Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
References
1. M. A. Rhamdhani, Appplication of
Thermodynamics to Industrial Processes,
Workshop materials, Swinburne Univ. of
Technology, 2012
2. C. K. Gupta, Chemical Metallurgy: Principles
and Practices, Willey-VCH, 2003
3. M. Bahrens, Solid State Kinetics, Lecture
materials, Fritz Haber Institute, 2012
Content
Thermodynamics Fundamentals
Definitions and Basics Concepts
Energy, Energy Transfer and general energy
analysis
0th law, 1st law, 2nd law and 3 rd law of
thermodynamics
Ellingham Diagram
Content
Solid state Kinetics Fundamentals
Basics kinetic
Solid defects
Solid reactivity
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics Science of energy
Therme: heat and dynamis: power
Thermodynamics
Classical thermodynamics:
A macroscopics approach to the study of
thermodynamics that does not require a knowledge
of the behavior of individual particles
It provides a direct and easy way to the solution of
engineering problems
Statistical thermodynamics:
A microscopic approach, based on the average
behavior of large groups of individual particles
More difficult but potentially better for predicting
behavior of a system.
Definitions
The theory assume that Universe consist of
system and surroundings,i.e.
Universe = System + Surroundings
System: a quantityof matter or a region in
space chosen study
Surroundings: the region outside the system
Surroundings
System
Boundary
Other Definitions
Property any characteristics of a system.
Example: pressure P*, temperature T*, volume V and mass m
Energy
Various forms: Thermal, Mechanical, Kinetic, Potential,
Electrical, Magnetic, Chemical, Nuclear
In SI system in Joule (J) or kJ
sometimes express per unit mass (J/g) or unit time
(J/s=watt)
Can be classified:
Macroscopic Those a system posseses a whole with
respect to some outside reference frame, e.g. PE, KE
Microscopic related to the mo;ecular structures and
activities internal energy (U)
(source: Ref [1])
Internal Energy, U
Sensible energy: the internal
energy associated with the
kinetic energies of the
molecules.
Latent energy: the internal
energy associated with the
phase of a system.
Chemical energy: : the internal
energy associated bonds in a
molecule.
Nuclear energy: the
tremendous amount of energy
associated with the strong
bonds within the nucleus of
atom itself.
(source: Ref [1])
G0 = - R T ln K
G0 = H0 T S0 ---- y = m x + c
Note:
Entropy: quantitative measure of the amount of thermal energy not available
to do work/ a measure of disorder in closed system
Enthalphy: heat content
Ellingham diagram
Line 1:
-Endothermic reaction with
entropy decreasing (G is always
positive)
-Line 3:
-Exothermic reaction with entropy
decreasing (the slope is positive)
-Line 2:
-Endothermic reaction with
entropy increasing.
-Line 4:
-Exothermic reaction with entropy
increasing.
Ellingham diagram
Ellingham diagram
Line 1:
Ellingham diagram
Referensi:
Solid State Kinetics
Malte Behrens
HEAT GENERATION
SUMBER DAN PEMBANGKIT PANAS
COMBUSTION OF CARBONACEOUS
FUELS
Heat is generated during the combustion of
carbonaceous fuels by air or oxygen
The quantity of heat generated on complete
combustion of a unit weight of fuel calorific
value
Heat is transferred to the charge by
conduction, convection, radiation
Generation of Heat
when carbonaceous fuel is burned by the
stoichiometric amount of air, there is always a
fraction that escapes combustion due to:
Generation of Heat
Carbonaceous fuels can be solid, liquid, or
gaseous.
In metallurgy, gaseous fuels are more
preferable than the types. Why??
Easily stored
can be obtained free from sulfur
leave no solid residue on combustion (ash)
http://www.energy
.alberta.ca/Natura
lGas/723.asp
Metallurgical Furnace
Hearth Furnace
Vertical Furnace
Horizontal Furnace
Rotary Kilns
Retort Furnace
Moving Grate Furnace
Multiple Hearth Furnace
Fluidized bed Furnace
Tunnel Furnace
Induction Furnace
Plasma Furnace
1. Rotary kiln
1. Rotary kiln
Applications:
Roasting and calcining
Iron ore reduction
Ilmenite reduction
3. Shaft furnace
www.tms.org
5. Electrothermal reactor
Resistance Furnace
Arc Furnace
Induction furnace
Electron beam furnace
Plasma furnace
Laser beam furnace
REFRAKTORI
Refractory
Refractory
Refractory
Properties:
Refractory
Refractory
PROCESS:
PRELIMINARY, SMELTING, REFINING
Preliminary Treatment
Preliminary Treatment
Thermal Pretreatment
Alkali Fusion
Sulfation of Oxide
Oxidation of Sulfide
Matte Formation
Chlorination
Fluoration
Alkali Fusion
Alkali fusion ini merupakan metode yang
melibatkan pemanasan bijih atau konsentrat
dengan suatu alkali atau alkali tanah untuk
mengkondisikan mineral yang berharga siap
untuk dilakukan proses berikutnya. Metode ini
biasa digunakan untuk oksida dan batuan
silikat dan pada sedikit sulfide
Alkali Fusion
Reagent
CaO
CaO-Na2CO3*
NaCl
Na2CO3
Melting Point 0C
2580
800
801
851
Na2SO4
NaOH
884
318.4
Na2S**
1180
Aplikasi
Clays, Spodumene, Zircon
Clays, Beryl
Vanadium dari Carnotite
Bauxite, Clays, beryl, Chromite,
Wolfarmite
Radium dari pitchblende
Beryl, Nb-Ta Ores, pasir zircon
Sulfida
Alkali Fusion
Alkali fusion pada bauxite untuk menghasilkan aluminium,
digunakan sebelum penemuan Bayer dengan metode
pressure leaching. Pada proses ini, bahan baku halus
diaduk dengan Na2CO3 dan CaO secara merata dan lalu
dipanaskan di rotary kiln pada 1000 0C. dimana aluminium
akan menjadi sodium aluminat.
2 Al(OH)3 + Na2CO3 2 NaAlO2 + CO2 + 3 H2O
Ketika CaO bereaksi dengan SiO2 dalam batuan maka akan
membentuk dikalsium silicate yang tidak larut air.
2 CaO + SiO2 Ca2SiO4
Alkali Fusion
Mineral Fe dan Ti juga akan menyisakan senyawa
yang tidak larut juga. Proses ini juga bisa
digunakan untuk mengekstrak aluminium dari
clays, seperti kaolinite, Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4, dan
nepheline syenite, (Na,K)(Al,Si)2O4. Reaksi dengan
kaolinite bisa dilihat pada persamaan dibawah ini.
Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 + Na2CO3 + 4 CaO 2 Na2AlO2 +
2 CaSiO4 + CO2 + 2 H2O
Outline
Introduction
Nonferrous Oxides reduced by carbon on an
industrial scales are those of lead, zinc, and tin
and to minor extent are those of copper,
antimony, arsenic, nickel, and magnesium.
PbO + CO Pb + CO2
CO2 + C 2CO
Calcination of Dolomite,
CaMg(CO3)2 = CaO + MgO + 2CO2
2.
3.
Reduction of Halides
Introduction
Metals produced by the reduction of their
halides are usually the reactive metals that
cannot easily be prepared by the reduction of
their oxide.
Halide of these metals may be reduced by
hydrogen or by metals.
Reduction of Sulfides
Reaksi konversi
Transformasi sulfida logam menjadi logam oleh udara atau
oksigen.
Mekanisme:
2 MS + 3/2 O2 MO + SO2
(exotermik)
2 MO + MS
3 M + SO2
(endothermik)
--------------------------------------------- MS + O2 M + SO2
(exothermik)
Tembaga:
2 Cu2S + 3 O2 2 Cu2O + 2 SO2 H = -184 kcal
2 Cu2O + Cu2S 6 Cu + SO2
H = + 28 kcal
Cu2S + O2 2 Cu + SO2
H = - 52 kcal
Smelting
Ada 2 jenis peleburan:
Reduction smelting menghasilkan logam cair tak murni dan
terak cair hasil reaksi logam oksida dan reduktor;
Matte smelting campuran cairan logam sulfida dan terak.
Jenis dapur:
Reverberatory/oxygen reverberatory furnace
Electric furnace
Flash smelting
Continous smelting
Blast furnace/low shaft blast furnace
Reverberatory smelting
- Reverberatory smelting are used for the matte smelting of fine flotation concentrate,
Where a relatively quiet operation is desired that will not blow too much of the fine
feed material out of furnace
Blast furnace
Stationary furnace
Converting
Converting
Stationary smelting-converting
REFINING
Dross refining
Electro refining
Electrolytic cell