BIOLOGY

IMPORTANT POINTS FOR +2 EXAMS AND MEDICAL

ENTRANCE TESTS

Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma is called pollination.

Pollination with the help of wind is called anemophily.
Pollination with the help of water is called hydrophily.
Pollination with the help of insects is called entomophily.
Pollination with the help of bat is called chiropterophily.
Pollen grains represent male gametophyte, while ovule represents female gametophyte.
After fertilization, the ovary develops into fruit, whereas the ovules develop into seed.
Totipotency is the ability of a plant tissue cells to develop into a complete plant body.
Sexual reproduction in angiosperms was discovered by Camerarius.
Luteinizing hormone helps in ovulation and development of corpus luteum in human
female.
Leydig cells and Sertoli cells are found in human testis.
Fertilization in human female occurs in fallopian tube.
Tubectomy is a surgical method of contraception in females in which fallopian tubes are
cut and tied.
Vasectomy is a surgical method of contraception in males in which vas deferens are cut
and tied.
IUCD stands for Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device and are used as a method of birth
control.
Back cross a cross between the F1 generation and either of the parents.
Test cross - a cross between the F1 generation and recessive parent. Its ratio is 1:1 for
monohybrid cross and 1:1:1:1 for dihybrid cross.
The book Philosophique Zoologique was written by Lamarck.
Ancestor of modern man (Homo sapiens) is cro- magnon man.
DNA fragments are joined by enzyme DNA ligase.
Dr. Khorana and Nirenberg were awarded Nobel Prize for cracking the genetic code.
DNA replication is semi conservative and discontinuous.
Some exceptions to mendelism are incomplete dominance, co- dominance and linkage.
Central dogma of molecular biology is DNA transcription mRNA translation Protein.
During protein synthesis, chain initiating codons are AUG and GUG, while chain
terminating codons are UAA, UAG and UGA.
The Operon Concept was given by Jacob and Monod.
Restriction endonucleases are the enzymes which cut the DNA strand at specific base
sequence. They are used in genetic engineering; they are also called molecular scissors.
Atavism sudden appearance of ancestral characters in the offsprings.
Widal test is done to confirm typhoid while mantoux test is done to confirm
tuberculosis.
ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) test is done as preliminary test to
diagnose AIDS; however western blot test is the confirmatory test for AIDS.
LSD stands for Lysergic acid Diethylamide. It is a hallucinogen obtained from ergot
fungus (Claviceps purpurea).
Opium is obtained from unripe fruit of poppy plant (Papaver somniferum).
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is used for the amplification of DNA.
Colostrum (first milk) of mother is rich in IgA.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) causes AIDS by first destroying the helper T
lymphocytes.
The first man made cereal crop was obtained by crossing wheat (Triticum) with rye
(Secale). It was named triticale.
Father of green revolution is Norman Borlaugh.

Nif (nitrogen fixing) gene is found in Rhizobium leguminosarum.

The term antibiotic was first used by Selmen Waksman.
The bacteria Pseudomonas, also called superbug, are capable of degrading variety of
toxic compounds and also degrade oil.
The process of cleaning the environment with biological options such as microbes and
plants is called bioremediation.
The trapping of energy from the sun by certain gases in the atmosphere leading to the
rise in earths temperature is called greenhouse effect. These gases are water vapour,
CO2, N2O and CH4.
The two hotspots of biodiversity in India are Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats.
In genetic engineering, Ti plasmid is used to form recombinant DNA. Ti plasmid is
obtained from Agrobacterium tumifaciens.
Golden rice is a transgenic crop which is rich in vitamin A.
A bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is used to make transgenic plants which are
resistant to insect pests.
Term ecosystem was given by Tansley; term ecology was given by Reiter.
Osmoconformers are those animals which cant maintain a constant internal
environment of their body; osmorgulators can, however, maintain a constant internal
environment of their body.
Record of rare and endangered species is maintained by the red data book.
Some important days: ozone day- 16th September, world environment day 5th June.
Keoladeo national park (Bharatpur bird sanctuary) in Rajasthan is famous for the
Siberian cranes.
Nilgiri biosphere reserve was the first biosphere reserve of India.