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Synthesis types
Postedby: DonSolaris On: March19,2014
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Additive(Fourier)synthesis
Amplitude(ring)modulation
FMsynthesis
Granularsynthesis
LinearArithmetic(LA)synthesis
PCMsampleplaybacksynthesis
PhaseDistortionsynthesis
Physicalmodelingsynthesis
Realtimeconvolutionandmodulation(RCM)synthesis
Subtractivesynthesis
Vectorsynthesis
Wavesequencingsynthesis
Wavetablesynthesis
Additive(Fourier)synthesis
Everysoundinthenature,nomatterhowcomplex,canbeexpressedasasumofsinewave
functionsofvariousfrequencies.Thosecanbepartialsorharmonicsoftheoriginalfundamental
frequency.Eachharmonicisanintegermultipleofthefundamentalfrequencywhilepartialisnt.

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Intheimageabovewehaveanexampleoffundamentalfrequencysinewaveandits2ndand
4thharmonicssummedtocreatethefinalsound.
Now,letstakeanotherexample,thistimeinfrequencydomain.Ifwetakeashortsnapshotof
thesoundofelectricguitarandlookatitsspectralcharacteristic,wewillseethatitcontains
peaksatsomefrequencies,andvalleysatothers.Justasseenintheimagebelow.

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Innextmillisecondthesepeaksandvalleysmovealittlebitandgotodifferentfrequencies.Now
imagineyouhaveageneratorthatcangeneratesinewavesatthesamefrequencieswhere
guitarcreatesthesepeaks,andcontrolthevolumeenvelopeofeachsinewave.Thisgeneratoris
exactlywhatadditivesynthesizerdoes.
Suchsynthesizerhasabankofoscillatorswhicharetunedtomultiplesofthebasefrequency
(harmonics).Andeachoscillatorhasitsownvolumeenvelope.Themorerealisticyouwant
additivesynthesizertobe,themoreoscillatorsyouneed.

ThenameFouriersynthesiscomesfromJeanBaptisteJosephdeFourierwho(amongmany
otherthings)foundoutthateverysoundcanbeformedfromsummationofsinewaves.The
mostknownadditivesynthesizersareKawaiK5andlatermodelK5000whichhasover1000
parametersperpatch,soifyoulikeeditingforhours,theresaniceadditiontoyourstudio
setup.

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Amplitude(ring)modulation

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Amplitude(ring)modulation
Ingeneral,modulationistheprocessofvaryingacarriersignal(usuallysinusoidalsignal)witha
modulatingsignal.Thiscanbedoneinthreeways,bymodulating:phase,frequencyor
amplitudeofthesignal.Adevicethatperformsthismodulationisamodulator.Whatwewill
coverinthisarticleisamplitude(ring)modulation.

Imageaboveshowsustypicalamplitudemodulator.Letsassumethatwebringtwosinusoidal
signalsatmodulatorsinputs.Thefirstone(f1)hasafrequencyof1000Hz,andsecond(f2)one
hasafrequencyof100Hz.Inmathematicalterms,whatamplitudemodulatordoesismultiplies
twoinputsignals.Pleasekeepinmindthatwedonttalkaboutmultiplyingnumbers(inthiscase
100and1000),wearetalkingaboutmultiplyingsinewaves.Thisiscompletelydifferentstory,
andalittlebitmorecomplicated.Ifyouareinterestedintothis,getamathbookandreadabout
multiplyingoftwosinewaves.Sinceidontwanttobotheryouwithtoomuchwhystuff,lets
justsaythatatmodulatorsoutputwewillhavetheirsumanddifference:f1+f2andf1f2,which
means1100Hzand900Hzrespectively(thesearethefrequiencies,notplainnumbers).
Spectrogrambelowshowsusresultofmixingf1andf2insideamplitudemodulator.

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Timedomain

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Timedomain
Changeofcarriersamplitudeinafunctionthatdependsbythelevelofmodulatingsignalresults
inaprocesswecallamplitudemodulation.Thiscanclearlybeseenontheimagebelow.Vertical
axisshowstheamplitude,whilehorizontalshowsthetime(thisisatypicalwaveformdisplay).
Modulatingsignalofhumanvoice(image1)modulatestheamplitudeofthecarrier(image2)
whichresultsinmodulation(image3).

Image1voice

Image2carrier

Image3modulation
Theseimagesareshowingatimeframeofonlyfewmilliseconds,justtoshowyouabrief
conceptionofthemixingprocessinsideamplitudemodulator.Imagebelowshowsus
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combinationofimage1andimage3,sothatyoucanseeitinthemostsimplewayhowhuman

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combinationofimage1andimage3,sothatyoucanseeitinthemostsimplewayhowhuman
voicemodulatestheamplitudeofthecarrier.

Frequencydomain
Letstakealookatspectralcharacteristicsofthesameexample.Wetookhumanvoicewhich
wasabout3kHzwideandmixeditwithacarrierwhosefrequencyis10kHz.Atmodulators
outputwegettwosidebandswhichcontainthesameinformation,butaremirroredagainsteach
other.Themirroritselfisthecarrierfrequencyof10kHz.Thosetwosidebandshavenames:
upperandlowersideband(USBandLSB).Theuppersidebandisthesamehumanvoice,but
transposedto10kHz,whiletolowersidebandistheinvertedhumanvoice.Moreoninversion
later.

Image4Humanvoice

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Image5Amplitudemodulationat10kHz

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Image5Amplitudemodulationat10kHz
Ifyouwanttohavefunwithtransposedhumanvoices,allthatisleftnowistousesharpfilterto
removethelowersideband.WhatyouhaveonaboveimagemarkedasUSBisactuallyahuman
voicetransposedto10kHz.Tohavemoreuseableweirdvoices,irecommendlowercarrier
frequencies,max3kHz,andyoucangetallsortsofDonaldDuckandspacevoices.
Spectruminversion
Everwonderedhowwouldthissongsoundifyoucouldinvertitinfrequencydomain(tonesthat
werelowwouldnowbehigh,andthosetonesthatwerehighwouldnowbelow)?Well,ifyou
understoodtheprocessofamplitudemodulation,youcandoittoo.Hereisshortexample:Take
asongandapplyastrong8kHzlowpassfilter.Thisisneededtoputthesonginsidealimited
frequencybandtoavoidaliasingproblemslater.Mixthissongwith8kHzcarrierinside
amplitudemodulator.Nowyougottwocopiesofthesong.Oneisintherange08kHz,andthe
otheroneisintherange816kHz.Thefirstoneisinvertedinfrequencydomain,whilethe
secondoneisthesameasoriginal,buttransposedto8kHz.Nowallthatisleftistoapply
strong8kHzlowpassfiltertoremovetheuppersideband,andyougotfrequencyinvertedsong.
RingorAmplitudemodulation?
Bothnamesarecorrect,howeverifyouneedtochoosethemoreappropriateone,itwouldbe
ringmodulator.Becausewhenyousayringmodulatorisexactlyknownwhatdoyoumeanby
that:Ananalogcircuitmadeofdiodes,whichusuallyhasashapeoftheringandmultipliestwo
inputsignals.
Amplitudemodulatordoesthattoo,butnotalways.Reasonforthisistherearefewdifferent
typesofamplitudemodulators.Forexampleinradiotransmissiontechniquesamplitude
modulatordoesnotonlyhavesumanddifferenceattheoutput,butalsoacarriersignal.Thisis
themostcommonamplitudemodulatorintheworld,andthewholeAMradiobroadcastisbased
onit.Ifusedinourexample,onimageabovetherewouldbealargesignalpresentat10kHz
withamplitudeabouttwicebiggerthananyofthesidebands.Butasyoucansee,thereis
nothingat10kHz,becauseweusedapureringmodulator.
Ifwelookatthemath,amplitudemodulationwillgiveusonlythesumanddifferenceofinput
signals.Thusamplitudemodulationiscorrectnametoo,buttoavoidanyconfusionwithradio
broadcasttechnologyitisbettertousetermringmodulator.Hint:carrierwasinawaya
byproductofearlyamplitudemodulators,butturnedoutusefulforbroadcasters,andisusedto
driveanAGC(automaticgaincircuit)inanoldtypeAMradios,sothatthesignaldoesntfade
thatmuchinthevolumeduringvariouseverchangingatmosphericconditions).
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FMsynthesis

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FMsynthesis
InFMsynthesis,one(ormore)oscillatorisusedtomodulatefrequencyofanotherone.Although
bothoscillatorsareusingsimplewaveforms(likesinewave),resultcanbeasoundwithvery
complexharmonicstructure.Usuallyoneoscillatorwecallmodulator,andtheotheronecarrier.

Asseenintwoexamplesontheimageabove,thecomplexityofresultwavealwaysdependson
theoutputlevelofthemodulator(markedwithred).Ifweincreasethelevelofcarrier,weare
justincreasingoverallsoundvolume.Infirstexample(left)modulatorslevelissetto0.
Resultingtoneisthesameascarrier.Inthesecondexample(right)weincreasedmodulators
outputlevelto10,whichresultedinatonethatistotallydifferentfrombothmodulatorand
carriertones.
Usingdifferentlevelsformodulationwearecreatingdifferentharmonicstructuresattheoutput.
Howeverthisisnotenough,becauseeachinstrumenthaveacharacteristicwayinwhichits
soundchangesduringthetime.Thisiscalledtheenvelope.Forexampleguitarbeginsloudand
thengraduallyreducesitsvolumeandharmoniccontent.OntheotherhandHammondorgan
maintainsthesamevolumeandharmoniccontentaslongasyouareholdingthekey.Asyou
cansee,thesetwoinstrumentshavedifferentenvelopes.ThatsthereasonwhyFMsynthesizers
(likeYamahaDX7,SY77etc.)haveenvelopesoneachoscillator.Apackageofoscillator+
envelopeisusuallycalledanOperator.Operatorscanbearrangedinmanydifferentwayscalled
algorithms.Whatwedescribedaboveisthesimplestalgorithmconsistingofonemodulatorand
onecarrier.

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Tocreatemorecomplexsounds,youneedmorethanoneoperator.Inthatcaseyoucanhave
anoperatorthatismodulatinganotheroperator,whichisagainmodulatinganotheroperator
thatmodulatesthelowestoperator(whichiscarrier),asseenonalgorithmexample1.Oryou
canhavethreeoperatorsatthesametimemodulatingoneoperator,asseenonalgorithm
example2.

SimpleFMmodulation
SomeanalogsynthesizersdohaveFM,howeverthisisjustabasicFMwithalotofrestrictions.
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TodoproperFMyouneedmorethantwooscillators,andeachneedstohaveitsownvolume

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TodoproperFMyouneedmorethantwooscillators,andeachneedstohaveitsownvolume
envelope,plusmanyotherthingsthataretoocomplextobeproperlyimplementedinanalog
synthesizer.ItwouldcosttoomuchjusttosoundasDX7,whichyoucanbuyformuchless.
However,ifyouaregoodinFMprogrammingandhaveanaloguesynthwhichfeaturesFM,you
candosomeniceFMsounds(bells,metals,etc.).HowevertoachieveatrueDXsoundyouneed
PMorPhaseModulation.ThisiswhatdrivesalloftheFMsynthesistypesofsynthsthatwehave
onthemarket.
FMemulation
EvenifyoursynthesizerdoesnothaveanykindofFM,buthasenoughfastLFOyoucancreatea
primitivekindoffrequencymodulation(thatismodulation,notFMsynthesis).Reasonforthisis
thattechnicallypitchmodulationisthesamethingasfrequencymodulation(FM).SowithLFO
youcancreatefrequencymodulatedsound.Keepinmindthatthisisallyoucanget,andthisis
farawayfromFMsynthesis.TaketheLFOandsetittohighspeed.Routeittomodulatethe
pitchofoscillator.Nowifpossible,applyenvelopetomodulatetheoutputoftheLFO.Ifnot
possible,thenuseLFOFadefunction.YouneedtheFadeOutfunction.ItsPurposeistoreduce
theoutputlevelofLFOtozeroafterashorttime.IfLFOhasadelay,youcansetittoholdthe
LFOatmaximumlevel,andthenletFadefunctionfadesitaway.Wetalkaboutveryshorttimes
hereforthedelay(50200ms)andfadeabout3001000ms.Experimenthere.Foroscillator
(wavegenerator)waveform,choosesinewave.ForLFOalsochooseasinewave.Triggerhigh
tonesonthekeyboard,andadjusttheamountofLFOmodulationthatyouareapplyingtopitch
modulationuntilyouaresatisfiedwiththeresult.WithenoughfastLFOandgoodFadefunction,
youshouldbeabletocreateafewnicebellsounds.

Granularsynhesis
Ingranularsynthesissamplesaresplitinsmallpiecesofaround1to100millisecondsinlength
thesesmallpiecesarecalledgrains.Multiplegrainsmaybelayeredontopofeachotherall
playingatdifferentspeedandvolume.Youcanimagineitlikesomekindofwavetablesynthesis,
butheresamplesareplayedsoshortthatyouhearthemasatimbre,notasarhythm.By
varyingthewaveform,envelope,durationanddensitymanydifferentsoundscanbeproduced,
notpossiblebyanyothersynthesistype.TherearemanyPCprogramswhichdogranular
synthesis.OneofthemorefamousonesisdefinitelyKaivobyMadronaLabs.

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Lineararithmetic(LA)synthesis
IntroducedbyRolandD50modelinmid80s.Atthattimebiggestprobleminsampleplayback
waslimitedmemory.Ifyoucouldbuildasampleplayerwithindividualsamples,itwouldcost
enormously,becausechipROMsizesonthemarketwereridiculouslylowandexpensive.Some
observationsonhumanhearingshowedthatmostimportantthingindefiningeachsoundunique
tootherwastheattacktransientofasound.ThatisexactlyhowD50worked.Itusedshort
sampledattacktransientsandanalogstyleoscillatorsforthesustainedpartofthesound.Short
samplesdidntrequiredbigmemory,whichreducedthecostofthesynth.

Todaythiskindofsynthesisisprobablynolongerneeded,howeveritstillsoundsunique.We
canaddthatanalogemulationpartinD50isawesomemakingitreallypowerfulandthick
soundingdigitalpolysynth.

PCMsampleplaybacksynthesis
Onceanalogsignalgetsconvertedintodigitalthroughsampling(digitizing)process,theresultis
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calledasample.PulseCodeModulation(PCM)isthecodingtechniqueusedinthisprocess.PCM

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calledasample.PulseCodeModulation(PCM)isthecodingtechniqueusedinthisprocess.PCM
isusedinalldigitalinstruments,anddigitaldeviceslikePC,mobilephones,etc.ExampleofPCM
couldbe.wavand.aiftypesoffilesonyourPC.Samplingisaverysimpleprocess.Youtake
theinstrument,connectittosoundcardinputanduserecordingapplicationthatwilldigitizeit,
andturnitintoPCM.Thecoreofthisprocessishappeninginthesoundcardinsideanalogto
digitalconverter.Thebetterconverteryouhave,thebetterresults.Fourparametersdefinethe
qualityofA/Dconverter.Samplingrate,bitdepth,dynamicrangeandsignaltonoiseratio.
Sampleisthenstoredinthememory(RAM/harddisk).

Adevicethatiscapableofperformingfunctionsofsamplingandstoringiscalledasampler.Ifa
devicecanplaybackthosesamplesatdifferentpitches,wecallitasampleplaybacksynthesizer.
About90%oftodayssynthesizersareofthiskindandtheyallusesubtractivesynthesis
method.Somesamplershavealotofadvancedfunctionspreviouslyfoundonlyonsynthesizers.
AmongmostpopularofthemweretheEmulatorE4,RolandS760,AkaiS3000,andYamahasA
series.

Phasedistortionsynthesis
Phasedistortionsynthesisisasynthesismethodintroducedin1984byCasioinitsCZrangeof
synthesizers,andsimilartophasemodulationsynthesisinthesensethatbothmethods
dynamicallychangetheharmoniccontentofacarrierwaveformbyapplicationofanother
waveform(modulator)inthetimedomain.Casiointroducedthetermphasedistortion.
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Fromprogrammerspointofview,whathappenshereisthateverywaveformhasarangeof
distortionwhichwhensetatvalue0resultsinapuresinewave,andwhensetatmax,resultsin
awaveformselectedonthefrontpanel(ie.asaw,square,etc).Multistageenvelopescanbe
usedtosweepbackandforthbetweenthesetwoextremepoints,resultinginatimbrechange.
Essentiallythisishowphasedistortionoperates.Resultsareprettyuniquethough.Thereare
somePDdemosonthissiteintheStorearea.

Physicalmodelingsynthesis
AsthepowerofDSPprocessorsadvanced,itwaspossibletodothesynthesisofsoundbyusing
asetofequationsandalgorithmstosimulateaphysicalsourceofasound.Thismethod
mathematicallymodelsindividualinstrumentsandtheirparts,forexamplemetalstring,a
bodyofacousticguitar,apluck,etc.Allthiscanbedescribedbymathematicalmeans.

FirstphysicalmodelingsynthwasYamahaVL1.LatercameoutKorgProphecy,andtheZ1.Not
manymoresincethen,asideKaivoandsomeothers.

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Realtimeconvolutionandmodulationsynthesis(RCM)

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Realtimeconvolutionandmodulationsynthesis(RCM)
TwosynthesizersintheworldusethiskindofsynthesisandthoseareYamahaSY77(TG77)
andSY99.Thiscomesasathirdtypeofsynthesistheyoffernexttostandardsubtractive
synthesis(AWM)andfrequencymodulationsynthesis(FM).Thenameitselfsoundscomplicated,
butinrealitytheprocessisverysimple.Thereareactuallytwoconfigurationsavailable.

Infirstone,youtakethewholeAWMelement(waveform,pitch,filter,env)andinsertitas
modulatorinputforFMoperator.Thatis,insteadofsimplesinewaveasmodulator,youuse
wholetonewithitsownwaveform,appliedfilterandamp.ThisoffersevenmorecomplicatedFM
synthesis.

Insecondconfiguration(imageabove)youcantakethewholeFMsectionandfeeditintoAWM
section.Thatis,thesoundthatwascreatedinFMsectionofsynthbecomesawaveformthat
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youprocessinAWMsection.TheAWMsectionisstandardsubtractiveprocessingline.For

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youprocessinAWMsection.TheAWMsectionisstandardsubtractiveprocessingline.For
example,ifyouapplyacontrollertomodulateFMsection,youcanhaveliveandconstantly
changingwaveform(markedas=onimageabove)thatisalteringitstimbreallthetime.Of
course,thenyoucanapplyafilterandenvelopesoftheAWMsectiontochangethesoundin
morecomplexway.Iknowthisallsoundexotic,butitrequiresalotofprogrammingtodo
somethinggoodandusefulactually.

Subtractivesynthesis
Thisisthemostcommontypeofsynthesisandisusedonallanaloganddigitalsynthesizersand
samplers.Itstartswithasoundthatissenttofilterandthentoamplifier.Bydoingthis,youare
subtractingsomepartialsthatexistedinoriginalsound,andyouarechangingsoundsenvelope.
Thisprocessisindepthdescribedinsynthesizerbasicsarticle.Linkhere.

Vectorsynthesis
Introducedin1985byChrisMeyer,itwastotallynewconceptinsoundshaping.Whenasked
abouthowdidheinventedit,Chrissaid:Oneengineerwasaskingmetoexplainhowvarious
instrumentsperformedcrossfades.IhadfinisheddiscussingtheFairlight,andhadmovedonthe
PPGexplainingitswavetables,andtheabilityforittoscanagroupofwavesfirstinone
directionandthenbackagain,WhileIwasscrawlingthisbackandforthmotioninmynotebook,
suddenlyalittletwingewentoffinthebackofmyhead,andmyhanddrewthenextlinearcing
downthepage..andtheconceptofcrossfadingbetweenwavesintwodimension,notjustone,
wasborn.

ThenameofthissynthesizerwasProphetVS.Itwasabletomixfourwaveformsviajoystickand
multistageenvelope.OthervectortypesynthesizersincludedYamahaSY22,SY35,TG33and
KorgWavestaion(whichismorethanjustavectorsynth).OnYamahaswithajoystickyouwere
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mixingtwoFMelementswithtwosampleelements.

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mixingtwoFMelementswithtwosampleelements.

Wavesequencing
FirstintroducedbyKorgWavestation,thismethodoffers(asitnamesays)wavesequencing.A
wavesequenceisaseriesofwaves(samples),eachwithitsownlevel,duration,crossfadetime
(tothenextwave),andtranspose.Wavesequencescanbesteppedthroughautomaticallyorvia
variousmodulationsources.

Whenyousetcrossfadetolowvalue,yougetthosecharacteristicrhythmicsequences,which
areatrademarkforKorgWavestation.EnsoniqTSseriesalsofeaturewavesequencing.

Wavetablesynthesis
BestexampleswouldbePPGWave,andWaldorfWave/Microwaveseries.Theirprocessof
soundcreationisbasedonwavesequencingthroughawaveformtable.Itisimportanttonote
thatthesewaveformsaresinglecycledtheyareveryshort.Wecanimaginethemlikethe
storageofthespectralenergyofasinglecyclesnapshot.Theyarecalledwaves.Thesewaves
canthenbecombinedintolistscalledwavetables.

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Youcanapplyvariouscontrollerslikeenvelopes,LFOstoselecttheentryinthewavetableyou
wanttoplay.Itisalsopossibletointerpolatebetweensubsequentwaveformstomakethe
timbralchangehappenmoresmoothifdesired.Althoughwaveformsareshort,youhaveso
manymodulationpossibilitiesthatnoothersampleplayersynthcanmatch.

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Comments (3)

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Chris
January1,2015at17:31
HiDon,thnxforallthevaluableinfofromyoursites.Keepupthegoodworkandallthe
bestfor2015!!
IhavetheJD900,JV1080andXV5080.IunderstandfromyourcommentsthattheJV80,90and1000
patchescanbeloadedintothe1080.Isthistrue,andcanastandardsysexdumpwork?Ihavethe
sysexpatchesfromtheJV90ondiskfromaAlesisDataDiskunitiboughtfromaguy.Caniusethisto
dumpit,andwherecanigettheJV80,90and1000factorypatchesassysexfiles?IreallyliketheJV80
factorysoundsandwouldreallytogetthem.Anyadvicewouldbeappreciated.
Chris

Reply

Don Solaris
February4,2015at22:56
SometimeagotherewereJV80patchesonthewebbuttotellthetruthi
havenocluearethereanyfloatingaround.StandardSYXdumpwithJV80
patchesdoeswork.Youonlyhavetoadjustthefilterresonance.Explainedhere:
http://www.donsolaris.com/?p=404

Reply

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Manish Sharma
May2,2015at04:08
HiDon,youhavepostedveryvaluableinformation.Iamsohappytoseethatyouare
doingthisgreatwork.Keepitup.Theworldneedspeoplelikeyou.

Reply

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