RADIAL JET DRILING ATAU RADIAL

DRILING
Agustinus B, Aisyah E, Aldi F,Alifa F,Chairunisa Y,Destika W,Fadhil
K,Ivan MA,Aditya P.
References : http://www.drillingcontractor.org/low-cost-radial-jet-drilling-helpsrevitalize-40-year-old-oilfield-23377

Upward trends in oil prices and the

proliferation of new technologies are
enabling operators to capitalize on
new
opportunities.
Horizontal
drilling and completion are opening
up reserves in fields that were not
previously economically viable. This
trend is not limited to previously
undeveloped fields or by lithology.
Operators are also able to gain higher
recovery from old fields where
production has declined over time,
making new opportunities for
matching technology to economies
of scale for such marginal proje

Figure 1: The radial jet drilling

procedure begins with the removal of
production equipment from the well
and rigging up the coiled-tubing unit.
The coiled tubing is lowered down
the well to the target formation, and
the cutter perforates the casing and
cement. A high-pressure hose is
lowered downhole, and drilling fluid
is pumped to erode the reservoir and
drill the lateral.cts.

This article outlines the recompletion of a portion of a 40-yearold field using radial jet drilling
(RJD). The reservoir is a carbonate
formation with low permeability. The
combination of low permeability,
low productivity from traditional
vertical completions in a thin net pay,
and lack of low-cost techniques to
improve well productivity caused
production to dwindle. After
acquiring the lease in late 2010, the
new operator implemented a
program of RJD and acid/nitrogen
fracturing to enhance production.

RJD is a low-cost, environmentally

friendly method to drill numerous
small-diameter horizontal laterals
from a vertical
or near-vertical wellbore. It works in
both new and old wells that already
have a production history.
The article summarizes the workover
effort and production data before and
after the workovers. The results show
that nearly a two-fold production
increase was obtained, and it can be
clearly seen that RJD can be a viable
alternative to improve productivity
of shallow reservoirs that still have
significant oil in place.
Background
The Donelson West field, located in
Cowley County, Kan., covers about
1,200 acres. The target formation is
the Altamont limestone, which is in
the upper part of the Marmaton
group in the Middle Pennsylvanian
series. It is a fine crystalline
limestone that varies in color from
light brown to brownish white. The
formation displays some pinpoint
and vugular porosity. Formation
porosity typically varies from 15% to
20% while permeability varies from
1-10 millidarcies and net pay
thickness varies from 6-10 ft. Gas
drive is the primary driving
mechanism.

Figure 2 : The nozzles forward spray

cuts the formation while the rearward
spray accelerates the nozzles
progress into the rock and circulates
cuttings. The diameter of the nozzle
varies from 0.5 in. to 0.75 in. and is
approximately 1-in. long.
To date, the field has been on
primary depletion. Developing such
a field with traditional techniques is
expensive and
makes it not
economically viable.
Horizontal drilling and completions
has helped increase production in
fields that may be uneconomic with
traditional completions. However,
traditional horizontal techniques may
not be suitable in marginal oil/gas
reservoirs. RJD can be effectively
used to capture the benefits of
horizontal drilling in smaller-scale
reservoirs. It has been proven to
enhance production rates, reduce
decline rates, reduce near wellbore

damage and recover more resources

from stripper wells.

near wellbore damaged zone, for

acid wash and
matrix acidizing, and for traditional
water injection/disposal applications.
RJD technology has been applied
since the late 1990s. Over the past
four years, radial drilling services by
several service companies

Figure 3 : Jet-drilled holes vary in

size. Each of the holes was drilled
into sandstone with radial jet drilling.
RJD technology is oriented toward
existing oil and gas wells in North
America at depths of 4,500 ft or
shallower. It was developed in
response to the need to economically
extract more oil and gas from
existing wells using a more costeffective
method.
Radial
jet
enhancement has made it feasible to
improve production from more than
1.7 million wells that would
otherwise be cost-prohibitive to
recover. This represents a total
potential untapped market of more
than $50 billion.
RJD allows for well connection with
vertical permeability channels; it can
also be a viable alternative for
traditional perforating and extended
horizontal penetration reach beyond

Figure 4 : A significant amount of

tension is placed on the highpressure hose. The tension pulls the
hose tight and ensures a straight
bore.
were performed for both major and
independent E&P
companies in the US, Canada and
South America with significant
productivity improvement results.

What is RJD?
Instead of being drilled with a
conventional bit and drilling mud,
RJD uses high-pressure water, diesel
or acid to be expelled through a highpressure hose and a nozzle to drill
into the formation. The nozzle has
orifices that face forward to cut the
rock, and orifices that face
backwards at a 45 angle to push the
nozzle forward into the formation
and to widen the hole behind the
nozzle. The hose is delivered down
the hole via a coiled-tubing unit
(CTU).
RJD Procedure

fluid is pumped through the highpressure hose and exits the nozzle,
which both jets the lateral and
advances the nozzle and hose into
the formation.
The fluid exits the nozzle at very
high speeds, erodes the reservoir and
drills the lateral. At the end of the
process, the pressure in the hose is
decreased as the hose is removed
from the jetted hole, which circulates
out remaining cuttings. If only one
lateral is being jetted, the procedure
is complete. If more laterals are to be
completed, then the process is
repeated as many times as desired.

Figure 1 outlines the RJD procedure.

The first step of the drilling process
is to remove the production
equipment from the well and rig-up
the CTU. The end of the coil tubing
(CT) is equipped with a 90deflector
shoe that points sideways into the
formation when lowered downhole.
This deflector shoe is essentially a
90 elbow. The CT is then lowered
down the well until the deflector
shoe reaches the target formation.
In a cased-hole application, a special
cutter is lowered into the well by
CTU until the cutter reaches the
casing. The cutter is then energized
to perforate the casing and cement.
After the casing is penetrated, the
high-pressure hose with the jet
nozzle can be lowered downhole
inside the CT. Once the nozzle has
reached the formation, the drilling

Figure 5 : The Donelson West field

produced 83,000 bbls from 13 wells
in 1968, but production quickly
declined, and in 1973, approximately
15,000
bbls
were
produced.
Production since has been a fraction
of the fields initial annual
production

Different companies offer this

service commercially, so procedures
vary depending on the operators and
their proprietary equipment. Some
firms mill the casing and then jet the
hole; others mill the casing, turn the
deflector shoe, mill another hole in
the casing, and then jet the holes out
into the formation. Others use
abrasive sand in the jetting fluid,
allowing them to eliminate the use of
a cutter and use this sand to cut
through
the
casing
instead.
Fundamentally,
however,
these
procedures follow the same essential
pattern of milling the casing and
jetting the hole.

The casing cutter itself is typically a

burr mill run by a mud motor. The
jetting nozzle, on the other hand, has
several orifices that face forward and
several that face backward at a 45
angle. The forward orifices cut the
rock while the backward-facing
orifices enlarge the hole and push the

RJD Equipment

Figure 7 : Monthly oil production for

the field shows the step-change in
production rates with new wells and
the workovers of the old wells.
nozzle forward into the formation.
The overall nozzle diameter typically
varies from 0.5 in. to 0.75 in. and is
approximately an inch long.

. Figure 6 In the past decade, the

Donelson West field has seen in an
upward trend in production and the
number of wells online. After 2007,
production steadily increased from
less than 1,000 bbls/year to
approximately 2,500 bbls/yr.

Figure 2 shows the nozzle and the

lateral, demonstrating how the
forward spray cuts the formation
while the rearward spray accelerates
the nozzles progress into the rock
and circulates cuttings from the hole.
Figure 3 shows several different jet

drilled holes; each was drilled into

sandstone via RJD.
There are three primary penetration
mechanisms that drill the rock in
RJD: erosion, pore-elastic tension
and cavitation. The high-pressure
fluid jet erodes the formation by
pumping a relatively small amount of
water at high pressure and high
velocity through a very small hole.
Pore-elastic tension occurs when
high-pressure water enters the pore
space, increasing the pore pressure
and causing the rock to fracture. The
sudden increase in pore pressure
produces
cavitation:
fluid-free
bubbles are formed in the areas of
lesser pressure and immediately
implode, causing shockwaves that
enhance the fracturing of the
formation.
In RJD, the CTU resists the weight
of the hose hanging in the well, as
well as the force created from the
backward-facing jets in the nozzle.
As a result, the high-pressure hose is
subjected to a significant amount of
tension, which is beneficial for the
operation. This tension pulls the
high-pressure hose tight and ensures
a straight bore. These forces are
illustrated in Figure 4.
Drilling Fluids
The fluid pumped through the highpressure hose to the nozzle varies
depending on reservoir lithology and
formation fluid properties. In most
cases, water is sufficient as it has

obvious advantages as an RJD fluid.

It is a cost-effective fluid, readily
available, easily disposable and has
no HSE issues. However, in watersensitive formations, diesel fuel may
be used to drill the radials. Diesel
fuel also has solvent properties that
may be advantageous for waxy
reservoir fluids; it aids penetration by
cutting paraffin in the formation and
does not emulsify as water might. In
carbonate formations, hydrochloric
acid is an advantageous drilling fluid
that combines the effects of pressure
and dissolution of carbonates.
Finally, abrasiveness occurs as a
result of proprietary blast-sand,
which uses the effects of water
pressure and sand-blasting to
physically erode the casing and
formation. The use of abrasives can
eliminate the need for a separate
cutter to penetrate the casing.
RJD Advantages

Figure 8 : Production from two new

wells that were part of a program to
produce
remaining
recoverable
reserves were completed with radial
jet drilling (RJD) and accounted for
70% to 80% of total lease
production. Pumps on two old wells
were replaced before March 2012,
during which total field production
reached a high.
The primary benefit of RJD is its
economics. It can be a cost-effective
method to complete vertical wells to
perform like an open-hole horizontal
completion. Drilling a new or
sidetrack horizontal completion with
a rotary rig requires pulling the
tubing, killing the well and drilling
large-diameter
completions
at
traditional rates of penetration. These
expenses
can
make
drilling
horizontal wells with a rotary rig
cost-prohibitive in a small field. RJD
can be accomplished with a small
CTU
and
standing
pumping
equipment. With the appropriate
combination of deflector shoe and
tubing diameter, the laterals can be
jetted through-tubing, eliminating the
need for pulling the production
tubing.
Utilizing existing well shafts, RJD
can also laterally enter areas in a
wheel and spoke fashion and
penetrate up to 300 ft in up to 16
directions at any given depth. The
technology has the ability to drill up
to eight laterals in two days.

Figure 9 : Before RJD, the old wells

struggled to reach 200 bbls/month.
After RJD and acid fracturing,
production reached approximately
500 bbls/month.
In addition, RJD does not utilize
traditional drilling mud, bringing
both a cost and technical advantage
in that there is no formation damage
due to filter cake build-up on the
rock face. RJD technology allows
multi-layer application in thicker
reservoir zones, reduces the need for
additional stimulation and avoids the
problems of changes in wellbore
configuration.
RJD Limitations

Additionally,
there
are
no
surveillance options. If the lateral
begins to produce water or gas, there
is no way to diagnose which part of
the lateral is contributing to the flow
because standard logging tools likely
wont fit into the lateral.

Figure 10 : Data before and after the

treatment indicates that old wells are
producing more oil with well
production doubling and making
the RJD and acid fracturing
campaign a success.

The biggest limitation of RJD is that

while a jet-drilled lateral begins to
mimic the performance of a
horizontal completion, it is not a
horizontal completion. There is no
way to complete the lateral with a
liner as it is impossible to run casing
into the lateral. Managing future
production from the well could be
very difficult. Should the operator
want to shut off flow from the
lateral, doing so could be impossible.
Reentering the lateral after it has
been drilled also could be very
tricky, and pumping some type of
squeeze down the lateral could be
very problematic.

Directional control of the lateral is

also very difficult. This can make
reaching specific targets challenging
and presents the risk that the lateral
could extend out of the target zone
and into an undesirable zone that
contains either water or gas.
Additionally,
laterals
can
prematurely terminate due to
fractures, faults or other reservoir
heterogeneities. There is no way to
steer the nozzle while it is drilling, so
if it runs into one of these barriers, it
can turn path or lose flow.
Case study
The Donelson West field is about
1,200 acres reservoir of fine
crystalline limestone in Cowley
County, Kan. It has an average
permeability of 1- 10 millidarcies
and an average porosity of 15-20%.
The net pay varies from 6-10 ft. To
date, the field has been on primary
depletion.
Original Oil in Place (OOIP)
The formation volume factor of the
produced crude is 1.1. Reservoir
volumetrics indicate that a total of
2.7 million bbl of oil may have
originally been in place. With a 35%

recovery factor, as much as 0.95

million bbl may be recoverable.
Production History
The Donelson West field commenced
the production in 1967. During 1968,
the field produced 83,000 bbl from
13 wells, after which production
began to decline. During 1973, the
field produced only 14,858 bbl. Over
the past 10 years, production from
the field has been very low. From
2000 to 2009, the field averaged
1,033 bbl/year, with a maximum
annual production of 1,701 bbl/year
during 2009 (Figure 5).
Historical production from the field
is characterized by immediate and
severe decline. Production over the
past decade is only a fraction of the
field initial production. This is due to
the fact that the field is on primary
depletion. However, there has been
variation in production year by year
over the past decade. Figure 6
summarizes the field production and
producing well count from 2000 to
2010.
Overall, Figure 6 shows an upward
trend in production over the past
decade. Throughout that period, there
has also been a general upward trend
in the number of wells online. From
2001 to 2002, there was a decrease in
production, and the number of
producing wells went from five to
four. As wells came back online in
2003, production in 2003 and 2004
increased. From 2003 to 2004, the

well count decreased by two, but by

2005, the well count was up to 10.
However, oil production from 2004
to 2007 steadily decreased, which
may be related at least partially to the
low well count in 2006 and 2007.
After 2007, production steadily
increased from under 1,000 bbl/year
to nearly 2,500 bbl/year.
Throughout this time, oil prices were
steadily increasing. It is likely that
much of the up and down in the well
count and modest growth in
production was due to the oil price
increase and attempts to boost
production by optimizing the surface
kit.
Despite the low production over the
past 10 years, the lease has
significant potential. Cumulative
production from the field through
2011 was about 0.45 million bbl.
With an OOIP of 2.7 million bbl,
only about 17% of total reserves
have
been
produced,
and
approximately 2.2 million bbl
remain. Since there has been no
pressure support, it is possible that
the fields total recovery factor could
be improved significantly. If total
recovery is increased to 35%, as
much as 0.5 million bbl of additional
reserves could be recovered. Given
the low production, long history, and
sizeable remaining reserves, this
lease may was a candidate for
investment.
Historical Field Development

began to develop a program to

produce the remaining recoverable
reserves. The overall plan consisted
of stimulating the existing wells and
initiating an infill drilling program.
This plan was completed in several
phases. The initial phase consisted of
recompleting and stimulating eight
existing wells and drilling two new
wells in the lease. Ultimately, the
field will be drilled on 10-acre
spacing, and each well will be
completed with RJD laterals. After
the laterals have been completed,
each will be hydraulically fractured
with 15,000 gal of acid and 250,000
Mcf of nitrogen.
Table 1: Radial jet-drilled laterals
were drilled over several weeks, and
total monthly field production after
the
workovers
significantly
increased. Prior to the workovers, the
field averaged about 157 bbls/month,
and after the workovers, the field
averaged 938 bbls/month.
The field was originally developed
with vertical completions. These
completions were followed by
acid/nitrogen fracturing. The wells
were not all identically treated, and
those treated with between 10,00015,000 gal of acid and 125,000 Mcf
nitrogen produced at higher rates
than other wells fractured with less
acid.
Field Redevelopment
A new operator acquired a 320-acre
lease in the field in late 2010 and

Drilling Operations and Results

The laterals were drilled over a
period of several weeks. Two of the
wells were jetted on the same day,
and each of the remainder of the
wells took a full
day to jet. The old wells were
completed with four 600-ft laterals
that each required 500 gal of acid to
drill. The new wells were also
completed with four 600-ft laterals
but with 400 gal of acid for each
lateral. After the jetting, each well
was stimulated with a 15,000-gal
acid frac followed by 250,000 Mcf of
nitrogen. After fracturing, the wells
were put on production. Both of the
new wells came on strong with flush
production, and seven of the existing
wells came on, with one of the

existing wells never coming back

online.
The well that never came back to
production is located on the far
western edge of the lease. The
formation generally thins to the west,
and the indicators are that the
combination of thin pay and low
pressure led to an inability to
produce. However, despite the one
well that never came back to
production, the overall success of the
10-well programs was excellent.
Table 1 summarizes total monthly
field production prior to the
workovers, as well as total monthly
field production after the workovers.

Table 2 : After the radial jet drilling

(RJD) workovers, production from
the old wells consistently reached the
range of 250 bbls/month for nine
months. Before RJD, from 2008 to
2010, the field averaged 157
bbls/month.

During 2006 and 2007, the field was

producing from only five wells.
From 2008 to 2010, all 10 of the
wells produced. As Table 1 indicates,
prior to the workovers, the field was
averaging about 157 bbl/month over
the past three years. After the
workovers, the field averaged 938
bbl/month, a six-fold increase.
Figure 7, a plot of the monthly
production, clearly shows this stepchange in production rates that
occurred with the new wells and the
workovers of the old wells.
Again, the step-change in production
is clear. However, the production
numbers after the workover include
two new wells that account for a
significant
fraction
of
field
production. Fortunately, there is
adequate production information to
separate production of the new wells
from the production of the old wells.

Table 3 : Monthly average

production per well after the
treatments increased two-fold for the
old wells. Average rates for the three

years before the RJD work was 16

bbls of oil per month. After the
treatments, the per well production
averaged 38 bbls/month.
Figure 8 is a plot of total field
production and production from both
the two new wells and seven old
wells. Generally speaking, the two
new wells
account for 70% to 80% of total
lease production. These two new
wells came on strong, and as the
adjacent pressure has depleted, their
production has declined. The
remaining 20% to 30% of current
lease
production
has
been
consistently better than 200 bbl/day.
Figure 8 does indicate abnormally
high production during March 2012.
Just prior to this period, the pumps
on the two old wells were replaced.
The pump replacement resulted in
short-term production benefits that
are primarily responsible for the
production increase. During June
2012, production from both the old
and new wells was down slightly.
During this time, there were
production disruptions associated
with additional infill drilling and
bringing those new wells online. The
before and after comparison of old
well production is shown in Figure 9.
The step-change in production after
the RJD and acid fracturing is
evident in Figure 10. Prior to RJD,
the wells struggled to reach 200
bbl/month. Afterwards, production

reached nearly 500 bbl one month

and is consistently in the range of
250 bbl/month. Table 2 presents
monthly production data for the old
wells before and after the workovers.
From 2008 to 2010, the field
averaged 157 bbl/month from the old
wells. For the nine-month period
after the RJD/acid fracturing
treatment, the wells have averaged
264 bbl/month. However, much of
the variation in historical production
is due to fluctuating well count.
During periods when wells were shut
in, production was down. Table 3
summarizes
average
monthly
production per well, and Figure 11 is
a plot of this data.
After normalizing for well count, the
success of the treatment is evident.
The per well average production
rates for the three years prior to the
RJD work was 16 bbl/month of oil.
After the treatments, the per well
production rate is on average 38
bbl/month. Excluding the seventh
month, during which benefits from
two pump replacements were seen,
the monthly average rate per well
was 34 bbl. This is a two-fold
increase in production. Figure 10 is a
production plot of the monthly per
well average production rates before
and after the RJD/acid fracturing
treatment.
Results and limitations analysis
Results

The data indicates that the old wells

are producing more oil, and on
average, each of the producing wells
is producing more oil except for the
one well that never came back. The
overall
RJD/acid
fracturing
campaign was a success, with well
production doubling afterward.
Interaction of contributing success
factors
This reservoir has suffered from
significant
pressure
depletion.
Initial production declines were
severe and began immediately. There
has never been any kind of pressure
support. As a result, the field is
producing at very low drawdown
with beam bumps. Much of the
pumping equipment was repaired or
replaced during the period when the
RJD/acid fracturing was being
completed. Additionally, there is no
available production data between
the completion of the jet drilled
laterals and the acid fracturing.
The overall production increase from
the old wells is likely due to at least
some interaction between the new
pumping
equipment
and
the
RJD/acid fracturing. Some of the
production increase is likely due to
higher drawdown (as in the seventh
month when two pumps were
replaced,) and some of the
production increase is due to the
RJD/acid stimulation. Some of the
productivity increase is due to the
laterals, and some is due to the acid

fracturing. Unfortunately, there is no

way to separate the benefits of these
due to scarcity of data.
Finally, metering at the field is also
very basic. Oil production is based
on production over relatively long
periods of time, and sophisticated
flow measurements
and
data
simply
dont
exist. Historical
production is based on Kansas
Geologic Society databases. Data is
available annually, and well counts
may mask field performance.
Mechanisms
Increases

of

Productivity

The observable success of the

RJD/acid
treatments
is
the
pronounced step-change in oil rates.
However, the real question is under
what mechanism does RJD impact
well productivity. There are several
possible scenarios. The first is simply
that the laterals expose more rock
face and increases the amount of
rock that can flow. It is also possible
that the laterals change the flow
regimes from radial flow to
something that behaves more like a
horizontal completion with more
linear flow.
In this case of vugular limestone, the
idea may be that the laterals have
opened up some of the vugularity or
other diagenitic features in the
formation that is contributing to the
flow. Additionally, the use of acid as
a jetting fluid and subsequent acid
fracturing may be a contributing

factor. It is probable that the long

horizontals,
though
small
in
diameter, are able to aid fracture
propagation.
Four laterals per well, each
penetrating 600 ft into the formation,
could be a significant head start for
fracture propagation. Conversely,
they could also hinder fracture
propagation if the laterals themselves
contribute to leak-off and the fluid
cant sufficiently break down the
formation. Additionally, the effect of
acid in limestone is well understood
to be of a significant benefit.
It is also possible that the orientation
of the laterals is important. Whereas
hydraulic fracturing tends to
propagate fractures parallel to the
formations natural fractures, RJD
can enter the rock perpendicular to
the natural fractures and open up
flow through them. The particular
mechanism
that
caused
the
productivity increase at this field is
uncertain, but it is probable that it is
a combination of some of these
factors.
Conclusions
Prior to the lease changing hands,
this field was essentially shut in, with
only sporadic production that
amounted to about 150 bbl/month.
Two new wells were drilled, which
were completed with RJD laterals
and fractured with acid and nitrogen.
Eight old wells received a similar
RJD/ acid fracturing treatment. Only

one of the old wells that were treated

failed to produce oil after the work.
After this work, the field average
production was more than 900
bbl/month. Analyzing the production
from the new wells and the old wells
separately indicated that between
20% and 30% of this total production
came from the old wells. This
represents a two-fold increase in
production from the old wells on an
average per well basis.
Despite its limitations, RJD can be
effective for completing both new
and workover wells with radials up
to 1,000 ft due to its low
environmental impact, economical
enhancement
of
reservoir
productivity, suitability for many
formation
types,
enhanced
effectiveness of subsequent well
stimulation treatments, and the speed
at which laterals can be drilled.
Future work might focus on
comparing the productivity of jetdrilled laterals to traditionally drilled
horizontal wells, skin factors, and
comparison
of
theoretical
productivity predictions of horizontal
wells to actual productivity of
horizontal jet drilled laterals.
SPE/IADC
163405,
Novel
Technique to Drill Horizontal
Laterals Revitalizes Aging Field,
was presented at the 2013 SPE/IADC
Drilling Conference, 5-7 March,
Amsterdam.
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