answers and to prevent, in particular, the open transfer of the password on the network.
An extranet is therefore neither an Intranet nor an Internet site. It is rather a supplementary system providing, for example, the clients
of an enterprise, its partners or its subsidiaries with privileged access to certain computer resources of the enterprise via a Web
interface.