Force

Force:
A push or pull on an object is called a force.
Push When an object is moving away from the point of application of force.
Pull When an object is moving towards the point of application of force.
Force is a push or a pull which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of uniform
motion, or direction of motion or the shape or size of a body.
Force is any action that has the tendency to change the position, shape, or size of an
object.
Balanced force: If the total force acting on a body cancels out such that there is no change
in state of motion or of rest. The forces are said to be balanced.

The normal reaction N balances the force due to

gravity, hence no movement of the block on the
table.

Unbalanced force: A net force acts on the body. This is the reason of change in state of
motion or of rest.
The normal reaction N balances the weight, so there
is no movement in vertical direction, but there will be
movement along the horizontal towardsright if the
external pull Fa exceeds the friction Ff.

Non-Contact force:
Non-contact force come into play even when the bodies are not in contact.
Magnetic force Force acting between two magnets or a magnet and a magnetic
material (eg. iron, steel, nickel, cobalt etc.). It can be attractive and repulsive.
Electrostatic force Force due to electric charges. It can be attractive and repulsive.
Gravitational force It is a kind of attractive force that comes into play because of the

mass of a body. eg. earth sgravitationalattraction.

Contact force:
Muscular force It involves the action of muscles.
Animals make use of muscular force to carry out their physical activities and
other tasks.
Friction It is an opposing force that acts between surfaces in contact moving with
respect to each other. The direction of force of friction is always opposite to the
direction of motion.
Frictional force always acts between two moving objects, which are in contact
with one another.
Frictional force depends on the nature of the surface in contact.
Effects of force:
Force can move a body initially at rest.
Force can bring a moving body to rest.
Force can change the direction of a moving body.
Force can change the speed of a moving body.
Force can change the shape and size of a body.

Friction Friction is the property due to which force is set up at the surface of contact of the
two bodies preventing any relative motion between them.
Cause of friction Irregularities of the two surfaces get interlocked and when one body
moves or tends to move over the other.
Type of friction:
Sliding friction
Rolling friction
Sliding friction Whenever a body slides or tends to slide over the surface of another
body, the friction that comes into play is called sliding friction. It is of two types:
Static friction It is that opposing force which comes into play when a body tends to
slide over the surface of another body.
Dynamic friction It is that opposing force which comes into play when a body is
actually sliding over the surface of another body. Dynamic friction is also called the
kinetic friction.
The maximum value of static friction which comes into play when the body is just on the
point of sliding is called the limiting friction.
A couple of forces are needed to rotate a body about an axis.

Torque represents the turning force acting on an object. It can either be clockwise or
anticlockwise, depending upon how the force is applied.
Torque () = Force (F) Perpendicular distance (D)
Torque is also known as moment of force.
A clockwise torque tends to turn an object in the clockwise direction. Similarly, an
anticlockwise torque tends to turn an object in the anticlockwise direction.
The unit of torque is N-m Newton metre.

Couple: When two equal and opposite forces act on a body and their lines of action do not
coincide, then the body will not move but rotate about the given axis.
Principle of moments:
Clockwise moment = Anticlockwise moment
Centre of gravity and equilibrium:
Centre of gravity of an object is a point where all the weight of the body is supposed
to be concentrated.
Any object can be balanced about this point by applying an opposite force equal to
the weight of the body, along the vertical line passing through the centre of gravity.
This point can lie either inside or outside the body depending upon its shape.
A body can be supported at the point which may not be the centre of gravity of the
body. However, in this case the body will be less stable.
When the net force acting on an object is zero, the object is said to be in a state of
equilibrium.
On the basis of stability, there are three types of equilibrium; stable equilibrium,
unstable equilibrium and neutral equilibrium.
If an object continues to be in the state of equilibrium, even after being applied
with some small disturbance, then the object is said to be in stable equilibrium.
If an object changes its position permanently, after being applied with some
small disturbance, then the object is said to be in unstable equilibrium.
On being disturbed, if a body always gains a similar position in such way that its
potential energy does not change, then the body is said to be in neutral
equilibrium.

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