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ET ZC362
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
M K Hamirwasia
B.I.T.S, Pilani
Lecture - 1
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
Introduction
Introduction
Systematic pollution of our environment is one of the
biggest hazards faced by humanity today
Task of preserving the purity of environment is of utmost
significance
Two most pressing demands are (1) protection of
environment (2) efficient use of natural resources
There is need of technical manpower who could develop
and implement effective means for protecting the
environment
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Environmental Engineering
The application of science and engineering principles,
under constraint, to the protection and enhancement of
the quality of the environment and to the enhancement
and protection of public health and welfare.
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BIOSPHERE
The Environment which Supports Life and sustains
various human activities is known as biosphere
Extends to about 20 km from the bottom of ocean to the
highest point in the atmosphere where life can be
sustained without protective devices
Essentials for Life: Air, light, heat, water, food and
habitats are supplied by the biosphere
Biosphere is divided into smaller units or ecosystems
All ecosystems can be divided into two parts
Biotic (living) and Abiotic (non-living) components
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BIOSPHERE Variety of
Known Living Species
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BIOSPHERE
The biotic category is subdivided into three functional
groups
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Carbon
Phosphorus
Nitrogen and
Sulphur
These cycles operate in a balanced state with little variation thereby contributing
to the stability of the biosphere.
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Hydrologic Cycle
Natural cycle : More than 97% of water in biosphere is in oceans, the remaining
3% is found in continents and atmosphere
More than 70% of this is in glaciers and icecaps
Water on which human depend such as lakes, streams and ground water
accounts for less than 1% of total supply
The hydrologic cycle of the biosphere depends on the reciprocity of evaporation
and precipitation. Liquid water on earth goes to the atmosphere as vapor by
evaporation and transpiration of the plants. The vapor is returned to Earth as
rain or snow over the oceans and oceans lose more water by evaporation than
they gain by precipitation. The difference is made up by runoff and seepage
from the continents, over which there is more precipitation than evaporation.
Continents lose more than 50% of the precipitation through evaporation and
remainder is stored in lakes, rivers or ground water which is later discharged
into oceans.
Each year 4,23,000 km3 water is evaporated, same quantity precipitated
Amount of water temporarily stored & later discharged is 37000 km3
This water is available for human use
Minor modification by diverting or regulating the runoff and storage
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ATP and ADP are utilized by plants as energy carriers for their metabolic
reactions
Organic phosphates are transferred to consumers and decomposers and
subsequently available as inorganic phosphates for recycling via bacterial
decomposition
The inorganic phosphates that are leached from the land into the fresh
water systems are taken up rather rapidly by phytoplankton and are
converted to organophosphates. The phosphorus is ingested by
zooplankton which are consumed by other organisms . After the death the
phosphates are released into water by bacterial decomposition.
Ocean cycle-Phosphates from unlighted depths to the photosynthetic zone
where it goes through phytoplankton, zooplankton and animal stages.
Zooplankton-Excrete
Of that half is in inorganic form and rest organic
Some of the phosphorus returns to the land through fish harvesting. More
phosphorus is lost than it is being added. Some concern there. Growth
determining nutrient.
Lack of it caused infertility in soil , fertilizer is used frequently , therefore the
phosphorous cycle is substantially affected
Phosphorus pollution has contributed to the eutrophication of many water
bodies and may also affect natural food chains
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Consequences of Population
Growth
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Consequences of Population
Growth
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Exponential Growth
After Eighteen century the world Population, P showed a marked increase and the rate of
change can be represented as
The doubling time Td for exponential growth is the time it takes the population to double i.e
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Exponential Growth
Population growth are commonly expressed as Population growth are commonly expressed as a percent a percent
Where r= b-d +m
Example: 1995-2000 b= 24.8 d= 8.7 per 1000 , since m=0 rate of growth becomes 1.6 It may not seem significant until the
exponential growth is examined.
6.2 billion population in 2000 becomes 12.4 in 2043 and 244.8 in 2086 India--- 2.5% land , 16% world population,
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Where
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E = PEpo
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Acid Rain
Acid rain" is a popular term referring to the deposition of wet (rain, snow, sleet, fog,
cloud water, and dew) and dry (acidifying particles and gases) acidic
components.
Distilled water, once carbon dioxide is removed, has a neutral pH of 7. Liquids with
a pH less than 7 are acidic, and those with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline.
"Clean" or unpolluted rain has an acidic pH, but usually no lower than 5.6,
because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic
acid, a weak acid according to the following reaction:
H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
H2CO3 (aq)
H++ HCO3
Carbonic acid is a weak acid and the acidity in rainwater can be quickly neutralized
in contact with materials. But the presence of sulphuric acid or nitric acid in the
atmosphere can lower the pH of rain droplets below 5.6 and such rain is
considered as acidic
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Greenhouse Effect
The Earth receives energy from the Sun in the form UV, visible, and
near IR radiation
most of the radiation passes through the atmosphere without being
absorbed or reflected.
Of the total amount of energy available at the top of the atmosphere
(TOA), about 26% is reflected back out to space by the atmosphere
and clouds and 19% is absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds.
Most of the remaining energy is absorbed at the Earth's surface.
The surface radiates thermal radiation that consists of wavelengths
that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed
Most of this thermal radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere,
thereby warming it
The atmosphere radiates energy both upwards and downwards; the
part radiated downwards is absorbed by the Earth's surface. This
leads to a higher equilibrium temperature than if the atmosphere
were absent.
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Greenhouse Effect
By their percentage
contribution to the
greenhouse effect on Earth
the four major gases are
water vapor, 3670%
carbon dioxide, 9
26%
methane, 49%
ozone, 37%
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These gases magnify the natural green house effect and will increase the formation
of water vapor thus enhancing the warming trend
Fossils fuels 50%
Ozone depleting CFCs are now banned by international treaty because of their
damaging effect on earths protective ozone layer.E
Global warming Energy and related activities contribute 50% and industry has
share of 24%.
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Alter the sea level , ( thermal expansion of earth surface and rapid
melting of glaciers and ice caps)
Oceans will rise
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Reduction in Carbon
Emissions
Control strategy to reduce the emissions Carbon emissions: 1989- 5764 million
tonnes
Projected to double by 2020 if the current trend is maintained
----Oil by 50%
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Impact of Hydroelectric
Energy
Impact of Hydroelectric and Nuclear Energy:
Worlds Hydroelectric power production is half that of produced by fossil fuels .
Industrially developing regions of Africa, South America and south east Asia which
represent 60% of world total
India potential 41000 MW ( more than 50% of total potential realised)
Construction of large dams affects hydrology, terrestrial system and aquatic system.
Salinity increase, turbidity reduction lead to crop ruin.
Release of silt serious depletion of fisheries due to weed formation.
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Ambitious plans to have installed nuclear capacity of 10,000 MW by year 2000 ( not realized)
Uranium reserves in India are 67000 tonnes of U3O8 and13000 present in monazite sands
Advantage: Air pollution is less, radioactive emissions can be kept very low
Land use optimum (1/17 of required for coal Uranium )
Fear-
Radiation hazard
its
decay
,
inhalation of
radon
gas
products, this causes cancer, genetic damage)
and
Waste Disposal!
Thermal Pollution aquatic life!
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Chemical Pollution
5 million chemicals have been synthesized in the world in last 40 years.
They are synthesized without proper technological and toxicology reports.
Steel, non ferrous metals, fertilizers and petroleum are the sources of lead, zinc arsenic, nickel,
beryllium and mercury. Greater threat to environment than SO2, etc.
Arsenic occurs in phosphate rocks (fertilizers and detergents). Ends up in water bodies.
Toxic substances like As and Hg slowly accumulate in the body, due to slow excretion. Build up
of highly toxic levels.
Excess Zinc leads to iron deficiency anemia.
Indiscriminate use of DDTlinks to food chain and accumulates in human body. Pesticide
residues are in all varieties of food like milk fish fruits and vegetables
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Marine Pollution
Human activities account for 75% of marine pollution worldwide
Land based sources for entry of pesticides, heavy metals, pathogens and thermal pollution,
such as sewage, forestry n farming activities, industrial discharges into the sea.
50% of oil pollutions comes from land as runoff from cars, heavy machineries and industries.
The dicharge of nutrients and sedminets into the sea causes algal blooms, deplete water of
oxygen, impede photosynthesis, destroy marine life
Spread diseases like cholera and typhoid. Pesticides cause disease in fish. DDT and other fat
soluble toxicants work their way up in the food chain and accumulate in the fat of marine
mammals
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Ozone Depletion
Ozone layer in the stratosphere serves as a shield protecting the
earth surface from the suns deadly ultraviolet radiation . As
ozone absorbs UV radiation it is broken down into oxygen
molecule and an electronically excited oxygen radical. The
oxygen molecule and oxygen radical then recombine to form
a new ozone molecule available to absorb more UV radiation.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in air conditioning and
refrigeration were valued for their stable and non toxic
properties. The highly stable CFC produced in lower
troposphere pass the zone without any change and reach
stratosphere. Here they are impacted by UV radiation and
release destructive chlorine atoms.
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Ozone Depletion
Cl+O3ClO+O2(step 1)
ClO+O.Cl+O2(step 2)
The above reaction also removes oxygen radical thus preventing it from recombining . As seen
there is no net consumption of Cl atoms and merely act as a catalyst for the reaction. Thus
one atom can convert many ozone molecules to ordinary oxygen molecules before
ultimately forming a stable product .
CFCs phased out. HCFCs being phased out.
New processes use HFCs (as substitutes with much lower effect or zero effect)
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Course outline
1
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Measurement
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Sampling
Course outline
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Noise Pollution
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Environmental Pollution
Control
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