TRANSMISSION

AND
DISTRIBUTION

 Objective of the course

Basics
History of Electric power Generation,
transmission and distribution
War of currents

Thomas edison vs nikolas tesla

We always depend on EE round the clock

Light,fan,Wash M/c,water pump, mob./laptop charger

Cost remains a main factor in all activity

T&D
objective
Reliable
uninterrupted
Good quality
V (comfort),f
(flicker),pf (I inc.)
Safety mcb
cheap

Lets buy a car.!

Reliable
Should run all time
Good quality
Power ,Materials,
life time

Safety airbag, ABS (brake)

Finally cheap

Voltage-Pressure Analogy

click here

L = 10Km
I = 1A
G

GS
200V
1KW

L
O
A
D

3 Basic Elements R ,L , C
L& C are energy storage elements
R is Energy dissipating element
Let us assume

Ohms Law
R = 10 /km
Req = 100
I = 1A

V drop = 1*100 = 100V

P = V * I (W) or (VA)

V = I*R (V)
P (loss) = I2 * Req (W) or (VA) = 100W or VA

Application of faradays law by Tesla

Transformer
Nichola Tesla

Step up

Step down

General structure of power transmission and distribution by Tesla

Generation
Station

110V

Step up
transformer
LV/HV
LT/HT
110V/11KV

Transmission of
Electric power
over
long distance

Step down
transformer
HV/LV
HT/LT
11KV/110V
Distribution of
power
to
the customers

Example
Sending end

110V

Step up
transformer

Receiving end

11KV

11KV

Step down
transformer

110V / 11KV

11KV / 110V

10KVA

10KVA

110V

Input side:

Output side:

Input side:

Output side:

P=V*I

P=V*I

P=V*I

P=V*I

10K = 110 * I

10K = 11K * I

10K = 11K * I

10K = 110 * I

I = 90.9 A

I = 0.909 A

I = 0.909 A

I = 90.9A

Rated V = 230V

Heater

Induction
cookware

Laptop
charger

I = P/V

P = 1400W I = 6.08A

P = 1200W I = 5.2A

P = 65W

I = 0.282A

Mobile P = 4.25W
charger
I = 0.018A = 18mA

Current-Flow rate Analogy

Pipe
flowrate in liters/min

Electric conductor
coulombs/sec = amperes

I = q/t (C/S)

Current on 11 KV side
P = V*I
I = P/V
I = 500KVA/11KV
I = 45.45A

Current on 433 V side

P = V*I
I = P/V
I = 500KVA/433V
Current will be 1.154KA (or)
1154.73 A

Conductors
on
11KV

Conductors
on
433 V

Advantages of using Transformer in electric power transmission

and distribution
As the voltage is stepped up

The value of current decreases

The size of the conductor chosen for power transmission depends on the
value of current flown in it.

The size and materials used for constructing the transmission tower is
rapidly reduced.
As a result we can save lot of money

As the voltage is stepped up

The value of current decreases

Ex:
Case(i):
I = 10A Req = 100 ohm
P (loss) = I2 * Req (W)
P (loss) = 100 * 100 = 10KW

P (loss) = I2 * Req (W)

The transmission line loss can be reduced rapidly

Case(ii):
I = 1A Req = 100 ohm
P (loss) = I2 * Req (W)
P (loss) = 1 * 100 = 100 W

Presently 99.9% of electricity generated, transmitted

and distributed in the form of AC

For specific applications we depend on DC power

All energy storage equipments need DC power
Mobile,laptops,UPS
Almost all electronic circuits work on DC power

Can we store Electric Energy? ? ?

Transmission is cheaper at higher voltage

Higher the voltage more power can be transmitted

Distribution needs lower voltage

Bulk power generation brings the cost down eg.,

ITC

War of currents
Thomas Edison

Nikola Tesla

George Westinghouse

Great financial investor

Owner of the ship titanic
George westinghouse power station near niagara falls

L
I
G

L
O
A
D

Power loss by resistance

Electric field intensity

d

Light intensity

Electric Field

intensity

Magnetic Field

intensity

Unit..?

Unit..?
Capacitor element which store
energy in the form of electric field
Whenever voltage is present
electric field
Voltage is responsible for creating
electric field

Inductor element which store

energy in the form of magnetic field
Whenever current flow in a conductor
magnetic field
Current is responsible for creating
magnetic field

This arrangement looks similar to a capacitor

Upper plate

Electric Field (E) = V/d

Lower plate
Breakdown Strength of air = 30KV/cm

(V/m) E

11KV Transmission line

66KV Transmission line

110KV Transmission line

765 KV Transmission line

765 KV Transmission line

765 KV Transmission line

1000 KV
Transmission line

1000 KV
Transmission line

Text book

Modern Power System

Analysis
Book by D.P. Kothari and
I.J. Nagrath

NPTEL videos
available

 Transmission And
Distribution
U.A.Bakshi, M.V.Bakshi

UNIT I STRUCTURE OF POWER SYSTEM

UNIT II TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS

UNIT III MODELLING AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES

UNIT IV INSULATORS AND CABLES

UNIT V MECHANICAL DESIGN OF LINES AND GROUNDING

UNIT I STRUCTURE OF POWER SYSTEM

Structure of electric power system: generation,

transmission and distribution

Types of AC and DC distributors
distributed and concentrated loads
interconnection
EHVAC and HVDC transmission

Introduction to FACTS

INTRODUCTION

Energy can neither be created nor be

destroyed but it can be converted from one
form to another.

Generation of an electrical energy is nothing

but the conversion of various forms of energy
into an electric energy.

 Various energy sources which are used to

generate electric energy on the large scale
are steam obtained by burning coal, oil,
natural gas, water stored in dams, diesel oil,
nuclear power, other non-conventional
energy sources.
Electrical power is generated in bulk at the
generating stations are also called power
stations.

A TYPICAL TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

SCHEME
Flow of electrical power from the generating station to the
consumer is called an electrical power system or electrical
supply system.
1. Generating station.
2. Transmission network.
3. Distribution network.
All these network are interconnected with the help of
conductors and various step up and step down transformers.

SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF A TYPICAL

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SCHEME
Design of transmission lines are based on the factors
like transmission voltage levels, constants like
resistance, reactance of the lines, line performance,
interference with the neighboring circuits.

The mechanical features are the strength of the supports,

sag calculations and tension.
The power transmission by the overhead lines is much
cheaper.

Transmission tower

Transmission Tower

 Transmission is generally along with additional

lines in parallel known as duplicate lines.
Transfer of power from receiving station to the
substation with the help of conductors is called as
feeders. This is called secondary transmission.
From substations, power is distributed to the local
distribution centres with the help of distributors

For bulk loads like factories and industries, the distributors

transfer power directly.

For light loads, there are distribution centres consisting of

distribution transformers which step down the voltage to
230V or 400V. This is called primary distribution.
Insulated conductors are used in the form of underground
cables, to give supply to the consumers. These cables are
called service mains. This is called secondary distribution.

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL TRANSMISSION

DISTRIBUTION SCHEME

At the generating station, an electric power is generated

with the help of three phase alternators running in parallel.
In the scheme shown, the voltage level is 11KV but the
voltage level may be 6.6KV, 22KV or 33KV depending
upon the capacity of generating station.

Single line diagram representation

Single line
diagram
representation

Single line diagram representation