EEEG 213: Network Analysis

Lecture-22: Filters

SHAILENDRA KUMAR JHA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel
Department
of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
www.ku.edu.np

www.ku.edu.np/ee

Outline

Definition of Filters
Frequency filters
Types of frequency filters
Active filters design

References:
1. Boylestad R. L., Introductory Circuit Analysis, PHI, 1999
2. Gayakwad R. A., Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, PHI,1998
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Definition
A network designed to either block or
pass energy
Amplitude filters
Frequency filters

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Frequency filters
A network designed to select or reject a
band of frequencies

Types:
Analog and digital
Passive or active
Low pass, high pass, band pass and band
reject
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 Analog filters are designed to process

analog signals
Digital filters process analog signals using
digital techniques
Passive filters are designed using
resistors, inductors and capacitors
Active filters employ transistors or opamps in addition with resistors,
inductors and capacitors
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Low Pass filters

Allows only low frequency to pass
has constant gain from 0Hz to a high
cutt-off frequency fH
Gain (Vo/Vi)
Ideal response
1

real response
Pass band

0
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stop band
fH

frequency
6

High Pass filters

Allows only high frequency to pass
has constant gain after cutt-off
frequency fL
Gain (Vo/Vi)
Ideal response

real response

1
Stop band
0
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pass band
fL

frequency
7

Band Pass filters

Designed to pass certain band of frequencies while
rejecting all frequencies below and above this range.
has constant gain between two cut-off frequencies fL
and fH
Gain (Vo/Vi)

Ideal response
1

real response
Stop
band

0
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Pass
band
fL

fC

stop band
fH

frequency
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Band Stop filters

Designed to reject certain band of frequencies while
pass all frequencies below and above this range.
has constant gain from 0Hz to low cut of frequency
fL and after high cut-off frequencies fH
Gain (Vo/Vi)
Ideal response
1

real response

pass
band
0
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stop
band
fL

fC

pass band
fH

frequency
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Real filter designs

Butterworth filters

Flat pass band as well as stop band

Roll of 20dB/decade/pole
Used when all frequencies in pass band must have
same gain

Chebyshev filters

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Ripple pass band and flat stop band

Sharper cut-off than Butterworth
Roll of greater than 20dB/decade/pole
Use when rapid roll of required
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Real filter designs

Cauer filters
Ripple pass band and ripple stop band
Gives the best stop band response
Even sharper cut-off than Chebyshev

Bessel filters
Linear response i.e no distortion in pass band
Roll off rate less than 20dB/decade/pole
Used for filtering pulse waveform without
distortion in shape
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Real filter designs

Gain

Butterworth
Chebyshev
Cauer
Bessel

Pass Band

Stop Band
frequency

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Low Pass RC filter

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At any intermediate frequency, the output voltage Vo is

given as

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For frequency less than fc will result in an output voltage Vo that is

at least 70.7% of the maximum.
For any frequency above fc, the output is less than 70.7% of the
applied signal.

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High Pass RC filter

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At any intermediate frequency, the output voltage Vo is

given as

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Band Pass Filters

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Band Stop Filters

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Filters and roll of rates

The number of poles determines the roll-off rate
First order - one pole - roll-off of -20dB/decade
Second order- two poles-roll-off of -40dB/decade
Third order - three poles-roll-off of -60dB/decade

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First Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter

R1

Rf
+15V

VO

V1
C

Vi
According to voltage divider rule,

And output voltage

That is

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= (1 +

= (1 +
=

RL

-15V

1+
)

1+ (

1+
)

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Where,
=1+

f = frequency of the input signal

The gain magnitude and phase angle equations of the

low-pass filter can be written as
=
And
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1+(

( )
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At very low frequency, that is f < fH

At f = fH,
At f > fH

=
<

= 0.707

Thus the low-pass filter has a constant gain AF from 0

Hz to -the high cutoff frequency fH.
At fH the gain is 0.707Af and after fH it decreases at a
constant rate with an increase in frequency.
The frequency f = fH is called the cutoff frequency because
the gain of the filter at this frequency is down by 3 dB (= 20
log 0.707) from 0 Hz.
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A low-pass filter can be designed by implementing

the following steps:
1. Choose a value of high cutoff frequency fH
2. Select a value of C less than or equal to 1F.
Mylar
or
tantalum
capacitors
are
recommended for better performance.
3. Calculate the value of R using

4. Finally select values of R, and RF dependent on

the desired pass band gain AF using

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=1+

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Frequency Scaling
The procedure used to convert an original cutoff
frequency fH to a new cutoff frequency fH is called
frequency scaling.
To change a high cutoff frequency multiply R or C,
but not both, by the ratio of the original cutoff
frequency to the new cutoff frequency.
In filter design the needed values of R and C are
often not standard. Besides, a variable capacitor C is
not commonly used.
Therefore, choose a standard value of capacitor,
and then calculate the value of resistor for a desired
cutoff frequency. This is because for a nonstandard
value of resistor a potentiometer can be used.
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 problems

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Second Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter

Rf

R1
R2
Vi

+15V

R3
C2

VO
C3

The voltage gain magnitude is

RL

-15V

R
A =1+
= pass band gain of the filter
R
f = frequency of the input signal

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= 1/2 R R C C
= high cutoff frequency of the filter

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Except for having twice the roll-off rate in the stop band, the
frequency response of the second-order low-pass filter is identical
to that of the first-order type.
The design steps of the second-order filter are:
1. Choose a value of high cutoff frequency fH
2.
3.

To simplify the design calculations, set R2=R3=R and C2=C3=C.

then choose a value of C less than or equal to 1F.
Calculate the value of R using

2
4.Because of the equal resistor R2=R3 and capacitor
C2=C3, the pass band voltage gain AF of the secondorder low- pass filter has to be equal to 1.586.
That is, RF = 0.586R1.
This gain is required for Butterworth response.
Hence choose a value of R1 100k and calculate the
value of RF.

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 problems

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First Order High Pass Butterworth Filter

Rf

R1

+15V

VO

Vi

-15V

RL

For a first order high pass filter, the output voltage is

= (1 +

Where,

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=1+

1+

f = frequency of the input signal

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The magnitude of the voltage gain is

=

( )

1+( )

Since high-pass filters are formed from

low-pass filters simply by interchanging
R's and C's, the design and frequency
scaling procedures of the low-pass filters
are also applicable to the high-pass
filters.
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 problems

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Second Order High Pass Butterworth Filter

Rf

R1
C2
Vi

+15V

C3
R2

VO
R3

-15V

RL

The magnitude of the voltage gain is

=
Where

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1+( )

Af = 1.586 for second order Butterworth reponse

f = frequency of the input signal (Hz)
fL = low cutoff frequency (Hz)
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problems

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Band Pass Filter

R1

+15V

C
Vi

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Rf

R1

Rf

-15V

+15V

VO
C

-15V

RL

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R1

Band Reject Filter

Rf
+15V

C
R
Vi

R1

R4

R2

+15V

R3

-15V

VO
ROM

Rf

-15V

RL

+15V

R
C

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-15V

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Notch filter

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