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INTERIOR LIGHTING
10-33
RESIDENCE LIGHTING
of a home are expressions of the method of living, taste, acand so on of a family or an individual. Residential-lighting design
is a compromise between individual taste, tradition, decoration, and
The recommendations presented here have been
practical engineering.
selected and condensed from the I.E.S. Recommended Practice of Home
The rooms
tivities,
Lighting.
lighting of living room, dining room, and kitchen in farm homes may
from that of similar areas in urban residences because the occupancy
may be somewhat different. In general, however, residential space is
Farm
utilized today in urban and rural areas for about the same purposes.
buildings which may or may not be directly connected with the farmhouse
require good illumination also.
(See the following section.)
The
differ
10-34
HANDBOOK
E S LIGHTING
seated positions, which may bring the luminaire within their view.
It is
not suggested that a room used for social conversation or other "nonseeing"
activity be illuminated to eliminate all shadow and contrast.
Such a room
would be unattractive. However, deep shadows may cause unnecessary
eyestrain and fatigue when the room is used for difficult seeing tasks, rather
than for relaxation and conversation.
Relationship between ceiling, wall, and floor color and reflectance, and light
and appearance. The utilization of light within a room depends
utilization
on the
lowest,
wall, floor,
attractive to
reflectance.
The
following reflectances
performed.
Table 10-7.
Recommended
Home*
FOOTCANDLES
MAINTAINED IN
SERVICE
Bedroom
Bathroom
LIGHTING FOR:
Kitchen (work counter, range, and sink)
Dressing-table mirrorf
Bathroom mirrorf
Laundry (ironer, ironing board, or tubs)
Work bench
5
5
5
10
5
5
40
20
40
40
40
Reading
Prolonged periods (smaller type)
Casual periods (larger type)
Sewing
On dark goods, fine needlework
Average sewing (prolonged)
Average sewing (periodic)
Writing
Children's study tablej
Game
40
20
100
40
20
20
40
tables
Card table
Ping-pong
*The values given
10
40
for general lighting are intended to minimize brightness ratios between the illuminated
Where difficult seeing tasks are not involved, the values listed aim to assure
charm.
The given values for typical home tasks are chosen for persons with normal vision, giving proper consideration to such matters as cost and practical attainment. They do not represent the optimum, since under some
conditions more light may be necessary and desirable, and often more light is attainable.
The values listed may be attained by either fixed or portable luminaires, or by a combination of the two.
tTo be delivered on both sides of the face.
JOften a dining-room table,
INTERIOR LIGHTING
10-35
The appearance
luminaires.
10-36
E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK
FIG.
a.
Their scale and design should fit the interior. They should be
placed to illuminate adequately for safety on the stairs. The type shown
in Fig. 10-25b must be mounted close to the ceiling in order to shield the
lamps from the view of persons descending stairs. In smaller halls the
type shown in Fig. 10-25f may be used, and for vestibules and narrow
passages the same type in a size as small as 6 inches in diameter for a 40-watt
incandescent lamp may be adequate.
Light is essential in a closet unless it has less than 9 square feet floor area
or is not more than 18 inches in depth, or where the light spilled from an
adjacent room is sufficient. When closets are located in hallways it is often
practical to place the hall fixture in front of the closet door.
A simple
porcelain pull-chain socket mounted just over the door frame on the
opening side serves shallow closets. Deeper closets are better served by a
small fixture, such as shown in Fig. 10-25f mounted on the closet ceiling,
controlled by a manual switch just inside the door or by an automatic door
A lamp rating of 60 watts is recommended as the minimum.
switch.
are used.
Living
Rooms
is
desirable to
meet varied
INTERIOR LIGHTING
10-37
10-26.
ceiling-mounted
Typical
(for
Ceiling fixtures.
more
modest home
(1) soft
shown
background lighting
in
for
over-all room light upon entering, and (4) flexibility in the room's atmosphere for varying occasions. The recommended types distribute light to
the ceiling and side walls and diffuse light throughout the room. The recommended minimums (14-inch diameter and 150-watt lamp) for the types
shown in Figs. 10-26a and c will be adequate for rooms of 150 to 200 square
feet or less.
Large luminaires close to the ceiling are less consipcuous than
small low mounted ones. Generally, they should be mounted not less than
7 feet 6 inches above the floor.
In small rooms with ceilings over 9 feet
high, suspended types such as shown in Figs. 10-26c and d often are used.
10-38
E S LIGHTING
HANDBOOK
Wall brackets and urns. Wall brackets and urns of either the purely
decorative or functional type have living-room applications.
The wall
urn illustrated in Fig. 10-26e when used in pairs on opposite walls increases
the general illumination of a room, especially in low-ceiling rooms and
when
floor
when wall and floor brightnesses are sufficient to minimize conbetween the seeing task and the surround.
spotty
trasts
FIG. 10-27.
tive harmony
tion.
Typical wall, table, and floor lamps selected and placed for decoraand to provide the recommended quantity and quality of illumina-
INTERIOR LIGHTING
Dining
10-39
Rooms
Whether the dining table is in a room of its own or is at one end of the
room or kitchen, it is the center of interest for that area. Linen,
china, and polished silver can gleam only if the illumination is provided by
large-area luminaires of proper brightness. The lighting method and the
choice of luminaires, however, depend to a great degree on the activities at
living
10-40
LIGHTING HANDBOOK
When
becomes part
directed
by
of the table
downward
from the
and
When
becomes a
silver, china,
crystal.
INTERIOR LIGHTING
10-41
FIG.
a.
General
work benches.
In the garage two luminaires of the type shown in Fig. 10-29d are
recommended.
10-42
LIGHTING HANDBOOK
Bedrooms
Bedrooms in the home are used for dressing, applying make-up, reading,
sewing, and studying as well as for sleeping. A ceiling luminaire is recommended for every bedroom. The types in Figs. 10-30a, b, and g are similar
in performance,
10-30d may be preferable for childlow brightness when viewed from reclining
positions.
The recommended minimums (14-inch diameter and 150-watt
silvered-bowl lamp) are adequate only for small- and medium-sized rooms.
For built-in dressing tables between wardrobes, excellent illumination
for make-up is provided by a recessed luminous element in a furred-down
ceiling.
Thin etched glass is recommended for fluores(See Fig. 10-30h.)
cent lamp elements and diffusing opal for incandescent lamp designs. The
dresser top should be mirrored to reflect light under the chin.
Luminous panels on each side of the mirror are excellent when inset in the
wall as in Fig. 10-30f. Lamps with half-cylinder shades (Fig. 10-30c)
may be mounted on the mirror. A bracket with an open-bottom oval
shade placed over the door mirror is inexpensive.
preference.
in Fig.
recommended
lamps,
bedroom
luminaires. a. Semi-indirect,
multiple-arm. c. Bracket (fluorBracket for door mirrors, f. Recessed elements for
Semi-indirect, for fluorescent lamps, h. Recessed
b. Semi-indirect,
INTERIOR LIGHTING
10-43
Wherever fixed luminaires are not installed, portables are needed. Wallmounted luminaires over the bed and tall bed-side table luminaires will
provide illumination for reading. Portables at the dresser, desk, reading,
A small 6-watt night lamp plugged into
or sewing chair are recommended.
a low convenience outlet is desirable, especially in nurseries.
Bathrooms
mounted approximately 5
Two
feet 6 inches
is
recommended.
^
i
il
'
f e
g
Typical recommended bathroom^luminaires. a. General diffuse enclosing globe, b. Semidirect, ceiling-mounted, for incandescent-filament lamps,
c. Semidirect, ceiling-mounted, for fluorescent lamps,
d. Vapor-proof, for shower,
e. Semi-indirect, bracket with lens.
f. Semi -indirect, bracket,
g. Wall bracket.
FIG.
10-31.
10-44
Floor, Table,
E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK
is
possible,
fluorescent
furniture groupings.
for the
desired
distribution.
The
I.E.S.
lamps
certified
of
1933-1941 had
provement
in quality
Table 10-8.
is
Recommended
for
in the
efficiency.
Home
HEIGHT OVERALL
Incandescent
and
This im-
Use
Lamps
is
to
100-150
Fluorescent*
30-40
(inches)
19-28f
SHADE
DIAMETER,
(inches)
14-18
and tables
Vanity lamps for:
Dressing tables
Dressers
Wall lamps
Floor lamps
75-100
75-100
15-20J
15-20
75-100
100-150
15-40$
150-500
20
50-60
above
1f
S-lOf
8-10t
2(3
floor
50-58**ft
8-10
12-18||
16-20$$
Lamp watts only. Does not include power consumed by auxiliary and refers to straight tubes only.
tSome models using fluorescent lamps may be shorter, since the long form and moderate brightness allow
a lower position within the shade, with a wider resultant spread of light.
tin vanity and wall lamps utilizing straight fluorescent tubes full-length shielding is required.
This size is appropriate only with 75- watt, incandescent-filament lamps (without diffusing bowls) over
sinks and both sides of a dressing-table mirror.
IIThis size (with bowls) required for critical seeing tasks, for use over beds desks, sewing machines, chairs,
etc.
INTERIOR LIGHTING
Shape,
size,
tasks, table
sockets for
10-45
Floor lamps usually should be placed toward the rear of the chair or
davenport for which they are selected, so that a seated person does not
view the under part of the shade. Luminaires should not be placed directly
Secretary and other tilt-top desks require a
in front or behind a person.
either the small-scale bridge or larger swivel types, depending
floor type
on the desk size.
Davenports placed flat against a wall with no tables to accomodate
portables are served best by floor types of the shorter dimensions given.
Swivel-arm, floor-type portables serve spinet and miniature pianos, though
a taller floor type placed close to the keyboard is better for upright or
grand pianos.
Dressing-table luminaires should be placed about 30 inches apart.
Shades should be near white and at face height. Wall luminaires mounted
over beds should be not more than 26 inches above the mattress top.
Torcheres do not give sufficient downlighting for critical seeing. They
serve best for soft background lighting, especially in halls, dining rooms,
and game rooms.
A balanced arrangement of luminaires within a room usually is pleasing.