Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
29
editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Energy, which is the basis for the existence of the Universe and the human beings,
is described as the capacity to do work. From revolution and rotation of electrons in
an atom to revolution and rotation of planets in the solar system, from blinking of an
eye to climbing mountains, from exploding of a fire cracker to exploding of a nuclear
bomb etc.; every activity requires energy. Hence, energy is known as Strategic
Commodity. In short whatever was, is or will be, is due to the manifestation of
energy in one form or the other.
As energy is the basis of all the existences and activities, and the per-capita energy
consumption (PEC) of a nation is an index of the standard of living, of the people of
that nation. The sustainable development and socio-economic progress of a nation is
thus dependent on the effective and efficient utilisation of energy and its resources [1
3]. Of all the available energy resources, fossil fuels (crude oil (Petroleum) and
natural gas) constitute 45% share i.e. second to none, in Indias energy consumption.
It is also projected that, even if hydropower potential is exploited to the fullest, even if
there is a 40 times increase in the contribution of renewable sources and a 20 times
increase in the contribution of nuclear power capacity, by the year 203132, fossil
fuels will continue to occupy a significant share in the energy consumption of India.
Moreover, among the fossil fuels consumption, crude oil constitute 87.5% share,
whereas, natural gas constitute only 12.5%. Thus, crude oil plays a pivotal role in
Indias energy scenario [4].
Crude oil or petroleum is refined to obtain many products e.g. petrol, diesel
(Petro-diesel), LPG, kerosene, lubricants, fuel oils etc., which are used to meet our
energy needs, as well as to carry out certain other operations. Of all the petroleum
products, petro-diesel accounts for the highest consumption, with its share increasing
from 32.85% in 200506 to 38.83% in 201314, with CAGR of 6.08%. Hence,
substituting alternate fuels for petro-diesel can greatly curtail our foreign expenditure
on crude oil import, decrease dependency on fast depleting crude oil reserves and also
meet the environmental concerns associated with crude oil [5].
Bio-diesel, which is most commonly referred to a vegetable oil or animal fat
(preferably vegetable oil) based diesel engine fuel consisting of long chain alkyl
(Methyl, Ethyl or Propyl) esters, which is typically produced by chemically reacting
lipids (e.g. vegetable oil, animal fat) with an alcohol [6, 7], is the most promising
alternate fuel for petro-diesel. Bio-diesel has many advantages over conventional
petro-diesel viz [813].
1. Bio-diesel is made from renewable resources and has lower toxicity.
2. Bio-diesel feed stocks are readily and easily available.
3. Bio-diesel is biologically degradable and thus reduces the danger of soil
contamination.
4. Bio-diesel refineries are comparatively simpler and more environmental friendly.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp
30
editor@iaeme.com
Traditionally, both edible and non-edible vegetable oils have been used for biodiesel production. However, due to Food vs Fuel concern and also for the Indias
National Policy on Bio-fuels 2009, non-edible vegetable oils have become the catch
of the day [14].
Among non-edible vegetable oils, soapnut (Sapindus Mukorossi) oil is a
potential feedstock for bio-diesel production, as well as a recent introduction in the
field of bio-diesel research. Soapnut, which is basically the fruit of soapnut tree (a
small deciduous tree having an average height of 25 m), is found at an altitude
ranging from 200 m1500 m, in tropical and sub-tropical climatic regions of the
world including Asia, America and Europe. Moreover, soapnut is the most important
tree of the tropical and sub-tropical climatic regions of Asia, and belongs to the family
Sapindaceae. In India, soapnut is most commonly found in Indo-Gangetic Plains,
Shivalik and Sub-Himalayan tracts, North-East, Western and Eastern Ghats, and the
plains of South-India [15, 16].
Although a new substitute to petro-diesel, a lot of researchers have contributed to
the investigation of soapnuts oil and bio-diesel [1731]. Their investigation has
found soapnut oil to be a potential feedstock for bio-diesel production, as well as
soapnut bio-diesel to be a potential alternate fuel for diesel engine. Moreover, the
feasible range of blending for soapnut oil and soapnut bio-diesel with petro-diesel was
found to be 0% (SNO 0) to 20% (SNO 20) and 0% (B0) to 40% (B40) respectively.
However, the efficient range for soapnut bio-diesel blend was found to be B5 to B20.
Whereas, Soapnut bio-diesel was preferred over soapnut oil as alternate fuel for diesel
engine, for apparent reasons.
Thus, much work has been done on soapnut bio-diesel, however, much needs to
be done. So, a research work was undertaken with the following objectives:
1. To verify the feasibility of soapnut bio-diesel as a potential alternate fuel for diesel
engine.
2. to experimentally investigate and compare the performance of a single cylinder four
stroke diesel engine using petro-diesel and lean bio-diesel blends of soapnut biodiesel with petro-diesel (B5, B10, B15 and B20) as engine fuels.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp
31
editor@iaeme.com
Description
Engine
Diesel Engine
Make
Model
SV1
Type
No. of Cylinders
One
Bore (D)
87.5 mm
Stroke (L)
110 mm
Cubic Capacity
662 cc
16.5:1
RPM
1800
Rated Output
8 HP
For the purpose of test, petro-diesel and soapnut fruits were purchased from local
market of Bhopal. Soapnut fruits were first washed and dried, thereafter were crushed
to obtain seeds from them. The seeds were further crushed to obtain kernels. Soapnut
kernels were then cold pressed to obtain soapnut oil, thereafter transesterification
process was employed to obtain bio-diesel from soapnut oil.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp
32
editor@iaeme.com
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp
33
editor@iaeme.com
Property
Test Method
Soapnut Biodiesel
Range/Limit
ASTM 2500
-1
-12 to -3
ASTM 97
-4
-16 to -15
CFPP (C)
ASTM D6371
5.5
5 max.
ASTM D93
165
130 min.
Kinematic Viscosity at
40 C (mm2/s)
ASTM D445
4.630
1.96.0
Cetane Number
ASTM D613
56
47 min.
Density at 15 C (kg/L)
ASTM D1298
0.874
0.80088
Acid Number
(mgKOH/g)
ASTM D664
0.140
0.5 max.
Carbon Residue
(%m/m)
ASTM D4530
0.012
0.050 max.
10
EN 14111
82
120
11
ASTM D4868
40.020
12
Sulphur Content
(mg/kg)
ASTM D874
102
150 max.
13
ASTM D874
0.001
0.002 max.
14
ASTM D1160
86
500 max.
15
ASTM D2709
0.03
0.05 max.
16
ASTM D6584
0.01
0.02 max.
17
ASTM D6548
0.18
0.24 max.
18
Phosphorus Content
(%m/m)
ASTM D4951
0.0008
0.001 max.
19
Oxidation Stability at
110 C (h)
EN 14112
4.7
3 min.
20
Lubricity (WSD/mm)
ASTM D6079
0.181
0.520 max.
21
Workmanship (visual)
ASTM D4176
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp
34
editor@iaeme.com
S P E E D V S LO AD
Speed (RPM)
B0
B5
B10
B15
B20
780
770
760
750
740
730
720
710
700
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
90
100
Load (%)
Figure 1 Speed vs. Load for Petro-diesel and the Blends
BRAKE P O W E R V S LO AD
Brake Power (w)
B0
B5
B10
B15
B20
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Load (%)
Figure 2 Break Power vs. Load for Petro-diesel
Petro diesel and the Blends
BS FC V S LO AD
BSFC (kg/kwh)
B0
B5
B10
B15
B20
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
50
60
70
80
90
100
Load (%)
Figure 3 BSFC vs. Load for Petro-diesel and the Blends
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp
ET/index.asp
35
editor@iaeme.com
B0
B5
B10
B15
B20
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Load (%)
Figure 4 Volumetric Efficiency vs. Load for Petro-diesel
Petro diesel and the Blends
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp
ET/index.asp
36
editor@iaeme.com
with higher brake power due to proper and efficient combustion of B10. Moreover,
during the entire load range, BSFC only varies slightly and also has low value for
petro-diesel and the blends.
In Figure 4, Volumetric Efficiency is plotted against the Load for petro-diesel and
blends of bio-diesel with petro-diesel. In the beginning, volumetric efficiency is
almost same for petro-diesel and the blends. Afterwards, volumetric efficiency
increases for petro-diesel and the blends, as the load increases, due to increasing fuel
consumption with load. At 93.75% load, volumetric efficiency of B20 is 1.6% higher
than that of petro-diesel. And, over the entire load range, volumetric efficiency at any
given load, for high percentage bio-diesel blend is higher than that of low percentage
bio-diesel blend, with that of petro-diesel being the lowest. This is for the reason that
oxygen content of the blends increases with increasing bio-diesel percentage.
In short, performance of petro-diesel and bio-diesel blends were satisfactory and
within reasonable limits, except for the startling performance of B20 at 75% of load.
However, overall performance of B10 was marginally better than the rest.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The present work was undertaken to experimentally investigate, the feasibility of
soapnut bio-diesel as a potential alternate fuel for diesel engine, as well as the engine
performance of a single cylinder, four stroke water cooled diesel engine using petrodiesel and lean soapnut bio-diesel blends with petro-diesel as engine fuels. The
investigation was performed for medium to high load range of 50%93.75%. The
load range of 50%93.75% was chosen as its the major operational load range of an
engine.
For the high load range of 62.5%93.75%, B10 performed better than the rest for
speed, BSFC and BP as well, with 0.2% less BSFC and 0.2% more BP than petrodiesel at 93.75% load. However, B20 performed better for volumetric efficiency over
the entire load range. In short, overall performance of B10 was marginally better than
the rest.
5. REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp
37
editor@iaeme.com
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp
38
editor@iaeme.com
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp
39
editor@iaeme.com