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Math 202, Homework #8 Solutions

Elizabeth Pannell, Toby Stockley, Wei Yuan

Exercise 10.4.19.
Show that 2 x x 2 is a torsion element:
2(2 x x 2) = 4 x 2x 2 = 2 2x 2 2x = 0
Show that 2 x x 2 is annihilated by both 2 and x:
2 : 2(2 x x 2) = 0 (from the calculation above)
x : x(2 x x 2) = 2x x x2 2 = x 2x x 2x = 0
The submodule of I R I generated by 2 x x 2 is by definition cyclic, and hence has the form R/J where
J = Ann(2 x x 2). We have just shown that J contains the maximal ideal I (note that R/I
= Z/2Z
via f (x) 7 f (0) (mod 2)). Therefore, it remains to show that J = I, or equivalently that J 6= R. In other
words, we must show that 2 x x 2 6= 0 in I R I.
To this end, let : I I Z/2Z be the map (p(x), q(x)) 7

p(0) 0
2 q (0)

(mod 2).

Claim: is an R-balanced map.


Proof:
Suppose p(x), q(x), m(x), n(x) I and r R. Then,
(1) (p(x) + q(x), m(x)) = (p(0) + q(0))m0 (0)/2 (mod 2) = p(0)m0 (0)/2 (mod 2) + q(0)m0 (0)/2 (mod 2) =
(p(x), m(x)) + (q(x), m(x))
(2) (p(x), m(x) + n(x)) = p(0)(m0 (0) + n0 (0))/2 (mod 2) = p(0)m0 (0)/2 (mod 2) + p(0)n0 (0)/2 (mod 2) =
(p(x), m(x)) + (p(x), n(x))
(3) (p(x), rm(x)) = p(0)(rm0 (0))/2 (mod 2) = (p(0)r)n0 (0)/2 (mod 2) = (p(x)r, m(x)).
Therefore is an R-balanced map and hence induces a map : I I Z/2Z We evaluate (2 x x 2) =
(2 x) (x 2) = 2/2 0 (mod 2) = 1 (mod 2).
Therefore 2 x x 2 is nonzero as desired.
Exercise 10.4.20.
Let : I I I be the map such that (p, q) 7 pq.
Claim: is an R-balanced map.
Proof:
Suppose p, q, m, n I and r R. Then,
(1) (p + q, m) = (p + q)m = pm + qm = (p, m) + (q, m)
(2) (p, m + n) = p(m + n) = pm + pn = (p, m) + (p, n)
(3) (p, rm) = p(rm) = (pr)n = (pr, m)
Therefore, is an R-balanced map.

So, by the universal property of the tensor product, induces the group homomorphism : I I I.
Now, suppose 2 2 + x x = a b for some a, b I.
Then,
(2 2 + x x) = (a b)
(2 2) + (x x) = (a b)
22 + x2 = ab.
But 22 + x2 is irreducible in Z[x], so a or b must be a unit. But I does not contain any units, which is a
contradiction.
Therefore, there does not exist a, b I such that 2 2 + x x = a b.
Exercise 10.4.24.
Let us consider the map : Z[i] Z R ' C where ((a + bi) r) = ra + rbi for a, b Z and r R.
First we must show this is a homomorphism:
([(a0 + b0 i) + (a + bi)]r) = ra0 + rb0 i + ra + rbi = (a0 + b0 i +r) + (a + bi r)
(a + bi (r + r0 )) = (r + r0 )a + (r + r0 )bi = r(a + bi) + r0 (a + bi) = (a + bi r) + (a + bi r0 )
([a + bi r] [a0 + b0 i r0 ]) = rr0 (aa0 bb0 ) + rr0 (ab0 + a0 b)i = r(a + bi)r0 (a0 + b0 i) = (a + bi r)(a0 + b0 i r0 )
[In the 3rd step, the multiplication of simple tensors is well-defined by Proposition 21.]
Now all that remains is to show that is a bijection.
It is clear from properties of the tensor product that every element x Z[i] Z R can be written in the form
x = (1 c) + (i d) for some c, d R. This element maps under to (x) = c + id; this is equal to zero
only if c = d = 0, in which case x = 0. Thus is injective.
Similarly, for any c + di C, we note that (1 c) + (i d) = c + di, so is surjective.
Exercise 10.4.26.
We define a map f : S R[x1 , , xn ]/I S[x1 , , xn ]/IS[x1 , , xn ] by f (s, g) = sg. Here the bar
denotes reduction mod I. It is easy to see that the map f is well-defined (i.e. that the equivalence class of
sg modulo IS[x1 , , xn ] depends only on the equivalence class of g modulo I) and that f is R-balanced.
We therefore get an induced map
: S R R[x1 , , xn ]/I S[x1 , , xn ]/IS[x1 , , xn ]
of S-modules. To check that is furthermore a map of S-algebras (i.e. of rings), we note that
((s g) (s0 g 0 ) = ((ss0 ) gg 0 ) = ss0 gg 0 ,
which is equal to
(s g) (s0 g 0 ) = sg s0 g 0 .
It remains to show that is bijective.
We first make the following note: every element z S[x1 , . . . , xn ]
P
can be written in the form z = si gi where the gi are distinct simple monomials,
i.e. elements of the form
P
xe11 xenn . In particular, each gi lies in R[x1 , . . . , xn ], and we see that ( si g i ) = z, so is surjective.
For injectivity, it is convenient to first prove the case
P I = 0. By properties of the tensor product, every element
of S R R[x1 , . . . , xn ] can P
be written in the form
si gi where the gi are distinct simple monomials. This
element maps under to
si gi ; for this to be zero, we must have that each si is 0, since the gi are distinct

simple
monomials (and by the definition of S[x1 , . . . , xn ]. But if each si = 0, then the original element
P
si gi is zero, giving the desired injectivity in the case I = 0.
P
P
Then
si gi is an
For general I, suppose that
si g i S R R[x1 , . . . , xn ]/I maps to zero under . P
element of IS[x1 , . . . , xn ]. Every element of IS[x1 , . . . , xn ] can be written in the form
hi s0i gi0 where
0
hi I,P
s0i S and gi0 is a simple monomial. Since
definition of ideal, we can rewrite
P hi gi I by
P the
0 0
0
0
this as
si hi with hi I, si S. This says that
si gi and
s0i h0i have the same image under the
isomorphism
S R R[x1 , . . . , xn ]
= S[x1 , . . . , xn ],
corresponding
to the
I = 0, which we have already proven. Since the map is an isomorphism, we have
P
P case
that
si gi =
s0i h0i in S R
1 , . . . , xn ]. This implies that both elements have the same image
PR[x
in S R R[xP
s0i h0i has image 0 in S R R[x1 , . . . , xn ]/I, since each h0i I. This
1 , . . . , xn ]/I. However,
proves that
si g i = 0 as desired, completing the proof.
Exercise 10.4.27.
(a) Writing 1 = 1 1, e2 = 1 i, e3 = i 1, and e4 = i i, we have
(a 1 + b e2 + c e3 + d e4 )(a0 1 + b0 e2 + c0 e3 + d0 e4 )
=(aa0 1 + ab0 e2 + ac0 e3 + ad0 e4 )
+ (ba0 e2 bb0 1 + bc0 e4 bd0 e3 )
+ (ca0 e3 + cb0 e4 cc0 1 cd0 e2 )
+ (da0 e4 db0 e3 dc0 e2 + dd0 1)
=(aa0 bb0 cc0 + dd0 ) + (ab0 + ba0 cd0 dc0 )e2
+ (ac0 bd0 + ca0 db0 )e3 + (ad0 + bc0 + cb0 + da0 )e4 .
(b) Let 1 = 21 (1 1 + i i) = 21 (1 + e4 ) and 2 = 21 (1 1 i i) = 12 (1 e4 ). It is clear that 1 + 2 = 1,
and the formulas 21 = 1 , 22 = 2 , 1 2 = 0 follow from part (a). We can then define a ring isomorphism
A A1 A2 by the map a 7 (a1 , a2 ), with inverse map given by (x, y) 7 x + y. One easily checks from
the fact that 1 , 2 are orthogonal idempotents that these maps are ring homomorphisms and inverse to one
another. (Example: to see that (x, y) 7 x + y is multiplicative, note that (x, y) (x0 , y 0 ) 7 xx0 + yy 0 . On the
other hand, (x + y)(x0 + y 0 ) = xx0 + yx0 + xy 0 + yy 0 . However, y = a2 and x0 = a0 1 for some a, a0 A, so
yx0 = aa0 1 2 = 0. Similarly xy 0 = 0, so xx0 + yy 0 = (x + y)(x0 + y 0 ). The other verifications are similar.)
(c) This is a trivial verification; for example, (z1 + z10 , z2 ) = ((z1 + z10 )z2 , (z1 + z10 )z2 ) = (z1 z2 , z1 z2 ) +
(z10 z2 , z10 z2 ) = (z1 , z2 ) + (z10 , z2 ), and (rz1 , z2 ) = (rz1 z2 , rz1 , z2 ) = r(z1 , z2 ).
(d) We have (1 ) = 12 ((11)+(ii)) = 12 ((1, 1)+(1, 1)) = (0, 1). Similarly (2 ) = 21 ((1, 1)(1, 1)) =
(1, 0). To see C-linearity, we note that (z (z1 z2 )) = ((zz1 ) z2 ) = (zz1 z2 , zz1 z2 ) = z(z1 z2 , z1 z2 ) =
z(z1 z2 ). This implies surjectivity since (a1 + b2 ) = a(1 ) + b(2 ) = (a, 0) + (0, b) = (a, b) for any
a, b C. It is easy to see from the definition of that it is a ring homomorphism. Combined with the fact
that it is a C homomorphism, we see that it is a C-algebra homomorphism. Since it is surjective and both
sides have dimension 4 over R, it must be a C-algebra isomorphism.
Written problem 1.
Q
Q
Q
Let M = Q Z Z and let N = (Q Z Z) = Q. As we saw in Problem 7 above, any element of M

can be written as (1/d) (ai )


i=1 with ai Z. We can map this element to (ai /d)i=1 N . This is clearly
an injective map of abelian groups. However, it is not surjective; the image of M is the set of tuples with
bounded denominator. For example, (1/n)
n=1 is not in the image of M .
Written problem 2.
Q
Q
Let M = Q Z Z/2i Z and let N = (Q Z Z/2i Z).
Each Z/2i Z is a torsion group, so Q Z/2i Z = 0; therefore N = 0.

Q
However, M is non-zero since
Z/2i ZQcontains non-torsion elements; for example, it is easy to see that
(1, 1, 1, . . . ) is a non-torsion element of Z/2i Z and hence has non-zero image in M .

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