•

+ − +
+ = −
+ − +

σ = + − + = −
σ
! = " →∞
+

• #$ →∞ + + %%
& & '

+ −
+ = −
πσ σ
# # $#

# $ → (
+ − +
+
+ = "
+

• =
∼

• #
 &
)

& = " *
+ ,
∂ 
  =
∂ 
# $

! ∆ ≥ !
"

= =
∂  ∂  ∂ 
=   =   =
∂  ∂  ∂ 
∂ ∂ ∂  ∂ 
=− = = −    =−
∂ ∂ ∂  ∂ 
∂
=
∂

= −∑ = + −µ

= +∑ = − +µ

+∑ = − + µ=

!
∂ 
=  =
∂ 
" !

∂
= − =− #
$
∂
"
→ →
%

↓
Γ µ
 = µ
Γµ = γ µ

" #

$ $

∂ρ
+ [ρ ]=
ρ
• % & = ! ρ "
∂
#

ρ
= " $ !
∂ρ
" =
∂
{ρ } % ρ=ρ " ρ
ρ∼ −β

" " " !

"" #

• # ' &

= " ∑
" #

•
#

Ω =
−
'& (
→∞ − ∼ ) !
! * ! #&
" ( "
!
 " +
( #

', "

- (
( "
(

& /
. "
∂ Ω
= β=
) 0 /
0 Ω ∂
# ∂ Ω
= Ω → + =
! β ∂
∂ Ω
" "# # $ $# µ =−
! % & $ ' β ∂
$ $ $

=∑ =∫
1
−β −β ∂
=−
2
0 ∂β
−β
∂
!
# = =
" β ∂
=−
∂
=− ∑ = + β µ=−
β ∂
 ∂ 
= ∑ς = −
∞


* 2 µβ

 ∂β
µ ς=
0 = ς
∂ 
! −β
ς ς
= = =  
β ∂ ς β
µ µ µ

∂
. Γµ =− µ
=+
= µ β ∂µ
∂
=
&
∂ς
=µ "
∂
µ =
∂
µ = + β − βµ

# '# 2 =∫ −β

0 =−
!
)
.

) " 3 "
# # -4
4
" 3 " ∝
5 " # "# $ #

/ ( − ) =

∂ 
( − ) =  
 ∂µ 
/ 64 "

∂  ∂ 
( − ) =   +µ  
∂   ∂µ 
/ " " #

• )
!
• =
!
• + ε∼ ' = !

• ,
" =− ∑
! !
+ β
!

• $ ! !

- !