Complete Lab

LAB EXPERIMENT 01
DESIZING
DESIZING
Name:
_____________________________________________
____________________
ID No.
Signature of the lab tutor________________________

Date:_____________________
Removal of the size (desizing) by exhaust method

PERFORMANCE/OBJECTIVES
Upon the successful completion of this experiment students will be able to
(i)
(ii)
Understand the process of desizing

Understand the exhaust method of desizing
Tools:
Greigh Fabric
HT Dyeing Machine
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Desizer
Wetting Agent
Electrolyte
Theory:
Sizes are applied on the wrap yarn before it reaches the weaving machine. Purpose of any
sizing process is to increase weaving productivity by reducing wrap breakage. Wrap yarns
are more prone to breakage due to extensive forces acting on them during weaving. For
example, tension of the drop wires of (wrap stop motion), shade opening by heald frames,
friction of the weft insertion median and beat up forces of the reed etc. Sizes are not applied
on the weft yarn because it is less likely to be processed under extensive forces and
tensions.
Sizes are not applied on the yarn to be used in knitting because of the less likelihood of the
forces on the yarn. At the same time fabric is formed in this process by interloping through
knitting needles and these needles do not exert such huge tension that may require
application of size.
Overall, the sizes serve to achieve the following purposes:
a.
b.
c.
d.
To increase the strength of yarn

Reduction in yarn hairiness
Increase resistance against abrasion
Reduce the chance of fluff and fly during weaving.
Usually sizes are applied on the yarn from aqueous solution and they form a film of
polymers on the yarn. These film forming substances or sizes can be classified into two
major groups as given in the chart below.
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FILM FORMING POLYMER
Natural
STARCH
CELLULOSE
Synthetic
PVA ACRYLATE ACRYLOAMIDE
POLYESTER
100% cotton fabrics are mostly sized with starch based sizes and cotton/polyester
blends with PVA to achieve higher weaving efficiency at optimum cost. Most made fibers
on the other hand can be sized with poly vinyl alcohol and poly-acrylic acid sizes.
After weaving, the sizes must be removed from the fabric before it is to be dyed or
finished. This is accomplished during the preparation of the fabric for coloring or finishing
(pretreatment). The process in which these sizes are removed is called desizing. Extent
is decided on the following criteria.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Sizes% applied on the yarn

Construction of the cloth
Nature of the size and its viscosity of the size solution
Desizing method
Chemical auxiliaries used in the bath
Water soluble sizes like CMC, PVA and acrylates mostly do not need chemical desizing;
they can be readily desized with hot water. Addition of wetting agents may be helpful. Starch
on the other hand requires especial attention. It is a carbohydrate polymer composed of 25%
amylose and 75% amylopectins. Amylose is the inner and relatively soluble portion of starch
and it is polymer of glucose that consist of long chains of glucose units joined together by
1,4-glycoside linkage. Amylopectin is the outer and almost insoluble portion of a starch and it
is highly branched glucose polymer. Hence, removal of the starch needs some sort of
chemical treatment to break down it into water soluble glucose and dextrin.
For the removal of starch, variety of desizng agents can be used. For example:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Bacteria
Acids
Oxidizing agents
Enzymes
Bacterial:
Bacterial desizing is sometimes called rot steeping. Cotton is wetted in the water and is left
in the damp conditions for several hours. Numerous bacteria present in the environment will
degrade the starch in damp and warm conditions. This process of desizing is time
consuming and at same time there are chances of degradation of cellulose of cotton and its
blends by bacteria.
Acids:
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Sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid (dilute solution and under cold conditions) can be used
to degrade the starch. Normally, fabric if soaked in the dilute solution of the acid and then it
is left for two to three hours at room temperature. As the acids are prone to dissolve the
cellulose, hence this process requires crucial control of temperature and tie; it may cause
serious damage to the cotton.
However, the main advantage of acid desizing is that it requires less time for degradation of
starch and any metal particles present in the fabric are readily removed in the process.
Oxidizing Agents:
Oxidizing agents like Hydrogen per Oxide (H2O2) and per-sulphates may be used to
degrade the starch without degrading cellulose. As H2O2 is used in the process of
bleaching, it is economical to carry out both desizing and bleaching in one process.
However, it can be a suitable choice, if only, amount of size on the fabric is too less.
Enzymatic desizing:
Enzymatic desizing is the more suitable and most widely used method of desizing the starch.
Enzymes are the bio-catalysts having specific action on the surface; a family of the enzymes
known as amylases converts the insoluble starch into numerous soluble scahardies by
increasing the rate of hydrolysis.
The enzymes breakdown the starch into water soluble sugar, maltose and dextrin; these
water soluble products can easily be washed out.
Typical Recipe
Chemical
Quantity
Parameter
Range
Liquor Ratio
Siruxx2ud
NaCl
Bactosol MTN
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Weigh the fabric and prepare the chemical bath according to the recipe.
Check pH of the bath and if required maintain it with acetic acid.
Dip the fabric in the chemical bath and load on the water bath.
Adjust all process parameters on the machine and start operation.
When process is completed hot rinse at 80-90C for 10-15min and then cold rinse for
3mins.
6. Finally dry Desized fabric at 90C in an oven.
Calculations:
S.NO
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Material
Quantity
Page 3
Fabric weight
Total liquor
Bactosol MTN
Siruxx 2UD
NaCl
%of starch removed = (initial weight of sample final weight of sample)x100%
Initial weight of sample
% of starch removed =
x 100% =
%
Test Results:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Why pH of the desizing bath is kept acidic?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe the mechanism of starch hydrolysis through enzymatic desizing
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
FINAL CHECK LIST:
1. Clean your machinery equipment/material and workbench before you leave.
2. Ensure the replacement of all equipment to their specified storage area.
3. Submit your answer to questions together with your data, calculation and results
before the next laboratory/experiment
LAB EXPERIMENT 02
DESIZING
Name:
_____________________________________________
____________________
ID No.

Date:_____________________
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Removal of the size (desizing) by pad-batch method

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
Upon the successful completion of this experiment students will be able to:
(i)
(ii)
Understand the process of desizing

Understand the pad-batch method of desizing
MACHINES/MATERIAL REQUIRED
Greigh fabric
Horizontal or vertical padders
Acetic acid
DISCUSSION
In the desizing process, size applied on the fabric prior to weaving is removed. The
process of desizing can be accomplished either by hydrolysis or by oxidation. Water
soluble size like PVA and CMC are readily Desized by hot water; wetting agent are added
if required. However, starch is water insoluble and cannot be readily degraded by simple
hot washed. For removal of starch numerous degrading agent or desizing agents are
used for the removal of starch are:
1.Enzymes
2.Dilute solution of acids
3.Bacteria &
4.Oxidizing agents
Detail descript ion of the desizing process and desizing agents is given in the previous
practical.
Typical Recipe
Chemical
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Quantity
parameter
range
Page 5
TOTAL LIQUOR
Sandoclean Pc
BactosolHC1000
SIRRIX2UD
PROCEDURE
1. Prepare chemical/ desizing bath according to recipe and maintain its ph with
acetic acid
2. Adjust the pickup % age of the padders &pad the fabric 3-5 times at room
temp:
3. Make the roll of padded fabric,
4. Put it in polyethylene bags and keep for 12-24 hrs (batching time)
5. Hot rinse at 90-100 c for 1.5-2 minutes
6. Hot wash twice at 90-95c
7. Warm wash at 60c and
8. Finally cold wash for 10 min:
9. Dry the fabric at 70c in an oven or dryer.
Calculations
S no
1
Total liquor
Sandoclean pc
BactosolHC1000
Sirrix 2UD
% of starch removed = (initial weight of sample final weight of sample)
x100%
Initial weight of sample
TEST REULTS
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1.Explain purpose of sequestering agents used in this experiment?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2.Differentiate b/w exhaust semi-continuous and continuous method?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3.What is impact of pick-up % age in the process?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
FINAL CHECK LEST
1.Clean your machinery equipment/ material and workbench before you leave.
2.Ensure the replacement of all equipments to their specified storage area.
3.Submit your answer to questions together with your data, calculation and results
before the next laboratory/ equipment.
LAB EXPERIMENT 03
Name:
_____________________________________________
____________________
ID No.

Date:_____________________
To determine starch contents in the Greigh fabric
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Upon the successful completion of this experiment student will be able to:
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i.
ii.
iii.
Understand purpose of different sizes applied on yarns

Understand the way to evaluate size contents in the fabric
Understand the calculating size content
MACHINES / MATERIAL REQUIRED

Greigh fabrics
Iodine /Tegawa solution
Violet scale
CHEMICAL REQUIRED
Potassium iodide (100%)
Ethanol
Water
DISCUSSION
Sizes are chemicals applied on the warp yarns prior to weaving so that the yarn can with
stand wear and tear and different tensions during weaving process .There are there types of
sizes that are conventionally applied on the warp yarns
i.
ii.
iii.
Natural Sizes (eg. Starch)

Synthetic sizes (eg.PVC)
Natural polymer based sizes (eg.CMC)
The amount of size used is mentioned by the greigh department so as to decide the extent
of desizing to be carried out
PROCEDURE
Prepration of KI solution
Dissolve 10 grams of KI ( potassium iodide ) in 100 ml demineralized water until it is
completely dissolve
Make the volume up to 800 ml with water
Finally add ethanol to make the volume up to 1000 ml
Precautions for Ki Solution
Dont expose the sun light

Store in the brown bottle and used within 3 months
ASSESMENT OF SIZE CONTENTS
Pour few drops the Ki solution of the fabric to be tasted

Rub the cloth gently
Compare color change with violet scale and no rating
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NOTE:
1. Fabric must be brought to room temperature before conducting the test
2. Before conduction of test the fabric PH should be neutralized
Evaluation
Color change
Quantity of starch
No change
Pale blue
Bluish brown
Brown
No of starch is present
Trace of starch
Appreciable amount of starch
Modified starch PVA
Test results:
Violet Scale rating _____________________________
%age of size content in the fabric _________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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REVIEW QUESTION
Q 1.What is purpose of iodine in the Tegawa solution?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Q 2.Mention the standard for size selection?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
FINAL CHECK LIST

1. Clean your machinery equipments /materials and workbench before you leave
2. Ensure the replacement of all equipments to their specified storage area
3. Submit your answer to question together with your data. Calculation and result before
the next laboratory /experiment
LAB EXPERIMENT 04
Student Name: ___________________________________
____________________
_____________________
ID No.
Date:
To determine absorbency of fabric

Upon the successful completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
1. Understand effect of absorbency of fabric on coloration and finishing process
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2. Determine absorbency of the specimen

CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Direct Dye (Turquoise Blue)

De-ionized water
DISCUSSION
Absorbency of the fabric determines how easily it allows water molecules to be absorbed.
Absorbency tests are mostly carried out on cellulose and cellulose blend to determine the
extent a particular fabric could absorb dye, water or any other chemical. It can be
determined by several methods e.g. AATTCC test method 79 and DIN 53924; these include
determination of time taken for standard drop to be absorbed.
Absorbency can be increased with the application of chemicals called wetting agents. These
are mostly surface active gents which, when applied on substrate, reduce surface tension of
water (force that pulls the surface molecules inwards), as a result of decrease of surface
tension, absorbency of fabric is increased. process etc.
PROCEDURE
1. Cut a piece of fabric into 10X 4 cm specimen, mark line on it 1 cm apart from each
other and number like scale.
2. Take a Petri dish or beaker and fill it with 1% solution of turquoise blue direct dye.
3. Suspend strip of fabric over the solution so that exactly about 1 cm of the lower end
of sample is immersed in solution.
4. Keep the sample immersed for 60 seconds.
5. Take the sample out and without wasting any time iron so that the dye may not
further spread.
6. Finally, assess the absorbency of fabric by the height at which dye solution reached
TEST REULTS
Sample. No
Absorbency
1
2
3
4
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define absorbency?
2. What should be absorbency of fabric that is to be printed or dyed with pigment dye?
3. Discuss importance of absorbency of fabric in dyeing?
FINAL CHECK LIST

1. Clean your machinery equipment/materials and workbench before you leave.
2. Ensure the replacement of all equipments to their specified storage area.
3. Submit your answers to questions together with your data, calculation and result
LAB EXPERIMENT 05
Student Name: ___________________________________
____________________
_____________________
ID No.
Date:
Removal of natural and added impurities (scouring) by exhaust

method
PERFORMANCE ABJECTIVE
Upon the successful completion of this experiment student will be able to
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(i)
(ii)
Understand the mechanism of scouring and cotton of auxiliaries used

Understand the exhaust method of scouring
Desized fabric
HT dyeing or Oscillating Dyeing machines
CHEMICAL REQUIRED
Caustic soda
Wetting agent
Sequesting agent
DISCUSSION
Natural cellulosic fiber like cotton and flax contain natural impurities like pectins, lignin,
waxes and fats along with some added impurities such as oil stains, dirt and dust particle
etc. Amount of these impurities present in different varieties of cotton and flax are given in
the table below
Scouring is the process in which impurities present in the cellulosic fibers are removed by
treating it with alkali. In the process fats, waxes, proteins, oils, pectins, ash miscellaneous
substance such as pigments amid cellulose and reducing sugure etc are removed from the
fabric. The typical process consists of boiling the fabric with 3 to 6 % solution of sodium
hydroxide (NaOH). Fats and waxes are insoluble in water, when alkali (NaOH) reats with
them, soap is formed .This process is called saponification.
TRIGLYCERIDES:
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This soap is not only water soluble but also has detergent properties. This will need to
removal of the dirt impurities.
During scouring of the natural cellulosic fiber, 5 to 10n % of the weight are lost as a result of
removal of impurities. This weight loose is because of the degradation and the solution of the
impurities like fats, waxes, proteins, pectins and lignin etc. however wettability and
absorbency of the substrate is increased.
TYPICALL RECIPE
CHEMICAL
Liquir ratio
Caustic soda
SANDOPAN dtc (PASTE)
Sirrix AK (liquid)
QUANTITY
1:2
1.0 2.0 %
0.25- 0.5 G/L
0.5 2.0 g/l
PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Prepare the bath according to the recipe

Start the process at 40 C
Treat the fabric at 100 C for 30 60 min
Finely hot rinse the fabric at 80 90 for 10 15 min
Cold rinse
CALCULATION
S.NO
MATERIAL
1
2
3
4
5
Fabric weight
Total liquor
Caustic soda
Sirrix AK
Sandopan DTC
QUANTITY
Solomatic bleaching serves to remove almost all of the impurities including fats, waxes,
proteins, pectin, ash, chlorophylls and xanthophylls and also seed fragments. Thus it is an
economical process saving both the time and the money. However, if full if full white fabric
with high degree of whiteness is intended then, it is better to perform both the process
separately to achieved best results.
Typical Recipe
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Chemical
Quantities
Liquor
Caustic Soda
Hydrogen per oxide
Stabilizer Y2K
Sandoclean PC-LF (paste)
Sirrix 2UD
1:20
1.0%
.20 3.0 %
.025 0.5 %
0.5 1.0 %
1.0 %
Test Result:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Describe soap formation while scouring of cotton fabric?
2. Explain the roll of emulsifier in scouring?
3. How a NaOH solubilizes fats and waxes?
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FINAL CHECK LIST

LAB EXPERIMENT 06
Name:
_____________________________________________
____________________
ID No.

Date:_____________________
Bleaching of 100 % cotton fabric by exhaust method
Upon the successful completion of this experiment student will be able to
(iii)
Understand the bleaching process for 100% cotton fabric
(iv)
Understand the role of auxiliaries in the process
Scoured fabric
HT dyeing or oscillating Dyeing machine
CHEMICAL REQUIRED
Hydrogen per oxide
Caustic soda
Stabilizer
Wetting agent
Sequesting agent
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DISCUSSION
During the scouring of cotton impurities like fate, waves. Proteins and ash is removed
However>scouring does not remove natural color of cotton. It also does not completely
removed
seed and husk. To remove natural color of the cotton and seed fragment
bleaching process follows the scouring. Sometimes both scouring bleaching are
simultaneous carried out, the process is called solomatic bleaching.
Cotton contains natural pigments called (CHLOR0PHYLLS) and (NANTHOPHYLLS), which
cause its color to be yellowish. In the process of bleaching these pigments are removed from
the cotton fiber. Along which these pigments seed fragment are also removed. Thus
bleaching accomplishes purification of the fiber.
1.Hydrogen per oxide
Hydrogen per oxide is comparatively expensive bleaching agent .But, because of case of
application, least threat from the substrate and environment friendly nature, and it is widely
used for the removal of natural pigments.
2.Sodium hypo-chlorite
If ph is not controlled during NaOCl bleaching, it will degraded cellulose, because of the
formation of the hypo-chlorous acid at natural pH (7) and liberation of chlorine gas at pH
lower than 7 ,however ,under controlled condition ,it may be a suitable option .
3.Sodium chlorite
Sodium chlorite when used as a bleaching agent produces chlorine dioxide (even a
controlled process), which is extremely toxic .At the same time, it is extremely corrosive to
the machinery because of this it is least preferred bleaching agent,
Chemical
Liquor Ratio
Hydrogen per Oxide (35%)
Caustic soda (solid)
Stabilizer SAIF (liquid)
Sirrix 2UD
Quantities
1:2
3.0 ml/l
3.0 m/l
1.20-2.00 g/l
0.5 g/l
1.0-1.5 g/l
PROCEDURE
1. Prepare the bath according to recipe
2. Pad the fabric at 40 C pick up
3. Treat the fabric at 90 C for 20-30 min
4. Cool down to 70 C and drain
5 Cold rinses at 40 C for 10 min:
6 finally rinse the fabric hot (at 80 C for 10 minutes)
Calculations
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S.No
Material
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Fabric Weight
Total liquor
Hydrogen per Oxide
Caustic Soda
Stabilizer SIFA
Sirrix 2UD
Sandoclean PC-LF(paste)
Quantity
Test results:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
REVIEW QUESTION
1. Enlist chemicals used for bleaching of cotton ?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. What are pin-holes and how these can be avoided?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain the function of stabilizer in bleaching?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
FINAL CHECK LIST
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LAB EXPERIMENT 07
BLEACHING
Student Name: ___________________________________
____________________
_____________________
ID No.
Date:
Bleaching of 100%cotton fabric by continuous method

PERFORMANCE/OBJECTIVES
I.Understand the bleaching process
II.Understand role of auxiliaries used in this process
III.
Understand the continuous bleaching process
Scoured fabric
Pad-steam machine
CHEMICAL REQUIRED
Hydrogen per Oxide
Caustic Soda
Stabilizer
Wetting Agent
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Sequestering Agent
THEORY:
During the scouring of cotton impurities like fats, wax, proteins, pectins and ash is
removed. However, scouring does not remove natural color of cotton. It also does not
completely remove seed and husk. To remove natural color of the cotton and seed
fragment bleaching process follows the scouring. Sometimes both scouring and bleaching
are simultaneously carried out; the process is called Solomatic bleaching.
Cotton contains natural pigments called chlorophylls and xanthophylls, which cause its
color to be yellowish. In the process of bleaching these pigments are removed from the
cotton fiber. Along with these pigments seed fragments are also removed. Thus bleaching
accomplishes purification of the fiber.
1.Hydrogen per Oxide (H202):

Hydrogen per Oxide is comparatively expensive bleaching agent. But , because
of ease of application, least threat for the substrate and environment friendly
nature, it is widely used for the removal of natural pigments.
2.Sodium hypo-chlorite (NaOCl):
If the pH is not controlled during NaOCl bleaching, it will degrade cellulose;
because of the formation of the hypo-chlorous acid at neutral pH (7) and
liberation of chlorine gas at pH lower than 7. However, under controlled condition,
it may be suitable option.
3.Sodium chlorite (NaClO2):
Sodium chlorite when used as bleaching agent produces chlorine dioxide (event
at controlled process), which is extremely toxic. At the same time, it is extremely
corrosive to the machinery because of this it is least preferred bleaching agent.
Depending on the extent of bleaching, fabric may be said to be half bleached or full
bleached. In the half bleached fabric, some of the natural pigments are removed and
fabric yet contains chlorophyll and xanthophylls. However in case of full bleached fabric,
almost all natural pigments are removed. The removal of the natural color of the cotton, its
whiteness is increased. A normal bleached fabric may achieve whiteness index of about
60 to 75 or sometimes 80.
Typical Recipe
Chemical
Quantity
Liquor Ratio
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Hydrogen per Oxide (35%)

Stabilizer SIFA (liquid)
MgCl2
PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Prepare the bath according to recipe.

Pad the fabric at 80% pick up.
Steam (saturated) the fabric for 20-30 min: at 102C.
Hot rinse at 80C-90C for 10 min:
Warm rinse at 60C for 10 min: and finally cold rinse for 5 minutes.
Calculations
S.NO
Material
Fabric Weight
Total Liquor
Hydrogen per Oxide
Caustic Soda
Stabilizer
MgCl2
Quantity
TEST REULTS
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
1.What is role of MgCl2 in H2O2 bleaching?
2.What are the advantages of continuous bleaching over exhaust bleaching process?
3. What are reasons of foaming and how it can be avoided?
FINAL CHECK LEST

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LAB EXPERIMENT 07
Student Name: ________________________________
____________________
ID No.
Signature of the lab tutor: ___________________

_____________________
Date:
Solomatic bleaching of pc blend fabric by exhaust method
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
1. Desized Fabric
2. HT dyeing or Oscillating Dyeing Machine
CHEMICAL REQUIRED
Caustic Soda
Hydrogen per oxide
Stabilizer
Wetting agent
Sequsting agent
DISCUSSION
In solomatic bleaching, both the scouring and bleaching processes are carried out
simultaneously for economical processing
Scouring is the process impurities present in the cellulosic fabric are removed by treating it
with alkali. In this process fats, waxes, proteins, oils, pectin, ash, miscellaneous substance
such that is pigments, hemicelluloses and reducing sugars etc are removed from the
fabric .The typical process consist of boiling the contaminated cotton fabric with 3 6 %
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solution of sodium hydro oxide (NaOH). Fats and waxes are insoluble in water, when alkali,
(NaOH) reacts with them, soap is formed .This process is called saponification.
Soap formed during saponification is not only water soluble but also has detergent
properties. This property will lead to removal of the dirt and other insoluble impurities.
Cotton contain natural pigments called CHLOROPHYLL and XANTHOPHYLLS, which
caused it color to be yellowish. In the process of bleaching these pigments are removed from
the cotton fabric .Along with these pigments seed fragments are also removed. Thus
bleaching accomplishes purification of the fiber.
proteins, pectin, ash, chlorophylls and xanthophylls and also seed fragments. Thus it is an
economical process saving both the time and the money. However, if full if full white fabric
with high degree of whiteness is intended then, it is better to perform both the process
separately to achieved best results.
Typical Recipe
Chemical
Quantities
Liquor
Caustic Soda
Hydrogen per oxide
Stabilizer Y2K
Sirrix 2UD
PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Start process at 60 C with

Sandoclean PC-LF
Sirrix 2UD
0.5 1.0 %
1.0 %
Immerse fabric and treat at 60 C for 15 min .then add

1.0 %
Stabilizer Y2K
0.25 0.5 %
Hydrogen per oxide
2.0 3.0 %
Rise the temperature o bil and treat at boil for 20 30 min
Cool down to 70 C for 15 min
Hot rinse at 80 C for 15 min
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6.
Cold rinse at 40 C for 10 min
Calculation:
S.NO
Material
Fabric Weight
Total liquor
Caustic Soda
Hydrogen per oxide
Stabilizer Y2K
Sirrix 2UD
Sandoclean PC-LF
Quantity
TEST RESULTS
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What are advantages of Solomatic bleaching over conventional scouring and
bleaching processes performed separately?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2.
Write disadvantages of Solomatic bleaching?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
FINAL CHECK LIST
1. Clean your machinery equipments/material and workbench before you leave
2. Ensure the replacement of all equipments to their specified storage area Submit your
answer to question together with your data, calculation and result before the next
laboratory/experiment.
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LAB EXPERIMENT 09
Name:
_____________________________________________
____________________
ID No.

Date:_____________________
Solomatic bleaching of pc blend fabric by continuous

method
Upon the successful completion of this experiment student will be able to:
(v)
(vi)
Understand the solomatic bleaching process and roll of auxiliaries used

Understand and perform solomatic bleaching by continuous method
Desized fabric
Pad steam machine
CHEMICAL REQUIRED
Hydrogen per oxide

Caustic soda
Stabilizer
Wetting agent
Sequesting agent
DISCUSSION
In solomatic bleaching both the scouring and bleaching process are carried out
simultaneously for economical processing.
Scouring is the process impurities present in the cellulosic fibers are removed by treating it
with alkali. In this process fats, waxes, proteins, oils, ash substances such as pigments hemi
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cellulosic and reducing sugar etc are removed from the fabric. The typical process consists
of boiling the contaminated cotton fabric with 3- 6 % solution of sodium hydroxide. Fats and
waxes are insoluble in water when alkali reacts with them, Soap is formed .this process is
called saponification
Soap formed during saponification is not only water soluble but also has detergent properties
this property will lead to the removal of the dirt and other insoluble impurities
Cotton contains natural pigments called chlorophylls and xanthophylls , which cause its
color to be yellowish in the process of bleaching these pigments are removed from the
cotton fiber .Along with these pigments seed fragments are also removed. Thus bleaching
accomplishes purification of the fiber.
pectins, ash, chlorophylls and xanthophylls and also seed fragments this it is an
economical process saving both the time and money. Hoe ever, if full white fabric with high
degree of whiteness its intended then, it is better to perform both the process separately to
achieve best results
.
Chemical
Quantities
Total Liquor
Hydrogen per Oxide
Caustic soda (flex)
Peristal PSK (con)
Prevlin NIC /Tannix - 15
250 m/l
20 m/l
20g/l
6.0 G/L
2.0 g/l
PROCEDURE
1. Prepare liquor according to recipes
2. Pad the fabric 3- 5 times at 100% pick up
3. Steam the padded fabric in the steamer at 102 C for 20 min
4. Take out sample from steamer
5. Finally dry it in an oven
Calculations
S.No
Material
1
2
3
4
5
Total liquor
Hydrogen per Oxide
Caustic Soda
Peristal PSK (conc)
Prelvin NTC /tannix -15
Mujahid Mehdi
Quantity
Page 27
Test results:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
REVIEW QUESTION
1. Why peristal PSK is used in the solomatic bleaching process?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. What is purpose of Prelvin _NTC?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain the advantages of continuous solomatic bleaching process?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
FINAL CHECK LIST
Mujahid Mehdi
Page 28
LAB EXPERIMENT 10
WHITNESS
INDEX
Student Name: ___________________________________

____________________
_____________________
ID No.
Date:
To determine whiteness index of bleaching fabric

Upon the successful completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
(i)
(ii)
Whiteness index and its measurement

Working of spectrophotometer
Spectrophotometer
Bleached Samples
DISCUSSION
Whiteness index is a measure of the whiteness of the fabric which determines extent of
bleaching performed on the fabric. More often, it can be said that, it is quantitative analysis
of the amount of natural pigments removed from the cotton or extent of natural color
removed from fabric.
More the impurities are removed, higher will be the degree of whiteness and higher will be
value of whiteness index.
This degree of whiteness is measured with the help of color measuring spectrophotometer.
The principle of operation of this equipment is simply calculation of ratio of the reflected light
to incident light from a sample at many points across the visible spectrum. This ratio is called
reflectance. Reflectance percentage can be calculated by the formula given below:
Reflectance= reflected light/ incident light x 100
Whiteness index of the normal bleached fabric ranges from 60to 75 or up maximum of 80
degrees. A pure white paper may have a degree of whiteness of about 150. Higher values of
whiteness can be achieved with application of Fluorescent Brightening Agent; generally
called FBAs.
Mujahid Mehdi
Page 29
The simple principle by which these whitening agent increase whiteness is that, they absorb
UV light and they emit in the visible (blue region); this phenomenon is generally called
Fluorescence.
With the application of FBAs, degree of whiteness of the fabric may be increased up to 120
to 125.
PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Turn on the spectrophotometer and set it to specific software.

Calibrate the spectrophotometer with the tiles provided.
Select whiteness index to be calculated.
Clear the fluff, threads and creases (if any) from the sample and fit it properly on the
sample holder.
Determine the selected whiteness index using spectrophotometer.
TEST RESULTS
Sample No.
CIE Whiteness Index
Burger Whiteness Index
1
2
3
FBA applied sample
Pure white paper
Test results:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Mujahid Mehdi
Page 30
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is whiteness and how it is measured?
2. Discuss effect of FBAs on the whiteness of substrate?
3. Define whiteness index?
FINAL CHECK LIST

Mujahid Mehdi
Page 31
LAB EXPERIMENT 11
Name:
_____________________________________________
____________________
ID No.

Date:_____________________
Application of fluorescent brightening agents (FBA) by exhaust

method
i. Understand optical brightening agents and their function
ii.
Understand the exhaust method of FBA application
Bleached fabric
Ht dyeing or oscillating dyeing machine
CHEMICAL REQUIRED
Fluorescent brightening agents
DISCUSSION
Fluorescents brightening agents are applied in order to improve whiteness of bleached
FVA is applied on the fabric intended as pure white or on fabric to be printed FBA
molecule absorbs violet light (UA-electromagnetic radiation ranging b/w 320-360nm
wavelength ) and remits it in visible region (blue light 400-470nm ) thus increasing the
whiteness or brightness of the textile arterial on which is it applied on which it is applied
since the bluish white is generally since the bluish white is generally perceived as pure
white the FBA have resemblance to the dye molecule structure but are active only in UV
region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Phenomenon in which light of one wave length is absorbed by the substance and re
emitted in the wave length region is called fluorescence
A molecules contains alternating single and double covalent bonds electrons in these
molecules are the help of FABAs whiteness index or degree of whiteness of the fabric
can be increased from 80 to out 120 or 125 but this increase in whiteness will be
confined with the pressure of UV light in all light this brighter effect be invisible
Mujahid Mehdi
Page 32
Jority of the commonly available FABs are stilbene derivatives.
Typical Recipe
Chemical
Quantity
Liquor Ratio
1:20
Leucophore BMF
0.05-0.1%
PROCEDURE
1.Prepare the bath according to recipe.
2.Start the process at 40c
3.Treat the fabric at 70-80c for 20-30 min:
4.Finally hydro-extract the fabric
Calculations
S.NO
Material
Fabric Weight
Total Liquor
Leucophore BMF
Quantity
Assessment
Check degree of whiteness index using spectrophotometer
Test results:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Mujahid Mehdi
Page 33
REVIEW QUESTION
1. Explain the way FBAs improve whiteness of a substance?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Define fluorescence?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
FINAL CHECK LIST

Mujahid Mehdi
Page 34
LAB EXPERIMENT 12
Mercerization
Name:
_____________________________________________
____________________
ID No.

Date:_____________________
Mercerization of cotton fabric by continuous method
i.
ii.
Understand process of mercerization and its objectives

Understand continuous method of mercerization and role of chemical auxiliaries
in it
Caustic soda
Mercerol
Acetic acid
DISCUSSION
Mercerization is a process in which strength, absorbency and luster of cotton is enhanced
by treating with high concentration of caustic soda (NaOH), this treatment brings in
structure conformational resulting into reshaping of kidney shaped cross-section of cotton
fiber into almost circular. As a result strength, absorbency and luster and of treated fabric
is enhanced.
Typical Recipe
Chemical
Quantity
TOTAL LIQUOR
CAUSTIC SODA 28-30 Be
MERCEROL QW-LF(liquid)
PROCEDURE
1. Prepare solution according to the recipe & maintain temperature of solution
b/w 15-18 c or at room temperature.
2. Saturate / stabilize the fabric in solution with tension for 40-60 seconds.
3. Hot rinse the fabric at 80-90c for 15 min then warm at 60 c for 10 min:
Mujahid Mehdi
Page 35
4. Finally neutralize the pH OF FABRIC WITH ACETIC ACID (1.0ML/LITER) for

5 min & then cold rinse
TEST REULTS
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1.Discuss effect of fabric tension on mercerization?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2.How mercerization does improve luster and absorbency of cotton fiber?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3.What is function of mercerization?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
FINAL CHECK LEST
Mujahid Mehdi
Page 36
LAB EXPERIMENT 13
Student Name: ___________________________________
____________________
_____________________
ID No.
Date:
To determine surface & core of pH of fabric
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Determine the surface & core pH of fabric

Use universal pH indicator (MERK) / phenolphthalein solution
Understand and use pH scale
MACHINES / MATERIAL REQUIED
Dropper with bottle

pH meter and pH scale
Conical Flask
Heating stove
Scissors
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Universal pH indicator (MERK solution) / phenolphthalein solution

Distilled water
DISCUSSION
PH can be defined as the measure of degree of acidity or alkalinity. The most convenient
way of expressing pH is by the use of pH scale. The term pH scale means, minus logarithm
of the molar concentration of the hydrogen ion present in the solution.
PH scale ranges from 0(maximum acidity) to 14(maximum alkalinity), middle value of the
scale which is represents neutral point. The acidity increases from neutral towards 0 and
alkalinity towards 14.On calculating pH of fabric, it can be calculated both on surface and
core of the fabric called surface and core pH respectively.
PROCEDURE
Procedure for the Surface pH:
Pour few drops of universal pH indicator on the specimen

Rub it gently for few seconds
Observe color change and compare it with the pH scale
Note the readings
Mujahid Mehdi
Page 37
Procedure for the Core pH:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Take appropriate quantity of water based on fabric to water ratio (liquor ratio 1:30)
Cut fabric into small pieces
Boil the distilled water for 10 minutes in the conical flask
Put the fabric into flask and again boil for 10 minutes
Let the fabric specimen coo, down and check the pH of the solution with pH meter
Fill the table given below
Assessment:
Sample No
Surface pH
Core Ph
1
2
3
4
5
TEST RESSULTS
________
________
________
Mujahid Mehdi
Page 38
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is effect of pH of fabric in the coloration process?
________
________
________
2. Why core of pH of fabric is necessary to be determined?
______________
______________
______________
3. What is the pH of a pretreated cotton fabric?
_____________
_____________
_____________
FINAL CHECK LIST
3. Submit your answers to questions together with your data, calculation and result before
the next laboratory/ equipment
Mujahid Mehdi
Page 39

Complete Lab

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LAB EXPERIMENT 01

Signature of the lab tutor________________________

Removal of the size (desizing) by exhaust method

Understand the process of desizing

To increase the strength of yarn

FILM FORMING POLYMER

PVA ACRYLATE ACRYLOAMIDE

Sizes% applied on the yarn

Signature of the lab tutor________________________

Removal of the size (desizing) by pad-batch method

Understand the process of desizing

% of starch removed = (initial weight of sample final weight of sample)

Initial weight of sample

Signature of the lab tutor________________________

To determine starch contents in the Greigh fabric

Understand purpose of different sizes applied on yarns

MACHINES / MATERIAL REQUIRED

Natural Sizes (eg. Starch)

Precautions for Ki Solution

Dont expose the sun light

ASSESMENT OF SIZE CONTENTS

Pour few drops the Ki solution of the fabric to be tasted

FINAL CHECK LIST

To determine absorbency of fabric

2. Determine absorbency of the specimen

Direct Dye (Turquoise Blue)

3. Discuss importance of absorbency of fabric in dyeing?

FINAL CHECK LIST

Removal of natural and added impurities (scouring) by exhaust

Understand the mechanism of scouring and cotton of auxiliaries used

Prepare the bath according to the recipe

2. Explain the roll of emulsifier in scouring?

3. How a NaOH solubilizes fats and waxes?

FINAL CHECK LIST

Signature of the lab tutor________________________

Bleaching of 100 % cotton fabric by exhaust method

Bleaching of 100%cotton fabric by continuous method

1.Hydrogen per Oxide (H202):

Hydrogen per Oxide (35%)

Prepare the bath according to recipe.

Hydrogen per Oxide

Sandoclean PC-LF (paste)

3. What are reasons of foaming and how it can be avoided?

FINAL CHECK LEST

Signature of the lab tutor: ___________________

Solomatic bleaching of pc blend fabric by exhaust method

Start process at 60 C with

Immerse fabric and treat at 60 C for 15 min .then add

Cold rinse at 40 C for 10 min

Hydrogen per oxide

Write disadvantages of Solomatic bleaching?

Signature of the lab tutor________________________

Solomatic bleaching of pc blend fabric by continuous

Understand the solomatic bleaching process and roll of auxiliaries used

Hydrogen per oxide

Student Name: ___________________________________

To determine whiteness index of bleaching fabric

Whiteness index and its measurement

Turn on the spectrophotometer and set it to specific software.

CIE Whiteness Index

Burger Whiteness Index

2. Discuss effect of FBAs on the whiteness of substrate?

3. Define whiteness index?

FINAL CHECK LIST