FLEXURAL DESIGN, _~=

development, hooked bars

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN STOUT

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND
MATHEMATICS
LECTURE IV
Dr. Jason E. Charalambides
=

Identifying The Problem

=The forensics:
We often see concrete reinforcement becoming exposed with concrete sliced
and disengaged from the rest of the structural element. Besides the case of
poorly cast concrete (e.g. honeycombing etc.), geometric formation and
physics/statics may be the reason behind the result.

How Does Development

Length Work?

But as the form of the concrete

locks the bars in place, with every
application of forces, these forms
experience stresses that generate
reactions. Thus a significant amount
of surfaces of both steel and
concrete need to be in contact in
order to allow those stresses to be
transferred to the volume of the
beam. The deeper the rebar, the
more surface will be in contact, the
better the dissipation of the stress
(generated by the tension applied on
the steel) within the concrete.
Insufficient development length at the top of column. Source:
http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/depremmuh/eqspecials/bingol/bingol_eq.htm Oct.2009

How Does Development

Length Work?

Nevertheless, the depth of the rebar is not

the only factor. Think of this issue in terms
of physical scale, as well as numerical scale
that pertains to the strength of the
materials.

Default conditions
(see next slide for definition)

What if we have very strong rebars and

very mild concrete, or vice versa, and what
about the location of the bars within the
beam (top rebars vs bottom rebars)?
=location factor=1 or 1.3 if top bars
=bar coating factor=1.0 if not coated, or
1.2 or 1.5 (accordingly) if bars are coated
=concrete density factor=1 or 1.3 if
lightweight concrete

More Detail in Formula

Favorable bar placement conditions

require that:

Clear cover and clear spacing of bars

is db or greater when there are
transverse ties or stirrups as it
happens in most beams, or
Clear cover is more than db and
spacing between bars is greater than
2db where ties and stirrups are not
present as in the case of slabs

For default formula:

c=dimension from center of bar to

edge of section.
Ktr=transverse reinforcement ratio.

Graphic Method

Graphic Method

The Shortest possible graph yields its results from the

highest permissible value of [(c+Kv)/db]=2.5
The central value referred as Usual is applicable where
bars are placed inside stirrups or ties, and the clear spacing
between bars as well as edge cover distance is at least as
large as a bar diameter and more than 1in. If no stirrups or
ties are present but the clear spacing between bars is at
least 2 bd, the Usual graph is applicable again.
The Worst case gives values 50% higher than the Usual.

Hooked Bars

Framing conditions may limit the space to develop

tensile strength along a straight bar, imposing a
condition where bars may be bent 90 or hooked.
ldh can be much shorter than ld.
ldh is measured from outer edge of hook.
See following chart:

Hooked Bars

Cont

(Grade 50, & 4ksi conc.)

Development of Bars in
Continuous Beams

Inside bend radii must be no less than 6db for bars #3

through #8, 8db for bars #9 through #11, and 10db for
larger bars.
Compression bar development length can be much
shorter:

It can be noted that ldc=ldh for the materials

strengths f`c=4ksi and fy=60ksi

Development of Bars
Through Lap Splices
1.
2.
3.

Lap splices are restricted to #11 or smaller

Class B Tension Splice length shall be 1.3 ld
Class A Tension Splice length=1.0ld may be used if:

1.

2.

3.

Fewer than half of the bars are spliced at the same location, or
Bar stress developed is less than fy/2

Compression Splice Length shall be 30 db but not less

than 12 in.
Compression splice length for bars higher than Grade
60 shall be (0.9 fy-24)db with fy expressed in ksi.
Compression splices within spiral columns may be
75% as long but no less than 12 in.

Where is Anchorage Required?

Bar Development Anchorage

At least 1/3 of bottom bars required for +ve moment must extend
at least 6 in into supports of simply supported beams.

At least 1/4 of bottom bars required for +ve moment must extend
at least 6 in into supports of continuous beams.

At least 1/3 of top bars required for -ve moment must extend
beyond the point of inflection associated with ve moment.

Continuing bars for flexure must extend beyond the point at which
they are required for a distance at least 12db or the depth of the
member d.

No Hassle Bar Detailing

Exterior Spans

No Hassle Bar Detailing

Exterior Spans

No Hassle Bar Detailing

Interior Spans

In Class Example:

Steel Grade is 75 and

f`c=5ksi. Calculate the ld
for both top and bottom
bars.

Reading

Reading:

Req: Furlong, Chapt. 5

Recom: McCormac & Nelson, Chapter 7 for this lecture.