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Nazih Moubayed
1,
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
978-1-4244-1641-7/08/$25.00
2008 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on December 31, 2009 at 04:54 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
tL
I-
('I
.c
e.
&&
I
Reec\a"";lh
sulfuric ootd
"'form 1....
s ulfato. Must
s uppl y .lootrons
end 10 Ion
positive
""---
~
Reacts IoI1th
sulfate ;ons
to form load
sulfate. Pb
supplios Iw
H2 SO 4
H2 O
.c
e.
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1.... eloctrode
""--1. left
IIOQ8tive
,...L
r------
,...L
+
Em
..(C1SOC')
978-1-4244-1641-7/08/$25.00
2008 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on December 31, 2009 at 04:54 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
(2)
where:
R1 was a main branch resistance in Ohms,
R10 was a constant in Ohms,
DOC was battery depth of charge.
Vpo
where:
C1 was a main branch capacitance in Farads,
T1 was a main branch time constant in seconds,
R1 was a main branch resistance in Ohms.
Equation 4 approximated a main branch resistance. The
resistance increased exponentially as the battery state of
charge increased.
The resistance also varied with the current flowing through
the main branch. The resistance primarily affected the
battery during charging. The resistance became relatively
insignificant for discharge currents:
(4)
where:
Ip was the current loss in the parasitic branch,
VPN was the voltage at the parasitic branch,
GpO was a constant in seconds,
Tp was a parasitic branch time constant in seconds,
Vpo was a constant in volts,
Ap was a constant,
8 was the electrolyte temperature in DC,
8t was the electrolyte freezing temperature in DC.
Extracted charge Qe
Equation 7 tracked the amount of charge extracted from
the battery. The charge extracted from the battery was a
simple integration of the current flowing into or out of the
main branch. The initial value of extracted charge was
necessary for simulation purposes.
t
(7)
Total capacity C
C(I,9) =
Terminal resistance RO
Equation 5 approximated a resistance seen at the battery
terminals. The resistance was assumed constant at all
temperatures, and varied with the state of charge:
(5)
where:
Ro was a resistance in Ohms
Roo was the value of RO at SOC=1 in Ohms
Ao was a constant
SOC was the battery state of charge
978-1-4244-1641-7/08/$25.00
(6)
where:
R2 was a main branch resistance in Ohms,
R20 was a constant in Ohms,
A21 was a constant,
A22 was a constant,
Em was the open-circuit voltage (EMF) in volts,
SOC was the battery state of charge,
1m was the main branch current in Amps,
1* was the nominal battery current in Amps.
= Roo [1 + Ao(I-S0C)]
Sf
Some definitions
Ro
(1-~)l
C 1 =l
RI
K,.C,'
1+(Kc-l~I~)
{l-~)'
(8)
Sf
where:
Kc was a constant,
Co* was the no-load capacity at OC in Amp-seconds,
8 was the electrolyte temperature in DC,
I was the discharge current in Amps,
I" was the nominal battery current in Amps,
~ and E were a constant.
SOC =1-
Qe
C(O,S)
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(9)
where:
SOC was battery state of charge,
DOC was battery depth of charge,
Q e was the battery's charge in Amp-seconds,
C was the battery's capacity in Amp-seconds,
a was the electrolyte temperature in c,
lavg was the mean discharge current in Amps.
parameters
used in equation 8:
Kc,Co,E,O.
Ca,R a
Main branch parameters
identification
"'0
- The capacitance
(10)
lavg
Gpo, Vpo,Ap.
J1
14
"'3
Cummt
(11)
1m
(t l s+l)
J)
J'oltop
where:
lavg was the mean discharge current in Amps,
1m was the main branch current in Amps,
T1 was a main branch time constant in seconds.
Thermal modelS
Equation 12 was modeled to estimate the change in
electrolyte temperature, due to intemal resistive losses
and due to ambient temperature. The thermal model
consists of a first order differential equation, with
parameters for thermal resistance and capacitance.
(12)
Where:
a was the battery's temperature in c,
aa was the ambient temperature in c,
aini! was the battery's initial temperature in c, assumed
to be equal to the surrounding ambient temperature,
P s was the 12R power loss of Ro and R2 in Watts,
Re was the thermal resistance in c 1 Watts,
Ce was the thermal capacitance in Joules 1C,
T was an integration time variable,
t was the simulation time in seconds.
PARAMETERS IDENTIFICATION
The mentioned equations of the lead-acid third order
model contain constants
that must be determined
experimentally by tests in the laboratory. These constants
or parameters can be divided in four categories:
- The main branch parameters used in equations 1 to 5:
978-1-4244-1641-7/08/$25.00
used in equation 6:
Capacitance parameters
identification
Thermal parameters
identification
2008 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on December 31, 2009 at 04:54 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
.1':
.:
:! :'.!':
Cum'"
:.i:I~::::::::: ~.!
. :::.:::
:'.~
::~.'.'.:::'.:::'.-""""""':""""""'[""":1::::::::::::::i
25L-_-L-_---'-_ _-L-_--'-_---"'--_-'-_---'-_----'
Voltage
Charging state
To simplify the modeling of the chosen accumulator, the
temperature of the electrolyte is supposed equal to the
ambient temperature. In addition:
- The accumulator is supposed to be empty,
- The initial extracted charge is negligible (Qe_init 0),
- The ambient temperature is supposed equal to 25C,
- The initial values of the SOC and DOC are equal to 0.2.
978-1-4244-1641-7/08/$25.00
2008 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on December 31, 2009 at 04:54 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
REFERENCES
[1] D. Linden et T. B. Reddy, "Handbook of Batteries", 3rd
edition, McGraw-Hili, New York, NY, 2001.
[2] Ceraolo, "New Dynamical Models of Lead-Acid
Batteries", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol.
15, No.4, IEEE, November 2000.
[3] Robyn A. Jackey, "A Simple, Effective Lead-Acid
Battery Modeling Process
for Electrical System
Component Selection", The MathWorks, Inc., Janvier
2007.
[4] Wootaik Lee, Hyunjin Park, Myoungho Sunwoo,
Byoungsoo Kim and Dongho Kim. "Development of a
Vehicle Electric Power Simulator for Optimizing the
Electric Charging System", SAE, Warrendale, PA,
2000.
[5] Massimo Ceraolo, "New Dynamical Models of Lead
IEEE Transactions
on Power
Acid Batteries",
Systems, VOL. 15, NO.4, Novembre 2000.
[6] http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/electricl
leadacid.html
[7] Stefano Barsali and Massimo Ceraolo, "Dynamical
Models of Lead-Acid Batteries:
Implementation
Issues", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,
VOL. 17, NO.1, Mars 2002.
[8] Ziyad M. Salameh, Margaret,A. Casacca William and
A. Lynch, "A Mathematical Model for Lead-Acid
Batteries", Departement of Electrical Engineering,
University of Lowell, 1992.
[9] Michel F. de Koning and Andre Veltman, "modeling
battery efficiency with parallel branches", 35th annual
IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference,
2004.
[10] Sabine Piller, Marion perrin and Andreas Jossen,
"Methods for state of charge determination and their
applications", Centre for solar Energy and Hydrogen
Research, Joumal of power sources 96, 2001.
[11] Robyn A. Jackey, "A Simple, Effective Lead-Acid
Battery Modeling Process
for Electrical System
Component
Selection",
2007-01-0778,
The
MathWorks, Inc.
978-1-4244-1641-7/08/$25.00
2008 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on December 31, 2009 at 04:54 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.