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Basic of Computer

access time - The performance of a hard drive or other storage device - how
long it takes to locate a file.
active program or window - The application or window at the front
(foreground) on the monitor.
alert (alert box) - a message that appears on screen, usually to tell you
something went wrong.
alias - an icon that points to a file, folder or application (System 7).
apple menu - on the left side of the screen header. System 6 = desk
accessories System 7 = up to 50 items.
application - a program in which you do your work.
application menu - on the right side of the screen header. Lists running
applications.
ASCII (pronounced ask-key ) - American Standard Code for Information
Interchange. a commonly used data format for exchanging information
between computers or programs.
background - part of the multitasking capability. A program can run and
perform tasks in the background while another program is being used in the
foreground.
bit - the smallest piece of information used by the computer. Derived from
"binary digit". In computer language, either a one (1) or a zero (0).
backup - a copy of a file or disk you make for archiving purposes.
boot - to start up a computer.
bug - a programming error that causes a program to behave in an
unexpected way.
bus - an electronic pathway through which data is transmitted between
components in a computer.
byte - a piece of computer information made up of eight bits.
card - a printed circuit board that adds some feature to a computer.
cartridge drive - a storage device, like a hard drive, in which the medium is
a cartridge that can be removed.
CD-ROM - an acronym for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory.
Chooser - A desk accessory used to select a printer, or other external device,
or to log onto a network.
Clipboard - A portion of memory where the Mac temporarily stores
information. Called a Copy Buffer in many PC applications because it is used
to hold information which is to be moved, as in word processing where text is
"cut" and then "pasted".
Clock Rate (MHz) - The instruction processing speed of a computer
measured in millions of cycles per second (i.e., 200 MHz).
command - the act of giving an instruction to your Mac either by menu
choice or keystroke.
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command (apple) key - a modifier key, the Command key used in


conjunction with another keystroke to active some function on the Mac.
compiler - a program the converts programming code into a form that can
be used by a computer.
compression - a technique that reduces the size of a saved file by
elimination or encoding redundancies (i.e., JPEG, MPEG, LZW, etc.)
control key - seldom used modifier key on the Mac.
control panel - a program that allows you to change settings in a program or
change the way a Mac looks and/or behaves.
CPU - the Central Processing Unit. The processing chip that is the "brains" of
a computer.
crash - a system malfunction in which the computer stops working and has
to be restarted.
cursor - The pointer, usually arrow or cross shaped, which is controlled by
the mouse.
daisy chaining - the act of stringing devices together in a series (such as
SCSI).
database - an electronic list of information that can be sorted and/or
searched.
data - (the plural of datum) information processed by a computer.
defragment - (also - optimize) to concatenate fragments of data into
contiguous blocks in memory or on a hard drive.
desktop - 1. the finder. 2. the shaded or colored backdrop of the screen.
desktop file - an invisible file in which the Finder stores a database of
information about files and icons.
dialog box - an on-screen message box that appears when the Mac requires
additional information before completing a command.
digitize - to convert linear, or analog, data into digital data which can be
used by the computer.
disk - a spinning platter made of magnetic or optically etched material on
which data can be stored.
disk drive - the machinery that writes the data from a disk and/or writes
data to a disk.
disk window - the window that displays the contents or directory of a disk.
document - a file you create, as opposed to the application which created it.
DOS - acronym for Disk Operating System - used in IBM PCs.
DPI - acronym for Dots Per Inch - a gauge of visual clarity on the printed page
or on the computer screen.
download - to transfer data from one computer to another. (If you are on the
receiving end, you are downloading. If you are on the sending end, you are
uploading ).
drag - to move the mouse while its button is being depressed.
drag and drop - a feature on the Mac which allows one to drag the icon for a
document on top of the icon for an application, thereby launching the
application and opening the document.
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driver - a file on a computer which tells it how to communicate with an addon piece of equipment (like a printer).
Ethernet - a protocol for fast communication and file transfer across a
network.
expansion slot - a connector inside the computer which allows one to plug
in a printed circuit board that provides new or enhanced features.
extension - a startup program that runs when you start the Mac and then
enhances its function.
fibre channel - as applied to data storage and network topology - link to FC
Glossary.
file - the generic word for an application, document, control panel or other
computer data.
finder - The cornerstone or home-base application in the Mac environment.
The finder regulates the file management functions of the Mac (copying,
renaming, deleting...)
floppy - a 3.5 inch square rigid disk which holds data. (so named for the
earlier 5.25 and 8 inch disks that were flexible).
folder - an electronic subdirectory which contains files.
font - a typeface that contains the characters of an alphabet or some other
letterforms.
footprint - The surface area of a desk or table which is occupied by a piece
of equipment.
fragmentation - The breaking up of a file into many separate locations in
memory or on a disk.
freeze - a system error which causes the cursor to lock in place.
get info - a Finder File menu command that presents an information window
for a selected file icon.
gig - a gigabyte = 1024 megabytes.
hard drive - a large capacity storage device made of multiple disks housed
in a rigid case.
head crash - a hard disk crash caused by the heads coming in contact with
the spinning disk(s).
high density disk - a 1.4 MB floppy disk.
highlight - to select by clicking once on an icon or by highlighting text in a
document.
icon - a graphic symbol for an application, file or folder.
initialize - to format a disk for use in the computer; creates a new directory
and arranges the tracks for the recording of data.
insertion point - in word processing, the short flashing marker which
indicates where your next typing will begin.
installer - software used to install a program on your hard drive.
interrupt button - a tool used by programmers to enter the debugging
mode. The button is usually next to the reset button.
K - short for kilobyte.
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keyboard shortcut - a combination of keystrokes that performs some


function otherwise found in a pulldown menu.
kilobyte - 1024 bytes.
landscape - in printing from a computer, to print sideways on the page.
launch - start an application.
Measurements (summary) *a bit = one binary digit (1 or 0) *"bit" is derived from the contraction b'it
(binary digit) -> 8 bits = one byte
*1024 bytes = one kilobyte
*K = kilobyte
*Kb = kilobit
*MB = megabyte
*Mb = megabit
*MB/s = megabytes per second
*Mb/s = megabits per second
*bps = bits per second
i.e., 155 Mb/s = 19.38 MB/s
MB - short for megabyte.
megabyte - 1024 kilobytes.
memory - the temporary holding area where data is stored while it is being
used or changed; the amount of RAM a computer has installed.
menu - a list of program commands listed by topic.
menu bar - the horizontal bar across the top of the Macs screen that lists
the menus.
multi finder - a component of System 6 that allows the Mac to multi task.
multi tasking - running more than one application in memory at the same
time.
nanosecond - one billionth of a second. ( or, the time between the theatrical
release of a Dudley Moore film and the moment it begins to play on
airplanes).
native mode - using the computers original operating system; most
commonly used when talking about the PowerPC can run software written for
either the 80x0 systems, or the PowerPCs RISC code.
NuBus - expansion slots on the Mac which accept intelligent, self-configuring
boards. NuBus is a different bus achitecture than the newer PCI bus and the
boards are not interchangable.
operating system - the system software that controls the computer.
optical disk - a high-capacity storage medium that is read by a laser light.
palette - a small floating window that contains tools used in a given
application.
partition - a subdivision of a hard drives surface that is defined and used as
a separate drive.
paste - to insert text, or other material, from the clipboard or copy buffer.
PC - acronym for personal computer, commonly used to refer to an IBM or
IBM clone computer which uses DOS.
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PCI - acronym for Peripheral Component Interchange - the newer, faster bus
achitecture.
peripheral - an add-on component to your computer.
point - (1/72") 12 points = one pica in printing.
pop-up menu - any menu that does not appear at the top of the screen in
the menu bar. (may pop up or down)
port - a connection socket, or jack on the Mac.
Power PC - a processing chip designed by Apple, IBM and Motorola (RISC
based).
Power Mac - a family of Macs built around the PowerPC chip.
print spooler - a program that stores documents to be printed on the hard
drive, thereby freeing the memory up and allowing other functions to be
performed while printing goes on in the background.
QuickTime - the Apple system extension that gives one the ability to
compress, edit and play animation, movies and sound on the Mac.
RAM - acronym for Random-Access Memory.
reset switch - a switch on the Mac that restarts the computer in the event of
a crash or freeze.
resize box - the small square at the lower right corner of a window which,
when dragged, resizes the window.
RISC - acronym for Reduced Instruction Set Computing; the smaller set of
commands used by the PowerPC and Power Mac.
ROM - acronym for Read Only Memory; memory that can only be read from
and not written to.
root directory - the main hard drive window.
save - to write a file onto a disk.
save as - (a File menu item) to save a previously saved file in a new location
and/or with a new name.
scroll - to shift the contents of a window to bring hidden items into view.
scroll bar - a bar at the bottom or right side of a window that contains the
scroll box and allows scrolling.
scroll box - the box in a scroll bar that is used to navigate through a window.
SCSI - acronym for Small Computer System Interface.
SCSI address - a number between zero and seven that must be unique to
each device in a SCSI chain. Fast and Wide SCSI devices will allow up to 15
SCSI Ids (hexidecimal); however, the length restriction (3 meters) is such that
it is virtually impossible to link 15 devices together.
SCSI port - a 25 pin connector on the back of a Mac (native SCSI port); used
to connect SCSI devices to the CPU. Some SCSI cards (like the ATTO) have a
68 pin connector.
SCSI terminator - a device placed at the end of a SCSI chain to complete
the circuit. (some SCSI devices are self-terminating, or have active
termination and do not require this plug).
serial port - a port that allows data to be transmitted in a series (one after
the other), such as the printer and modem ports on a Mac.
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server - a central computer dedicated to sending and receiving data from


other computers (on a network).
shut down - the command from the Special menu that shuts down the Mac
safely.
software - files on disk that contain instructions for a computer.
spreadsheet - a program designed to look like an electronic ledger.
start up disk - the disk containing system software and is designated to be
used to start the computer.
surge suppressor - a power strip that has circuits designed to reduce the
effects of surge in electrical power. (not the same as a UPS)
System file - a file in the System folder that allows your Mac to start and
run.
System folder - an all-important folder that contains at least the System file
and the Finder.
32 bit addressing - a feature that allows the Mac to recognize and use more
than 8MB of memory.
title bar - the horizontal bar at the top of a window which has the name of
the file or folder it represents.
upload - to send a file from one computer to another through a network.
Uninterruptible Power Source (UPS)- a constantly charging battery pack
which powers the computer. A UPS should have enough charge to power your
computer for several minutes in the event of a total power failure, giving you
time to save your work and safely shut down.
UPS - acronym for Uninterruptible Power Source.
vaporware - "software" advertised, and sometimes sold, that does not yet
exist in a releasable for.
virtual memory - using part of your hard drive as though it were "RAM".
WORM - acronym for Write Once-Read Many; an optical disk that can only be
written to once (like a CD-ROM).
zoom box - a small square in the upper right corner of a window which, when
clicked, will expand the window to fill the whole screen.
A

accumulator - a register in a CPU in which intermediate arithmetic and


logic results are stored.

address - the unique number that specifies a memory location.

ATX (Advanced Technology extended) - a motherboard form factor


specification developed by Intel in 1995 to improve on previous DE factor
standards like the AT form factor.

AT - the dimensions and layout (form factor) of the motherboard for the
IBM AT.

AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) - a high-speed point-to-point channel


for attaching a video card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist
in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics.

bus - a subsystem that transfers data between computer components


inside a computer or between computers.

Blu-ray Disc - a optical disc storage medium designed to supersede the


DVD format.

BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) - a family of


general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design
philosophy emphasizes ease of use.
C

cache - a fast memory that transparently improves the performance of


a larger, but slower memory or storage device.

CD-R (Compact Disc-Recordable) - a variation of the optical


compact disc which may be written to once.

CD-RW (Compact Disc-ReWritable) - a variation of the optical


compact disc which may be written to many times.

CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory) - a pre-pressed optical


compact disc which contains data or music playback.

chip (or integrated circuit) - a miniaturized electronic circuit that has


been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor
material.

control store - the memory that stores the microcode of a CPU.

core memory - in modern usage, a synonym for main memory, dating


back from the pre-semiconductor-chip times when the dominant main
memory technology was magnetic core memory.

CPU (Central processing unit) - the portion of a computer system that


executes the instructions of a computer program.

Conventional PCI (Conventional Peripheral Component Interconnect) a computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a computer.

Computer case (or computer chassis, cabinet, box, tower, enclosure,


housing, system unit or simply case) - the enclosure that contains most of
the components of a computer (usually excluding the display, keyboard
and mouse).

Computer form factor - the name used to denote the dimensions,


power supply type, location of mounting holes, number of ports on the
back panel, etc.

Chipset (or chip set) - a group of integrated circuits, or chips, that are
designed to work together. They are usually marketed as a single product.

Channel I/O - a generic term that refers to a high-performance


input/output (I/O) architecture that is implemented in various forms on a
number of computer architectures, especially on mainframe computers..
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DVD (Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc) - an optical compact


disc - of the same dimensions as compact discs (CDs), but store more than
six times as much data.
DASD (Direct Access Storage Device) - mainframe terminology
introduced by IBM denoting secondary storage with random access,
typically (arrays of) hard disk drives.
DIMM (dual in-line memory module) - a series of dynamic randomaccess memory integrated circuits. These modules are mounted on a
printed circuit board and designed for use in personal computers,
workstations and servers.
DisplayPort - DisplayPort is a digital display interface developed by the
Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA). The interface is primarily
used to connect a video source to a display device such as a computer
monitor, though it can also be used to transmit audio, USB, and other
forms of data.
DVI - Digital Visual Interface (DVI) is a video display interface developed
by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG). The digital interface is used
to connect a video source to a display device, such as a computer monitor.
DRAM (Dynamic random-access memory) - a type of random-access
memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an
integrated circuit and which must be periodically refreshed to retain the
stored data.
Firewall - A hardware device or software to protect a computer from
viruses, malware, trojans etc.
firmware - fixed programs and data that internally control various
electronic devices.
floppy disk - a data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin,
flexible ("floppy") magnetic storage medium encased in a square or
rectangular plastic shell.
floppy disk drive - a device for reading floppy disks.
Flash Memory - a type of non volatile computer storage chip that can
be electrically erased and reprogrammed.

hard drive - a non-volatile storage device that stores data on rapidly


rotating rigid (i.e. hard) platters with magnetic surfaces.

hardware - the physical components of a computer.

HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) - a compact interface for


transferring encrypted uncompressed digital audio and video data to a
device such as a computer monitor, video projector or digital television.
I
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input device - any peripheral equipment used to provide data and


control signals to an information processing system.

input/output - the communication between an information processing


system (such as a computer), and the outside world.

IOPS (Input/Output Operations Per Second, pronounced eye-ops) - a


common performance measurement used to benchmark computer storage
devices like hard disk drives.

instruction - a group of several bits in a computer program that


contains an operation code and usually one or more memory addresses.
K

keyboard - an input device, partially modeled after the typewriter


keyboard, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as
mechanical levers or electronic switches.
M

mainframe - powerful computer used mainly by large organizations for


bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics,
enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing.

motherboard - the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many modern


computers which holds many of the crucial components of the system,
while providing connectors for other peripherals.

memory - devices that are used to store data or programs on a


temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer.

monitor - an electronic visual display for computers.

mouse - a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional


motion relative to its supporting surface.

Mini-VGA - small connectors used on some laptops and other systems


in place of the standard VGA connector.

Microcode - a layer of hardware-level instructions involved in the


implementation of higher level machine code instructions in many
computers and other processors.

Mask ROM - a type of read-only memory (ROM) whose contents are


programmed by the integrated circuit manufacturer.
N

network - a collection of computers and devices connected by


communications channels.

Non-volatile memory - memory that can retain the stored data even
when not powered.

Non-volatile random-access memory - random-access memory that


retains its data when power is turned off.
O

optical disc drive - a disk drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic
waves near the light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writing
data to or from optical discs.
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Operating system - the set of software that manages computer


hardware resources and provide common services for computer programs.

Operation code - Several bits in a computer program instruction that


specify which operation to perform.
P

pen drive - another name for a USB flash drive.

peripheral - a device attached to a computer but not part of it.

personal computer - any general-purpose computer whose size,


capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and
which is intended to be operated directly by an end user, with no
intervening computer operator.

printer - a peripheral which produces a text or graphics of documents


stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or
transparencies.

PSU (power supply unit) - A unit of the computer that converts mains
AC to low-voltage regulated DC for the power of all the computer
components.

PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory) - a type of non-volatile


memory chip that may be programmed after the device is constructed.

PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) - a computer


expansion bus standard designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP
bus standards.

PCI-X (PCI-eXtended) - a computer bus and expansion card standard


that enhances the 32-bit PCI Local Bus for higher bandwidth demanded by
servers.
R

RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) - data storage schemes


that can divide and replicate data across multiple hard disk drives in order
to increase reliability, allow faster access, or both.

RAM (random-access memory) - any form of computer data storage


that allow stored data to be accessed in any order (i.e., at random).

ROM (Read Only Memory) - a type of memory chip that retains its data
when its power supply is switched off.
S

server - a computer which may be used to provide services to clients.

software - computer programs and other kinds of information read and


written by computers.

SIMM (single in-line memory module) - a type of memory module


containing random access memory used in computers from the early
1980s to the late 1990s.

Solid-state drive (or solid-state disk or electronic disk) - a data storage


device that uses integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data
persistently.
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SRAM (Static random-access memory) - a type of semiconductor


memory that uses bistable latching circuitry to store each bit. The term
static differentiates it from dynamic RAM (DRAM) which must be
periodically refreshed.

SDRAM (Synchronous dynamic random access memory) - dynamic


random access memory that is synchronized with the system bus.
T

tape drive - a peripheral device that allows only sequential access,


typically using magnetic tape.

terminal - an electronic or electromechanical hardware device that is


used for entering data into, and displaying data from, a computer or a
computing system.

touchpad or trackpad - a pointing device consisting of specialized


surface that can translate the motion and position of a user's fingers or a
stylus to a relative position on a screen.
U

USB (Universal Serial Bus) - a specification to establish communication


between devices and a host controller (usually a personal computers).

USB flash drive - a flash memory device integrated with a USB


interface. USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable.
V

VGA (Video Graphics Array) - the last graphical standard introduced by


IBM to which the majority of PC clone manufacturers conformed.

Volatile memory - memory that requires power to maintain the stored


information.

Virus - a computer program that can replicate itself and spread from
one computer to another. The term "virus" is also commonly, but
erroneously, used to refer to other types of malware, including but not
limited to adware and spyware programs that do not have a reproductive
ability.
W

Webcam - A webcam is a video camera that feeds its images in real


time to a computer or computer network, often via USB, Ethernet, or Wi-Fi.

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