Experiment 2

3:191 Men who celebrate the praises of Allah, sitting and lying down on their sides, and contemplate the
(wonders of) creation in the heavens and the earth, (With the though):Our Lord! Not for naught Hast Thou
created (all) this! Glory to Thee! Give us salvation from the penalty of the Fire.
INTRODUCTION
This experiment basically is about the Kirchhoffs Voltage and Current Laws:
-

In Kirchhoffs Voltage Law, the total voltage in the circuit is equal to zero.
In Kirchhoffs Current Laws, the sum of current in the junction or node is equal to zero. If the current
direction into the node, the current is negative while if the current out of the node, the current is positive.

Aim
To verify Kirchhoffs voltage and current laws.
Apparatus
1) One dc supply 10V
2) Three digital multimeters
3) Resistors 300 ohms(2), 330 ohms, 1.8k ohms, 2.7k ohms, 3.0k ohms.
Circuit diagram:

Method
(a) Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
1) 10V supply voltage is setted and resistance of each resistor is measured. These measured values are
recorded in the Table 3. The connected circuit is as shown in the Figure 3-1.
2) Commence at point A and the potential difference each successive pair of lettered terminal for Mesh
1measured. Consistently, DMMs probes have to place.
3) The measured values in Table 3-1 were recorded down.
4) Measured values of resistor and supplies utilized in constructing schematic, the voltages and current
using P-Spice displayed. Kirchhoffs voltage law verified. Our results are recorded and the relative error
found.
5) The potential difference for the points AC, CE and Ea measured. Kirchhoffs voltage law using the
display values is verified. Note that Vca is actually Vc-Va and so forth.
6) The rise and fall in potential plotted as measured between successive points. Our plot must verify the
law where positive and negative areas will be cancelled out
V1
10V

R1
2669
ohms

Reference
points
A-B
B-C
C-D
D-A

R2
R3
R4
R5
297.6
296.7
2942
1812
ohms
ohms
ohms
ohms
Table 3- Measured component values
Measured values
Potential
Sign (+ or -)
difference(V)
0.756
8.08
10.17
+
1.323
Table 3-1

R6
326
ohms

Theoretical values
Potential
Sign(+ or -)
difference(V)
0.739
7.964
10.00
+
1.297
-

(b) Kirchhoffs Current Law

7) The branch currents entering node A by placing ammeter as shown measured.
8) The magnitude and the direction of the current as indicated by each ammeter in Table 3-2 are recorded.
9) Desired results can be obtained from the output by inserting the current probes as in the schematic. PSpice output Analysis tab-> Examine Output obtained from the schematic window. The output studied.
10) The sign for the branch currents are noted. Sample of output is s follows. The IPROBE to acquire the
parts name by enabling both boxes double clicked.
Voltage Source Currents
Name
V_V1
V_V2
V_V3
V_V4

Current
-2.950E-03
-2,238E-03
4.323E-03
1.806E-03

The magnitude and the direction (-ve-into node and +ve-into node) of the currents at each ammeter position are
recorded. The values of the branch currents from the output are used, Kirchhoffs current law verified.
Resistance
R3
R4
R6

Current
1.84 A
0.44A
2.28A

Current direction
+
+
Table 3-2

Analysis, deductions and conclusions

1) Yes, the Kirchoffs laws have been verified. The fact determined for the result is the voltage of all
voltages measured is equal to zero while the sum of the current entering the junction is equal to the sum
of the current leaving the junction.
2) With using p-spice, some errors occurred while handling this experiment which leads to inaccurate
result compared to. But the errors are small and %s is too low. The errors occurred because of:
* The measured values are not the actual values.
* The resistors values are same as the printed one.
* The supply voltage value is not consistence.
3) Yes Kirchoffs laws are not applicable for some transistor circuits.
4) Transistor circuit.
DISCUSSION
1) There are some errors which have affected the value of the variable during conduct this experiment.
Those are:
The value of the supply voltage is not consistence because when we want to measure the other variable
value, the supply voltage will decrease.
The measured value is not the actual value. During measured that value, the value not stable. So we
just take value which is likely to be accurate.
The resistors values are not same as the printed one. It might be, the resistors have been used for a
long time, so the value had been decreased.
2) The way to minimize the error:
Take many readings and then take it average value.
Make sure that the voltage supply is the same during every measurement by checked it every time we
want to take the new measurement.
3) This experiment has been conducted to verify Kirchoffs voltage and current laws.
4) Kirchoffs voltage law stated that the sum of the drop in potential is equal of the sum of the rises around
a close loop.
5) The Kirchoffs current law stated that the algebraic sum of the current entering and leaving an area,
system or junction must equal to the sum of current the area, system or junction.

PERCENTAGE ERROR
Percentage Error (%) = |Theoretical value-Experiment value| * 100%
Theoretical value
Resistor:
R1: % error = |3000-2669| * 100% = 11.03%
3000
R2: % error = |300-297.6| * 100% = 0.80%
300
R3: % error = |300-296.7| * 100% = 1.10%
300
R4: % error = |3000-2942| * 100% = 1.93%
3000
R5: % error = |1800-1812| * 100% = 0.67%
1800
R6: % error = |300-326| * 100% = 8.67%
300
Reference point:
A-B: % error = |0.739-0.756| * 100% = 2.30%
0.739
B-C: % error = |7. 964-8.080| * 100% = 1.46%
7.964
C-D: % error = |10.00-10.17| * 100% = 1.70%
10.00
D-A: % error = |1.297-1.323| * 100% = 2.00%
1.297
Current:
R3: % error = |1.806-1.840| * 100% = 1.88%
1.806
R4: %error = |0.432-0.44| * 100% = 1.82%
0.432
R6: % error = |2.238-2.280| * 100% = 1.88%
2.238

REFERENCE
1.
2.

Fundamentals of Electric Circuit, Charles K. Alexander, Matthew N.O. Sadiku. McGraw-Hill Higher
Education 2nd Edition, 2003.
Introductory Circuit Analyses, Robert L Boylestad, Prentice- Hall International, Inc. 8th Edition, 1994.

Written by

: MOHD HAWIZ BIN MOHD HASSAN 0426175

: AYMAN RUDWAN 0318951

Lab session

: Wednesday 4.30-6.00 PM

Section
Lecturer

:1
: Br. Khairul Azami Sidek

ECE 1101
EXPERIMENT NO: 2
Kirchoffs Voltage and Current Laws
DATE: 04.05.2005