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Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
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No synchronizing power
Easy to connect AC systems
Controllability
Perfect for power transactions
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For
the
above
transmission
is
mentioned
an
conventional
economical
and
applications,
eco-friendly
option.
HVDC
With
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1.2
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disturbance, the stability of the system depends not only on the type
of disturbance but also on the initial operating condition. Stability of
an electric power system is thus a property of the system motion
around an initial operating condition. At the equilibrium point all the
opposing forces that exist in the system are equal.
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Loss of synchronism can occur between one system and the rest of the
system, or between groups of machines, with synchronism maintained
within each group after separating from each other.
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1.2.2
DC Power Modulation
power
flow
control
transformer
of
an
AC
system
which
can influence
systems can
be realized
only
with
the
availability
of
suitable overall control strategies and this thesis deals with the
derivation
of such
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used with HVDC systems for improving the system performance are
discussed.
1.3.2
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ii)
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The
reduced
ac
system
voltage
levels
also
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objectives change
with the
characteristics of the
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applicable
to
all
systems.
The
supplementary
control
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1.3.4
Control Signals
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for
inter-area
modes,
can
pose
problems.
These
are
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1.3.5
Types of Controllers
1.3.5.1
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The problem of
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u = KP e+KI edt
(1.1)
PD controller
u = KP e+KD
(1.2)
PID controller
(1.3)
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(1.4)
where, x(0) = x0
x(t) Rn is a state vector, ui(t) Rmi is a control vector, and
= m.
assumed to be
yi(t) = Cix(t) , i = 1,2,.......,k
where, yi(t) Rri is a local output vector, and
(1.5)
=r.
The response y(t) is due to nonzero initial conditions that are caused
by disturbances. The primary objective of the design is to damp out
the response due to initial conditions quickly without excessive
overshoot and oscillations.
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The local control ui(t) and the local output Yi(t ) are related by the
following expression:
ui(t ) = EiYi(t ) , i = 1, 2 ..............k
(1.6)
reducing it to a
J=
(1.7)
B=[B1, B2,.....Bk]
(1.8)
&
U= [Ul, U2,.......Uk ]
(1.9)
(1.10)
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Having the full state feedback, the next step is to reduce this to
a specified decentralized structure, i.e., a control given by (1.6).
Method II:
The second method is based on minimization of the de-centralized
quadratic performance index
dt
J=
(1.11)
(1.12)
1.3.5.3
Robust Controller
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of HVDC controls [85]-[88] is one such area where expert systems find
application.
on
the
inputs.
The
network
can
be
supervised
or
The power system problems that are best suited for ANN applications
are classification or encoding of an unspecified nonlinear function.
ANNs have the ability to generate quick results soon after receiving
the inputs. This feature of ANNs is best suited for real time operation
of power systems. Also they are most suitable for finding quick
approximations
of
complex
numerical
calculations
and
to
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searching
processes,
generation
of
solution
is
important.
The
Fuzzy Logic: Compared with the traditional logic systems, fuzzy logic
is very close to human thinking and natural language. Fuzzy control
which is based on this fuzzy logic, provides an effective means of
extracting the inexact nature of the real system. FL controller is
based on a set of linguistic control rules and is related by the dual
concepts of fuzzy implication and the compositional inference rule.
The above mentioned controller provides a sequence of operations to
be performed to convert the linguistic control strategy based on expert
knowledge into an automatic control strategy. The results obtained by
the FLC are more accurate than those obtained by the conventional
controllers.
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form and the control knowledge is specified as fuzzy rules. Fuzzy logic
theory is used for real-time control operations and operations
planning.
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1.4
THESIS OBJECTIVE
For a power system with an embedded HVDC link, the fast acting
converter
control offers a
of
the
Many
researchers
investigated
the
fuzzy
logic-based
controller
1.5
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In the first case, fuzzy logic approach has been used to tune the gains
of PID controller. The gains of the three error signals are adjusted in
every sampling interval in accordance to a set of linguistic control
rules and in conjunction with fuzzy logic. In the second case, the
inputs to the fuzzy logic modulation controller are taken as error and
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its derivative and the output of this controller is used as the auxiliary
signal. The error signal used in this case is the average of relative
speed deviations of all the machines in the system. The performance
of this controller is compared with the conventional PID controller.
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