*

SPE
=-tuorF%i-unmmErms

SPE 19656
Reser~oir Description and Performance Analvsis of a Mature
Miscible Flood in Rainbow Field, Canada

D,E. Bilozir
and P,M, Frydl,MobilGilCanada

r
A

Copyright 1SS9, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

This paper wea prepared for preaentalionat the S4th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibitionof the Society of Petroleum Engineere held In San Antonio,TX, Octcber S-1 1, 19S9.
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ae preearrtad, have not bean reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engkreara and aw subject to correctionby the author(a).The material, aa preeented, does not neceeeerily retfect
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of PetrotaumEn@neara.Parmieelonto copy la restrictedto en abetmcfof notmom then 3Wwc@e. Iffuetratioma
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productionmethods (reve?se coning, gas cycling and

horizontalwel1 application).for different parts of
the pool,

.4BsIlUI

The Rainbow Keg River AA pool is a dolomitized

carbonate reservoir in a mature sta e of a vertical
hydrocarbon miscible flood. Tba ?ong history of
enhanced recovery, plus the fact that the pool had
not produced according to initial expectat
ions,
formed an ideal framework for an interdisciplinary
re-evaluation ;:e theres~tl and its depletion
p~n;ided
mechanisms.
allow~d %
interpretation of the pool
developmentof an optimizeddepletion strategybased
on minimizing coning and maximizing recovery in the
remainingoil sandwich.
Acquisition of 3-D seismic data provided a better
definition of the shape and size of the reservoir
and led to the drilling of four flank wells. The
3-D seismic data, informationfrom the new wells and
reinterpretation of old wells resulted in a
reassessmentof pool volumetric. A new geological
model suggested the presence of unswept oil, which
was later substantiated when one well was
recompleted above the solvent/oil contact and
~ro:ced oil which had been bypassed by the soivent
In combination with a revised material
balan;e and a raview of miscibility, the new
reservoir interpretationexplained past erformance
and demonstratedthe successof the misciBle flood.

This study illustratesthe new engineeringparadigm

and the applicationof (~festigativ
e geological and
engineering techl~iques .
Articles documenting
verticalw~tdrocarbonmisci e flaods have typ a y
ti)3),
dqalt
initiation
moni;ori*~~$*~~~
$)*7 , expansion(e), simula i
performance
termination (due to poor performance)1
o~ the
floods. No specificdocumentationcould be found on
managing a mature vertical hydrocarbon miscible
flood where the remaining oil bank is relatively
thin and sandwichedbetween the solvent bank and the
originai oil-water contact. This paper discusses
the managementof this type of mature miscible flood
in the Rainbow Keg River AA pool.
The Rainbow Keg River AA pool is located in the
north-westerncorner of Alberta, Canada, about 960
L!lometers (600 miles) south of the Arctic Circle.
It was discovered in April 1967 and primary
productionresulted in a pressure decline below the
bubble point pressure within one year. In April
1969, a gas injection scheme was implemented and
;:;;r injection into the aquifer commenced in April

After the reservoir description ad

performance
analysiswere completed, the major challengewas to
develop a production strategy which optimized the
oil recovery from the remaining 15-metre oil bank.
The main objectiveof the strittegy
was to reduce the
sandwich loss. Using xylene washes, significant
increases in the productivity index were achieved
without large increases in gas production. A
simplified coning simulation model provided a
qualitativeview of how the major reservoir facies
affectedcone development, The model plus reservoir
description led to recommendations of optimum
Referencesand figures at end of paper,

MUU!&LM

Since August 1972, the Keg River AA pool has been

under a vertical hydrocarbon miscible flood, The
flood consists of injecting a solvent composed of a
m+nimum of 45 mole percent ethane-plusinto the apex
of the reservoirand forcing the solventdownward to
miscibly displace the oil being prodcced from below
the solvent-oil contact (Figure 1), The initial
total recovery factor using this enhanced oil
recoverymethod WJS estimatedto be 85 percent,

In 1986, the Rainbow Keg River AA miscible flood

appeared to be in jeopardy, The oil production was
decliningrapidly and the producinggas-oil ratio

289

r
RESERVOIRDESCRIPTIONAND PERFORMANCEANALYSIS OF
sp~ 19656 9
A NATURE MISCIBLE FLOOD IN RAINBOW FIELD, CANADA
2
.
fair preservatlo~h~f sedimentary ;~[i$ures and
w?.:abnormally high. In addition, the dctual oil
bioclasts on
masoscopic
productionfrom the pool had typical1y bem about 70
allowed
recognitim of numerous sedimentaryfacleq and.the
the rate originally predicted (Fi me
development of a depositional model of,,the AA
e
Based on the ori:,inaloil-in-p7aCe
fffn!2%)
2)~$
buildup.
estimate of i5 9 $106 m3 and an estimated recovery
of 12.5 x 10~ m , the pool had only produced
The transformationof the depositionalmodel into n
one-half of its expected recovery, and yet there
reservgir model inv~lved several steps. Differmt
were indications that the remaining ~11 bank was
facies were characterizedby a range of porosityand
quite thin.
permeability values, types of porosity, and
variations in continuity of pc?ous units. The
The integration of geological and engineering
facies were then grouped into larger units based on
analy;esprovidedthe opportunityto:
the environment of deposition.. Because each of
. Redefine the reservoir, the associated
these larger units was dominated by one or two
volumetric and identify bypassed oil in
sedimentary facies, it was related to a set of
the solvent-sweptzone.
reservoir propertiesand provided the final step to
2. Analyze the basic data provided by
translate the depositional model into a reservoir
previous studies.
model.
3. Analyze the current miscible flood
performance.
The depositional environments identified In the
4.
;;;odthe new reservoir description and
reservoir description are shown in Figure 4.
performance
to
provide
Although each depositionalenvironmenthas p?ovlded
recommendations on how to optimize the
an important clue in understanding the miscible
remaining protiuction potential In the
flood performance,the most influentialfacies were
pool.
ths exposure surfaces.
Full understandingof the AA miscible flood and its
There wa$ stwmg evidence that the growth of the AA
optimization has two important ramificaticms.
buildup was 1nterrupted at 1east two times during
First. several misclble floods in the Rainbow field
periods of lowered sea level and caused the
are approachingmaturity and are developing a thin
development of exposure surfaces. The exposure
oil bank with solvent above the oil and the original
sediments are characterized by extremely low
oil-water contact below.
The efficiency of
porosity and permeability. Because of their origin
depleting this oil sandwich in the AA pool may
during buildup exposure, they form thin but
serve as a standard for the other miscible floods.
laterallyextensiveunits which can be correlatedin
Secondly, if the miscible flood mechanism and the
cores and on logs through a large part of the
geology is fully understood in the AA pool, future
buildup.
floods fn Rainbow can be designed and implemented
with less risk and greater confidence.
(b) Volumetric
SEOLOGY
Seismic isochron mapping played a leading role in
exploration and early development drilling in the
(a) ReservoirDescription
Rainbow Field. The method relied on detecting the
anomalies in the intwval<from the Base of the Cold
The
AA pool
is
one
of
more
than
80
Lake Salt marker to the Slave Point Formation. An
hydrocarbon-bearing carbonate buildups in the
increase in the stratal isochron between the twn
Rainbow Field. The buildupsdevelopedapproximately
markers was diagnosticof the presence of Keg-Rl~e;
3P0 million years ago in the nnrthwesterrfpart of
buildups. Isochron mapping was very successful In
the Middle Devonian Elk Point Basin. The Elk Point
locating the Keg River bulldups but could not
Basin was occupied by a shallow tropical sea which
provide detailed definition of buildup shape,
covered most of the provinceof Alberta and extended
particularlyin the flank areas.
as far south as North Dakota. At the northwestern
edge of the sea, an extensive barrier reef
Introductionof 3-D seismic in 1986 provided a more
(Presquile)developed, The barrier reef controlled
refined method of imaging the AA pool buildup.
the inflow of fresh marine water into the basin and
Because of the improved resolution of the 3-D
periodic restrictions lead to development of
seismic data, the top of the Keg River was
evaporltic conditions, Cfowth of the numerous
Identlfleddirectly. This Increasedaccuracyled to
smaller carbonate buildups, whi;~edeveloped in the
thedrllling of 4 wells on the flank of theAA pool
Rainbow sub-basin behind
barrier, was
which verified the 3-D seismic data. The expanded
interrupted by these high salinity
well database improvedthe control on the amount and
dlstributtonofporoslty In the reservoir, The more
accurate seismic estimate of the bulk rock volume
Tho AA pool is a carbonate buildup covering an area
combinedwith better definitionof porosity provided
of approximately one square mile and reaching
a new vo!umetrc stimate of original oil in place
elevatt,on
of nearly 165 metres above the surrounding
of 11.0 x 10i$ m ,
# summary of the reservoir
off-reef carbonate sed{ments (Figure 3).
The
propertiesfor the AA pool is provided In Table 1,
bulldup sediments are completely dolomitiseal. The
t~mlng and dolomitlzationof the AA pool as well as
(c) Unswept Oil
the other Ratnbow reservoirs ha
ot been clearly
established. Schmidt et al(141 f v,r early
low
permeability, exposure
Due to their wry
dolomitization,while Qlng and Mountjoyh$
surfaces act as ve~tical permeability baffles and
1ater dolomitlzatlon during intermedl
ate ~~!~?
may locally create conditions leadlng to bypassing
Although dolomltlzation completely destroyed the
of oil by the solvent front, This prlnclple is
original sediment fabric on the microscopic level,

:;MN4L

SF5 19656

DIANE E. BILOZIR, PAUL M.FRfDL

Illustrated in Figure 5 where unswept oil exists

perched on anhydrite horizons near the perihleterof
the pool.
Uhen the AA pool was reviewed using this concept, it
becam apparentthat 3 existingwells penetratedthe
reservoir in a position analogous to the far right
well in Figure 5. Re-evaluationof the open hole
logs of one of these wells suggestedthe presence of
unswept oil near the top of the reservoirhigh above
the solvent-oilcontact. Comp:;ison of the density
and neutron porosity logs (Figure 5) shows that the
two curves overlap from 1618 to 1640 metres, are
separate from 1650 to 1683 metres, and overlap again
from 168s to 1726 metres. The curves.separate in
the solvent-sweptzone because the neutron porosity
;;~ve~sponse is su[;pressedin the presence of
The well was initially perforated below
the sol;ent-oilccntact at 1683 metres and produced
clean oil for two years until solvent breakthrough.
However, in 1988, the well was re-~erforatedabove
the anhydrite in the upper zone where the
overlapping logs had suggested the absence of
solvent. This interpretation was subsequently
confirmed by the production of clean oil from this
upper intervhl.
IEH OF PREVIOUSSTUOW
(a) Review of Aquifer Stze
The evaluationof the aquifer size in 1969 was very
sim listic as there were only five wells in the AA
poo! . Using the cylIndrical-type concept of the
reef, the aquifer was assumed to exist under the
oil-bearingKeg River AA reef only, with the edges
describedby the slopes of the reef
:;s:;;.~ffjfer
. This reslted in a very small aqutfer
of 14 x 106 m3 which provided very limited pressure
support.
Additionaldrilling in the Rainbow field since 1969
has allowed a much broader perspectiveon the size
of the aquifer. Several wel1s, which were dri11ed
and abandoned near the AA pool, were evaluated for
water-bearingzones occurring at the same depth as
the aquifer in the AA pool and provided an extension
of the AA pool aquifer,
hs ew otentia
size was volumetricallyestimatedto
be 59 x a~lif!r
10 m .
(b) Review of Material Balante
The numerous material balanc c c
this pool from 1968 to 1972[11)l!2,1\Jti~~~c$~a~~
on the period of time from the start of oil
production (May 1967) to the start of gas injection
23 months !ater, The pressure response during this
time period was strictlydue to fluid productionand
water influx, thus simplifyingthe material balance
calculationto solve for the original oil-in- lace,
Given a limited aquifer size of 14 x 106 m8 , the
material balance calculationsconsistentlyresulted
in
original
o l-in-place estimate
of
approximately16 x 106 m!3,
Using the new reservoir volumetric and a larger
aquifer, the material balance calculation for the
same period of time was reviewed an provided an
$ .
original oil-in-place of 11 x 106 m
A sample
calculationts provided +3 Appendix A.

The water influx volumes frcm the new material

balance calculationswere tested by two methods to
determinetheir validity. The graph of water influx
versus time (Figure 6) indicated that no water
influx occurred until four months after production.
The lack of early water influx is reasonable given
that a thresha~d pressure drop had to be reached
before the ~nfluence of the aquifer could be
measured. The water influx increased during the
next tour months until the bubble point pressurewas
rzachzd. At that point, the rate of the water
influx stabilized,which would be expscted b~cause
the expansion of the gas cap then becomes the main
driving force.
The second test for the validity of the influx
volumes was to use the stabilized water i
volume to estimate the potential aquifer size
.
The calculation, shown in Appendix B, ~di$at!c!!~
aquifer size of approximately 60 x 10 m . This
matched the aquifer size of 59 x 106 m3 determined
volumetrically.
(c) Review of Hiscibi1ity
The Rainbow Keg RiverAA pool was an ideal candidate
for a vertical miscible flood. By 1969 it was
conceptualized that the pool would initially be
flooded with a slug of enriched gas above the oil,
followed by injection of a lean natural gas. The
oil would be miscibly displaced downward by the
enriched gas (solvent), which would be in turn
miscibly displaced downward by lean gas.
oil
productionwould be taken from below the solvent-oil
contact. Displacement would be I,laximized
because
the downward movement would permit favorablegravity
stabilizationeffects.
The AA pool miscible flood was designed, there
,
to be a multi-contact co:::;;:ng
gas drive[!$!
Reservoir oil
would
enriched Wit;
intermediate-molecular-weight
hydrocarbonsfrom the
solvent until the oil would become misciblewith the
injected solvent slug in the swept zone. In turn,
the lean chase gas injected after the solvent slug
would be condensed into the solvent to form a
lighter reservoir fluid which would then become
miscible with the lean chase gas,
Tne S1ire-tubedisplacement tests done in 1969(17)
used
adapted version of the method presented by
Koch(f$) to determine miscibility conditions, oil
recuvtiryat flood gas breakthrough was plotted
against different methane-nitrogen contents at a
constant pressure greater than the
solvent
cricondenbarof 13,100 kPag. Once a sharp decrease
in oil recoverywith an increase in methane-nitrogen
content was observed, the maximum content of
methane-nitrogenfor miscibility at that pressure
was
estimated.
These
experimental maximum
methane-nitrogen contents for miscibility,
h
y!if
correlated closely with Benhams correlation
were then plotted versu? the ethane-plus molecula;
weight of the gas (Figure 7). This figure showed
that miscibilitywas assured in the AA pool if the
point representingthe composition of the injected
solvent was below the lines representing the two
experimentalpressures,
The pseudoternarydiagram for the AA pool miscible
flood was constructed from window cell PVT tests

RESERVOIRDESCRIPTIONAND PERFORMANCEANALYSIS OF
A MATURE MISCIBLE FLOOD IN RAINBOW FIELD, CANADA

(Figure8)(20). From this d?agram, two requirements

Df the flood were stipulated:
Th~ ethane-plus content of the solvent
1.
could not b~ less than 45 mole percent.
The minimum datum pressurer@st be 15 500
2.
kPag, wh:ch would also be considered the
minimum miscibilitypressure.

SPE 196S6

Accurate definition of the hypotheticalwaterflood

recovery factor is an important considerationas it
directly affects the incremental reserves over
waterfloodattributableto the miscihie flood. This
M;!l ultimatelydefine the success or failure of the
enhanced recovery process.

After the miscible flood consnencedin 1972, the POC1

did not perform as well as initially expectad
(Figure 2). Miscibility was questioned but the
current rationale is that miscibility has been
achieved and maintained.
This reasoning is
supported by the initial slim tube displacement
results, actual flood performance and recent
displacement
discoveries
in
multi-contact
mechanisms.
Recent literature has started to explore the
limitationsof using one pseudoternary dia~t;;
describe multi-contact
i~~~!~~!!yExperimental
condensing-gasdrive mechanism
Observationshave indicated that the condensing-gas
drive
actually
conbined
mechanism
is
condensingivaporizi~g-gasdr!ve mech~nism.
The
generationof miscibility occurs by the extraction
of reservoirfluid componentsinto the solvent (i.e.
miscibilitydevelops in the forward contacts)rather
than by the condensationof solvent into the crude
Dil
(ie. miscibility develops in the swept zone).
Characteristicsof the AA pool which imply that the
combined condensing/vaporizing mec
sm is in
)!l\ , are as
z;;tct, based on this literature
follows:
1. The critical point is to the left of the
system cricondenbarof 13100 kPag on the
pressure-composition(P-x) dia~ram.
2.
The reservoir temperature is 84 degrees
Celsius which is a relatively high
reservoirtemperature.
3.
The solvent is ethane-rich (15 mole
percent ethane).

In 1970, the initial waterflood reco

the AA pool was estimated to be 67% ~!~~ a;~h~
recovery
factor was justified by as~uming
nil
residual oil saturation in the caverns. In 1972,
the miscible flood recovery factor was estimated to
the Alberta Energy Resources
be
78.3% by
ConservationBoard. The incrementalrecoveryfactor
attributedto the enhanced oil recovery process was
therefore 11.3%.
The new reservoirdescription,which did not incl~!de
caverns and indicated a significant reduction in
OOIP, required the re-definitionofth~ hypothetical
waterflood recovery factor.
The theoretical
as based upon the
calculation of this facto
[Y . By varying the
Dykstra-Parsons correlation23
maximum and minimum permeabilityvariationsexpected
in the AA pool, a range from 40% to 52% for the
expected waterflood recovery factor was calculated
for a water-oil ratio 1imit of_25 (Ap endix C).
This range corresponds closely 10--t+e recorded
waterflood recovery factors in other Rainbow Keg
River pools.
Since theAA pool had been producingfor over twenty
years, it was also possible to estimate
hypotheticalwaterfloodrecovery factor based on the
actual volumetric sweep efficiency. The volumetric
sweep efficiency was optimistic however, as it
representedthe efficiencyof the miscible flood and
not of a waterflood in the AA pool. The calculation
shown in Appendix D provided a hypothetical
waterflood recovery factor of 49%, which is in the
range specifiedby the Dykstra-ParsonsLinear model.
(b) Current Hiscible Flood PerformanceAnalysis

There is disagreement as to whether or not this

condensing/vaporizingmechanism actually develops
true miscibility, even though the generated
displacementsare effectivelymiscible and displace
nearl
00 percent of the oi1 in 1aboratory
tests!{
21
The most recen+.work by Novosad and
Costain(2~) provides strori,,evidence that true
miscibility is obtained through the multi-contact
process. Th~nwar~ concludes that pseudoternary
diagrams,
constr~cted
using
the
multiple-contactpath, cannot be used to accurately
predict the displacementof oil by solvent,

(a) WaterfloodPerformancel,nal
ysis
The AA pool was never truly waterflooded, Water was
injected from 1971 to 1973 to increase the pressure
above the minimum miscibility pressure of 15,500
kPag prior to the commencement of the rrii
scible
f1ood. Water was again injected into the aquifer
from 1975 until 1981 as an emergency measure when
the availablegas quantitieswere not sufficientto
replace voidage, The pressure fluctuationsin the
reservoir reflect these periods of water injection
(Figure9).

292

The current recovery for the swept zone of the

miscible flood in the AA pool can be determined
using the new geologicalsliced model shown in Table
2, In 1987, the solvent-oilcontact was estimatedto
be at 1285 metres subsea, This was 18 metres above
the original oil-water contact. From th~ sliced
model, the cumulative OOIP from the top of th re f
to this solvent-oil contact was 8,755 x 105! m
U~ing the cumulative oil production of 6,550 x 105
m , the recovery in the swept zone was 75%. In
t
addition, using the microscopic displac
efficiencyof 95% determined from core studiesl!!!
the volumetric sweep efficiency was estimated a;
79%,
These parameters indicate a successful
miscible displacement process in the AA pool. The
detailed calculationsare shown in Appendix E.
(c) Future Hiscible Flood PerformanceAnalysis
Predictingthe future performanceof the AA pool is
complicatedby two main factors:
1. Water was injected into the aqu!fer and
did sweep upr:ardsinto the o!? zone to
some extent,
bank cannot be
2,
The
remaining oil
completelyproduceddue to sandwich10SS,

SPE 19656

DIANE E.

BILOZIR,PAULM. FRYOL

IiaterIndectionin the AA pool was used mainly as a

pressure-regulatingmechanism. The net amount of
&;oOin
ected ;nto the pool was appruxim?tely
J
which corresponded to a maximum water
lev~l riseabove the original oil-water contact of
4.7 metres. However, the last four wells drilled in
early 1987 showed an average oil-water contact of
1302.1 metres subsea which is oiily0.9 metres above
the original oil-watercontact. This indicatedthat
the de-watering process which commenced in March,
1982 had been successful in lowering the oil-water
contact to almost its original position at 1303
In addition, oil should have
metres subsea.
resaturated the waterflooded zone successfully as
~~r~~~~it~[f$~es
#~.c~~~r~&e~~~~c
demonstratedin o~ber reefs
.

~~eb~~ .

marginalrates because the production emphasis has

shifted to recovering the valuable natural gas
s lvent
bank
(current
l$~ili~plac;n=l.;! 106 m3 ).
Achievementof the predictedperformancerequiresan
effective production optimization strategy which
uses innovative production practises, the new
reservoir description and the unders:,anding
of the
miscible displacement process,
The
current
production optimization strategy i!as Investigated
the following itzms:
Rate-Testingprogram (xylenetreatments).
;:
Coning control (gas cycling and reverse
3.

coning) well technology,

Horizoiltal

(b) Rate-TestingProgram
The second major influencing factor on predicting
future performanceis the magnitude of the sandwich
loss. Sandwich loss is the amount of oil which
<annot be produced from the thin oil bank because
the coning of solvent and water effectively
~;~;;;out the oil production. Sandwich loss was
~tras~]{)estimated in 1972 to be between 1.5 to 3.o
However, based on current performance,
this sandwich loss is now estimatedto be 4metres.
Quantifying the effects of water injectioe and
sandwich loss in the AA pool makes it possible to
estimate the future performance of the miscible
flOod.
Using the results of the swept zone
calculations(Appeqdi~E), the remainingrecoverable
oil is 1,105 x 10 m which indicates.an ultimate
recoveryof 70% (AppendixF). The decrease of 5% in
the overall recovery factor from the swept zone
recovery factor of 75% occurs directly because of
the sandwich loss and oil resaturation of the
water-swept area. The incrementalrecovery factor
over waterflood attributableto the miscible flood
was increasedfrom 11.3% to 21%.
DUCTION OPTIfiIZATIOH
(a) ProductionHistory and Forecast
Even though the reservoir description and the
current miscible flood performance are understood,
the prediction of future production rates is very
difficult, The oil bank is thin. At this rtage, it
is critical to
implement correct production
practisesto decrease the sandwich loss and thereby
improve the oil recovery. From the geological
model, it is known that an extra metre of oil
sandwich recovery translates into approximately
80,000 m3 cifoil. In order to estimate the oil, gas
and water production, two important facts were
considered:
Remaining ec verable oil is estimated at
1.

~ ~Olj~ ~J m!

2,

Increasingquantitiesof solvent and water

will be produced as the thin oil bank is
depleted.

From a review of the pool performance,the oil rate

forecastwas declined expon ntial1y at 15% annual1y
from its 1988 rate of 370 m5/d to an economic 1imit
of 15 m3/d (Figure 10), The gas-oil ratio and
water-oil ratio forecastswere synchronizedwith the
oil fo ec sts and ncreased to maximum levels of
8000 mf!
/m and 15 m!3
/m3, respectively (Figure 10).
After the year 2000, oil production continues at

The prese~ce of asphaltenes in oil from the Keg

River zone in the Rainbow field is consnon. The
documentationof asphaltenedeposition in ainbows
1argest pool, !!egRiver B, is available(4
From
this literature, asphaltene deposition in ~he Keg
River B pool became evident only after the
implementation of a hydrocarbon miscible flood
scheme. The presence of asphaltenes,however, does
not
a
t
miscibility according to
recent
studies[l!!.
Asphalteneshave not caused severe plugging problems
in the AA pool because of the lean solvent
composition. However, asphaltenedeposition likely
has an effect on the well production performance.
To understand the severity of this effect, a
rate-testing program was developed where one well
was subjected to three steps over a six-month
period:
1.
Flowed at a low and high rate, each rate
for 24 hours min mum.
Xylene wash (6 mi ).
::
Flowed at a low and high rate again, each
rate for 24 hours.
Two Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) curves
were generated from the test data using Vogels
method, one reflecting production with asphaltene
deposition and one reflecting production after a
xylene wash (Figure 11). The purpose of the xylene
wash was to dissolve any of che asphaltene
precipitateswhich may exist in the immediate area
around the wellbore. This is the most iikely area
for asphaltene deposition in the reservoir because
of the increased pressure drop at the producing
perforations,
The second ImR curve shows a huge increase in
productivityo$er the first IPR curve for any given
pressure drop. This increase is misleading and
occurredmainly because the second test did not have
a high enough rate to draw the well perforation
pressuredown below the bubble point pressure, As a
result, both test pressures were above the bubble
point pressure and very close to the initial
gressure, allowing for a greater degree of
inaccuracy.
The evidence from the two IPR curves, however, is
very clear. The xylene wash stimulated the well,
The dissolving of asphaltenes around $he.wellbore
permittedmore oil to enter the perforationsfor the
same pressure drawdownwithout an increasein GOR,

RESERVOIRDESCRIPTIONAND PERFORMANCEANALYSIS OF
A MATURE MISCIBLE FLOOD I RAINBOW FIELD, CANADA

.
The longevity of the xylu;;etreatment is unknown.
In .he Keg River B pool, xylene washes ar conducted
on some WO1lS as often as once a monthb.)
Given
the encou~agingresults of the rate-testingprogram,
some of the poorer producers of the AA pool should
benefit from a routine xylene-washprogram.

5.
6.

A coning simulation model was developed to

qualitativelyevaluate the effect of major reservoir
facies on various production strategies. The
black-oil
program
simulated
first-contact
miscibility between an injected solvent and the
in-place oil usingut..~mixing parameter approach.
simulator
The
one-equat~on sequential
formulation to solve implicitly for pressure and
then explicitly for gas and water saturations. The
solution technique was based on direct Gaussian
Elimination.
The building of the coning model was simplified in
two major ways because the qualitative effects of
reservoir heterogenities,and not the quantitative
the
effects, were
main
goal.
first
The
simplificationwas to accept the models ability to
simulate only first-contact miscibility, although
the AA pool is a multi-contactmiscibl~ flood. The
second major simplificationwas simulatingonly from
the
current oil
sandwich condition, which
considerablyreduced the size of the model.

The coning model was built as a two-dimensional

radial system (Figure 12), cnmposed of 9 layers and
7 concentric rings (r=7; THETA=360degrees; z-9).
Solvent was located in the top layer, otl was
located in the next five layers (15-metreoi1 bank)
and water was located in the bottom three layers.
One three-phase oil producer was located in the
ceotre of the model. Two pseudo-wells,a solvent
injector and a water injector, were placed in the
outside radial ring and could inject into the top
and bottom layers, respectively, The concentric
rings were increased in width in a linear tashlon
(multipliedby the factor of 2) to avoid material
balance errors resulting from large area changes,
The inner radius of two metres provided reasonable
fluid saturation profiles at the wellbore while
maintaining numerical stability with reaso~lable
t~me.step sizes. The outer radius of 239 mdres
reflectedthe average s acing of the 16wells in the
total pool area of 291 Rectares.
The constraints introduced into the model reflected
typical field llmits, These constraintswere:
1. The datum pressure at the original
oil-watercontact was maintainedat 16,100
kPa absolute,
2,
All vo{dage was replaced by solvent or
water injection.
Water injectionwas used only to maintain
3.
a level orfginaloil-watercontact.
4.
~~ ~&#nufl,#llowable solvent-oil ratio
,
-,.

The maximum allowable uater cut was 95

percent.
The lowest allowableoi rate was 2n#/d.

The simulation program wa~h;~~ initially with a

homogeneous reservoir.
major reservoir
heterogeneities, which were ev dent in the oil
sandwich from core and log S1udies, were then
individuallyintegrated into the homogeneousmodel.
Theselmajorfacies:
?
exposure surfaces;
clusteredvuggy porosity;and
::
layers of altered vertical to horizontal
permeabilityratios.

There are two drawbacks to doing xylene treatments.

First, although it is a comparatively inexpensive
procedure ($15,000 Cdn,), the xylene treatment must
have a short payout period to be economical because
the benefits may be short term. Secondly, repe
xylene washes will dissolve the downhole packers!!!:
resultingin expensiveworkovers.
(c) Coning Control Program

SPE 19656

In order to understandthe effect of these reservoir

facies on coning, two types of producing strategi~:s
were introduced into the fr~del: gas cycling and
reverse coning. The gas cycling strategy allowed
oil to be produced from the oil bank and handled
increasing amounts of gas, The reverse coning
strategy allowed oil to be produced from below the
original oil-water contact and handled increasing
amounts of uat
in the pas>~l$ 2#verseA c0nin9
has been
studied
synopsis
of current
ns of rev~rse coning Is provided by
::~;:;l$)y and indicates that favorable results are
achievableusfng this productionstrategy.
Prior to running the simulator, the theoretical
maximum coning rates and perforation locations for
the oil bank and water zone were calculated
the
ions and figures publishedby Cottin[m
:;flij , respectively. For the productionof ~~
strictly from the oil bank, the criticalc ing rate
for monophasic oil production was 16 3 /d @
a
perforation interval located 7 metres below the
solvent-oilcontact. For the productionof oil from
the water zone by reverse coning, the criticai
coning r te for biphasic oil and water production
9
was 20 m/d
of oil with a WOR of 2.4 (total fluid
rate = 68 m3/d) perforated at an interval4 metres
below the original oil-water contact.
The
simulationruns used these perforationintervalsand
60%of the maximum coning rates for the b,.:-.nnt,rol
cases in each of the two producingstrategie;
The results of the simulationruns were compared in
terms of predicted solvent-oil ratio SOR), water
cut, recovery of OOIP in oil bank and \ reakthrough
time. A characteristicGOR curve for a typtcal AA
well was also used as a reference to compare the
shape of the SOR curves generated from the
simulationruns (Figure 13),
The effect of oil rate on coning is shown for the
gas cycling control case :hofiiugeneous
reservoir) In
Figure 14. Below the critical coning rate, the SOR
curve gradually increasedwith no water cut, As the
oil rate increasedabove the critical rate, the SOR
and water cut increased noticeably and the
difference in ultimate ?f~f~erybecame smaller as
the SOR increased.
as cycling
still
recovered a notable portion o! the oil bank even
when significant solvent coning had occurred,
provided that the economic limit on SOR was
sufficientlyhigh enough,
The results of integrating the three reservoir
facies into the homogeneous contng model are
sunnnarized In Table 3.
The Introduct
Ion of
clusteredvuggy porosity and variationsin vertical

294

CPF

DIANE E. BILOZIR.PAULM. FRYDL

lQtVWi

;O hor#zo,!alpermeabilityratios caused only mtnor

However, the
luctuatlons In 011 recovery.
introductionof a _
exposure surface around the
~ellborehad the greatest relative effect on oil
.ecoverywhen compared to the homogeneousc~se.

2.

~or the gas cycling strategy,the introductionof a

:urved lens between the solvent bank and the
woducing perforations increased the recovery uf
)(IIP significantly(Figure 15). In addition, there
~as an asymptotic inc~ease in SOR which is typical
]f the GOR response in AA pool wells (Figures14 and
15). A re--se curved lens was also implementedto
epresentan exposure surface on the edge of the
eef and the results still indicated a noticeable
lmpro~~ement
over the control case (Figure15).
:or the reverse coning strategy,the curved exposure
surface was very unfavorable !f located at the
til-watercontact. The well produced only water &s
the oil could not cone into the perforatior~s
located
belOW the oil-watercontact.
Using the results of the s::em:;ivitystu.u;:;s
from
of
a
the coning simulation
recommendationsdelineating the optimum areas for
reverse coning and gas cycling were developed
(Figure 16).
(d) Hwlzontal Mel1 Technology
Horizontalwel1 technology is a producing strategy
uhich can provide two main advantages:
1. reduce gas and/or water coning through
reduced drawdown; and
potentially
increase contacted pay,
2.
increasingwell productivity.

3.

4.

c)

multi-contactingmechanism. The inability

of the pseudoternarydiagranrw represent
this multi-contact ath expla;ned the
previousconceptiono/ irmriscibility.
The
hypothetical waterflood recovery
factor was calculated to be 49%, which is
significantlylower than the 1972 estimate
of 67%.
The decrease was justified
theoretically and through actual flood
pc:formance.
The current recovery factor of the
miscible flood is 75%, which is lower than
the 1972 estimate of 78.3%. Nowever, due
to a four-metresandwichloss, the overall
recovery factor will be 70%. Remaining
recoverable oil in t e oil bank is
approximately1,105 x 103 m3.
Further refinement of the depletion
strategy is requiredto ensure maximum oil
recovery.

ththodologyfor ReservotrHanagemwt

This study demonstratedthe nevrengineerinpparadigm

and the applicationof i
engineering
technlquest~~~igat?e eo~iz~~~
incorfmatedthe integrat~on of geologicaldata with
engineering data to re-develop the raservoir
description upon which the AA pool vertical
hydrocarbonm{scible flood had been designed. The
framework for arana~ing maturs miscibl~ffloodwas
established.
implementation
recent
technological advances were discussed as integral
co,,~onents in the on-going development of an
optiwized productionstrategy.

formationvolume factor
compressibility
microscopicdisplacementefficiency
volume factor for expansior:
of fluid and
rock above Pb
recovery factor
volumetricdisplacementefficiency
cumulationgas production
gas-oil ratio
initialgas cap to oil zone ratio
cumulativeoil production
mid-point perforations
original oil-in-place
pressure
oil rate
recovery factor
produced gas-oil ratio
solutiongas-oil ratio
saturation
solvent-oilratio
variationof permeability
cumulativewater influx
water-oil ratio
cumulativewater production

The applicationof horizontalwell technology into

the mature miscible flood oftheAA pool is logical.
Theoretically,a well drilled horizontallyinto the
remainingoil bank should minimize coning and reduce
sandwich loss. In practise, drilling a horizontal
well for such a thin target would be operationally
difficult.
Wo main areas of tho AA pool were identified as
excellentpotential locationsfor a horizontalwell.
Vertical infil1 dri11ing is not economical
lY
feasible in these areas because of the thtn pay.
The areas identified were the northeast corner and
western edge of the pool (Figure 16).

a)

Reserve Estimates
1,

2,

b)

The new ~eservoirdescriptionindicatd a

original oil-in-place of 11.0 x 10% m!
volumetitcallytThis was a significant
de re se from the 1972 estimate of 15.9 x
1O$ m~. The decrease was supportedby the
increased well database and 3-D seismic
data.
The volumetric OOIP of 11.0 x 106 m3 was
balante
material
confirmed
by
a
re-evaluating the
calculation after
initial estimateof the aquifer size.

SUBSCRIPTS
b
f
o
t
w

PerformanceAnalysls
10

The AA pool achievedmisclbi1ity through a

296

=
=
=
=
=
=

bubble point
gas
initial
oil
total
water

t?

A MATURE MISCIBLE FLOOD

In.

~
The authors would like to thank Mobil Oil Canada for
permissionto write, present and publish this paper.
The authors would also 1ike to thank Richard C.
Sydor who greatly assisted ;n running the coning
sinvlationmodel.

1.

Millheim,K. K.: The New E#ineering Paradigm

Emergence
Investigative
and
the
Engineering,paper SPE 18103 presentedat 63rd
Annual Technical Conference and Exh!biticn of
t$e Society of Petroleum Engineers, Houston,
Texas, October 2-5 {1988).

2.

Willmon, G.J.: Vertical Miscible Flood to

Hike Recover; By 70 Million Barrels,wld
Oil
(January,1966) 75-78.

3.

Omoregie, 2.S. and Jackson, G.R.:

Early
Performance of a Large Hydrocarbon Miscible
Flood at the Mitsue Field, Alberta, paper SPE
16718 presented at the 62nd Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition of the Society of
Petroleum Engineers, Dallas, Texas, September
27-30 (1987).

4.

.
Reservoir Surveillance
Jonasson,
Program: Ju~yp&eek Beaverhill Lake A Pool
Hydrocarbon$iiscibleFlood, aper preprintNo.
86-37-34 presentedat the 37t Annual Technical
Meeting of the Petroleum Society of the
Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,
Calgary,Alberta, June 8-11 (1986).

Pool
Rei4zel, G.A. arsd Callow, G.O.:
Description and P formance Analysis Leads to
t
Spik~s Miscible Flood,
Understanding Gold
MiscibleS~~f~w.~ses# (SPE Reprint Serial No. Petroleum
Engineers,
M,
Richardson,Texas (1985) 580-589.

11. Slotboom, R.A. and Ambler, J,S.:

Reservoir
Depletion Study - Rainbow Keg River AA Pool,
Rainbow Field, Albert&ae
(NOCAN R69-47PEE-C),
application
Resources
ConservationBo~~d, June 9 (;=~~~

12. Slotboom, R.A. et al: MiscibleFlood Study Rainbow Keg River AA Pool, Alberta (NOCAN
R71-53PEE-C), application to the Ene y
ResourcesConservationBoard, October 1 (1971
7 .

13. Trach, M.R. and Matthews, M.W.:

Econ6mic
Evaluation of Solvent Flooding, Rainbow Keg
River AA Pool, Alberta {MCCAN R?3-22PEE),
application to the Government of the Province
of Alberta - Department of Energy and Natural
Resources,October 16 (1978).

14. Schmidt,

al:
t4iddle Devonian
V.
et
Cementation Peefs Encased in Evaporates,
Rainbow Field, Albwta,
Roehl, P.O. and
Choquette, P.U., eds.,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1888
m,
-,
y$~tista*
?
Dolomitization in Rainbow Buildups, Hidde
De\onian Keg River Formation,Alberta, Canadam,

15. Qing, H. and Mountjoy, E.W.:

~

(1989) 3!4, 114-126.

16. Craft,
5.

6.

7,

8,

9.

flcIntyre,F.J. and Polkowski,G.: Radioactive

Tracer Application to Monitoring Solvent
Spreading in the Rainbow Keg River 8 Pool
Vertical HydrocarbonMiscible Flood, paper SPE
14440 presented at the 60th Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition of the SocifJ~ad;f
Petroleum Engineers, Las Vegas,
t
September22-25 (1985),
Da Sic, W. et al: Assessmentof a Vertical
HydrocarbonMiscible Flood in the Western Nisku
D Reef, paper SPE/DOE 17354 presented at the
SPE/DOE EnhancedOil Recovery Symposium,Tulsa,
Oklahoma,April 17-20 (1988).
Mazzocchi, E. et al: TertiaryApplicationof
a HydrocarbonMiscible Flood, Rainbow Keg River
8 pool, paper SPE 17355 presented at the
SPE/DOE Symposium on ErlhancedOil Recovery,
Tulsa, Oklahoma,April 17-20 (1988).
Backmeyer, L,A,, Guise, D,R., KacDonell, P.E,:
The Tertiary Extensionof the Wizard Lake D-3A
Pool MiscibleFlood, paper SPE ?3271 presented
at the 59th Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition of
the Society of Petroleum
Engineers, Houston, Texas, September 16-19
(1984),

B.C. and Hawkins, M.F.,

v
~t
prentice-Hal
Inc., EnglewoodCliffs, New Jersey (1959) 218.

17, Humphries,C.L. and McCarroll,J.: RainbowM

Mlscible Fluids Study (RR691230-lFR),Nobil
Research and Development Corporation Research
Department, Field Research Laboratory,Dallas,
Texas, December 30 (1969).

18, Koch, H.A. and Hutchinsorr,C.A.:

Miscible
Displacementsof ReservoirOil Using Flue Gas,
AIM (1958) u,
7.
~,

19* Benham, A,L,, Dowden, W,E,, and Kunzn!an,W.J.:

Miscible Fluid Displacement - Prediction of
~~~cibtlity, ~
(October, 1960)

20, George, R.A. and Hollabaugh, G.R.: Hisclble

Fluid Dispersion,Rainbow AA Reservoir,Canada
(RR700505-1FR),Mobil Research and Development
CorporationResearchDepartment,Field Research
Laboratory,Dallas, Texas, May 5 (1970).
21, Z!ck, A,A,: A Combined Condenslrig/Vaporizing
Mechanism in the Displacement of 011 by
Enriched Gases, paper SPE 15493 presented at
the 61st Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition of the Society of Petrol@urn
Engineers,New Orleans, Loui.:anna, October 5-8
(1986)0

Bennion. D.W. and Stewart. B.: Simulationof

a Directly Miscible Vertical Displacement
Hydrocarbon Solvent
Flood, ~
(January-February,1987) 97-103,
New
I 22, Novosad,
and
Costain,
T.:
Z.
Interpretation of Recovery Mechanisms in

.
., ,

Enriched Gas Drives, J,

(March-April,1988) 54-60.

Cdn,

Pet. Tec~
WOR-25; Mobility Ratiom 1; SW- O.082 (fr.);
V = 0.48 (Lower Limit); V -0.1 (
r Limit)
yY9!l
From Dykstra-ParsonsLinear Modei
LOWER LIMIT: , EF(l-O.52*SW = 9.379; Er = ,40
UPPER LIMIT:
Er(l-O.52*Sw
1 = 0,50; Er = ,52

The Reservoir Engineering

23. Craig, F.F,:
Aspects of Waterflooding, Monograph Series,
Volume 3, Society of Petroleum Ergineers, New
York (197ij 79-80,

D. ~flood

24. McNiel, J.St:

Bottom Water injection Rainbow AA Puol - Flow Cell Studies,
correspondence to It,J. Clauser from ?iobil
Rssearch and Development Corporation Research
Department, Field Research Laboratory,Dzllas,,
J
Texas, August 15, (1972).

OOIP= l1,000x 103m3

Solvent-OilContact (1987) = 1,285 m subsea
Depth at Top ofRe,\f = l,i42,9msubses
hLiCal

klOUllt

sWC@

-1,142,9+1,285142,1

Swept OOIP (using Table 2)

= 8,727+[(142.1-141.8)/S.1]*571=8,755
x 103 m3
Ed = (Soi-Sor)So = (0.92-0,05)/0.92s0.95
Np =6,55OX1O $4m
Recover? of Swept Zone = (6,550/8,755)= 75%
Ev.(Rf/kd)m (0,75/0,95).0,79

27. Cottin, R.H, and Dmbret, R.L.: Applicationof

a Multi-phase Coning model to Optimize
Completion and Production of Thin Oil Columes
Lying Betwen Gas Cap and Wate~aZone, paper
SPE 4632 presented at the 48th Annual Fal1
14eetin of the Society of Petroleum Engineers
of AIi E, Las Vegas, Nevada, September 30 October 3 (1973).

Oil 8ank Thickness (1987) 181s

Amount of Uater-FlushedOil Bank =4,7m
Sandwich Lv:s = 41S
OOIP Below S\~lvent-Oil
Contact (Table 2)
= 571(5.8/6.1)+776(6.1/6.1)
+ 926[{(6.1-4.7)+
(4.7*0.51)~/611
= 543 + 776 + 576 = 1,895 X 10 n+
Expected Recovery of Unswept Zone = 75%
RemainingRecoverableOil
= [((18-4)/18*1,895*0.75]= 1,105 x 103 m3
Total Recoversile Oil =6550+1105=7655 x 103 m3
Ultimate Recovery = (7,655/11,000)= 70%

28. Odeh, A.S.:

Flow Capacity of Wells with
Limited Entry to Flow, YEJ~
(March, 1968)
43-51.

APPENDIX
A. material Balance Wsulatfm
Cf= 4.06x 10-7; Cw= 4.35 x 10-7 vol/vol/kPa;
Sw = 0.082 (fr.); m = O; Pi = 16,090 kPag;
b
kpa;
-14933
Boi-15$159
= 1.3046;
B = p
1.3040
rm/m !Pag
;
Np = 126,600m ; Gp =13,216x 103 m3;
10 ,39 m3/m3;
Rsi = 92,73; h = 91.30; Rp

;:; : ;:~:;;;#::&70
!m3&
Wp=81m;
We=6~,000m; ~ ~f. O rm3/m3;
Bt + IRD RsilBol We+~
= 11 x 106 m3.
- Bti + if + mBti~Bg/Bgi-1]

~
= Ct*Delta P (Ref. 17)
PotentialAquifer Size
StabilizedIkterInflux = 63 x 103 m3 (Fig, S)
Ct = Cf + Cw = 8.41 x 10-7 vol/vol/kPa
Delta P - total pressuredrop Until
stabilizationof water influx
- 14,834 = 1,256 kPa
Thus, po~e~f{~faquifersize = 60 x 106 m3,

~mw

Mobi1
Exploration and
26. Sinnokrot, A.A.,
Producing ~ervices, Dallas, Texas, personal
communica,tlon,
March (1989).

1X B. llgyiferS~

~vorw

Swi = 0.082; Sor(WF)=0.35; Ev- 0,79 (App, E)

Displa~~nt Efficiency=~yi-SorlWF~=
0,62
1 - Swi
~)
Water lood Recovery = (Ed)(Ev) = 0.49

25. Van Lookeren, J.:

0!1 Production from
Reservoirs with an Oil Layer Between Gas and
Bottom Water in the Same Sand, J, Pet. lech..
(March, 1965) 37.

tiIANEE. BILOZIR.PAUL M. FRYDL

SPE 19656

-----

.-

-.

1. Average Rock kopertles

~,

3.

4.

5,

6.

Porosity, iercent
8*6O
Average Th Ickness,metres
63.11
Average Ol Zone Horizontal?ermeabllity,md
4500
Average 01 I Zone Vertical Permeability,md
875
ROCK Compr msibility, vol/vol/kPa(g)x 10-6
0,4S6
Fluid Olstrlbhion
Connate Wa ;erSaturation,percent
8,20
Orlgin41 O 11-liater
-1303,0
Contact?metres subsea
Current 01 -datarContact (1987),metres subsea -1 302,1
ReservoirPre ;sure
Datum, mei essubsea
-1~:4:i:
Original P essure,kPa(g) at datum
Current (1 189)Pressure,kPa(g) at datum
16150
Fluid Propert1es
Saturatloc Pressure,kPa(g)
15 160
Flash 011 !oluma Factc*, res m3/st m3
at In tial Pressure
1,3046
at Sa ;urationPressure
1,3070
Flash Solu ;ionGa~-Oil Ratio, m3/m3
Otl Oenslt t,g/cm
0.8!;
oil Viscos ltyat InitialConditions,mPa,s
0.472
Reservoir e erature C
84.4
Oil Compre ;si
T ility, vol/vol/kPa(g)x 10-6
1.84
Mater C
essibility,vol/vol/kPa(g)x 10-6
0.435
Reservoir Yo IIMS (1989)
Area, m!
2910000
Otl Zone R tckVolume, 1 3m3
183687
Original a il Content,
0.060
Original O l-in-Place,?;~m~~lfi3
11 000
Aquifer Data ;1989
i
Rock Volum ), 10m3
1 763
Average Pa ;0 ity, percent
Volume, 10 tm3
5;

Jablez.

WmwuUIM

forthe~
\TIVE
:P
J&

234
112
453
750
908
;;::
1221

1201
571
776
926

!34
146
fgg
i49
: 157
4 i23
6 105
i26
: 127
!98
1! 174
11 )00

THICKNESS
OF SLICE
-a
;;.;
12:2
12*2
1202
24,4
18,3
12,2
1:,;
6:1
6.1

294

CUMULATIVE
DEPTH FROM TOP
~

25,9
38,1
50.3
;:,;
99:1
117,4
129,6
141,8
147.9
154*,O
160.1

Table 3. Relative Effects of Reservoir Facies on Producine $trateaies

RELATIVE EF)_ECT

RELATIVE EFFECT
EVERSE CONl&

Exposure Surface

Favorable if above
perforations.
Curvatllm is imfmtant .
Reverse curvature is
not s favearableas
noraal curvature.

Unfavorable if
located at oilwater contact.

ClusteredVuggy
Porosity

Marginally
unfavorable.

Marginally
favorable.

Anisotropy Factor
Variation

Marginally
unfavorable.

marginally
favorable.

RESERVOIR FACIES

MOTE: Effects are relative to

Fkl

nBcuo Flood PmdMcum

homoge,wus

reservoir.

1971

188:

lsisl

2001

H-t--i
I
*
t

I
I

IL

II*

SPE

.
-

I
t-

sol

19656

.,

SW

19656

4\-=-\
0.,
o

400

800

1200

1600

OIL RATE (mS/day)

F19. 11-

0,093

0,025

0.0

0,018

0,0

0.0

Fig. 12-

1988 and Oetobor 1988

IPR Curves for 12-13-11O-6W6M

Jun.

Radial Coning
Modol &ld System

~~-~1~.nslonal

,,

ta

sPE 19656

2,0

8MDCYIWED

0.6

1
1.2

t
1.4

,..=2
[RA

~)

1.6
CIMJLATIVE

Fig. 13-

AOTUAL

1.8

2:0

(ma )

&%$%GTlON

QOR vs. Cumulatlvo 011ProductIon for

Typical AA WON(10-14-11O-6W6M)

0
0

10

20

60

60

40

PEROENT RsOovmv

OF w

60

70

(~

Fig. 14- SOR and Water Cut vs. Porcont

Rocowry of OOIP for Throo Rates
In Homogonoous Ro$orvolr

WE 19656

6-

~Lms

e;
02

!i
~

CIJnvEDlsm

0 .~,
o

-~

10

20

so

40

Pmm47nEcOveRY

Fig. 15-

60

70

oFOow(%l

SOR vs. Percent Rocovory of OOIP

for Curved Lens - Qas Cycllng Strategy

1 KILOMETRE

so

GAS CYCLING

...
,.:;.:
,,.,
,.,
{,,.:
,,.
n

REVERSE CONINQ
HORIZONTAL W

Fig. 16-

Rocommondod Aroau for lmplomontatlon

of Optimum Producing Stratoglos

S$t

ao