Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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by
ROBERT DELMER STALLE!
A THESIS
subnitted to
OREGON STATE COLlEGE
in partial fulfillment of
the requirementh for the
degree of
MASTER OF ARTS
June l94
APPROVED:
Head of
Deparent
of Mathematics
ACKOEDGE!'T
The writer
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
i
Finite calculus analogous to infinitesimal
calculus. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
. ..
e s
Theconstantofsuirrnation.........................
2
3
Suniming
as
the
inverse of
. . . . . . . . .
perfornungA............
III
ttethods...........................a..........,....
Three genera]. sum formulas........................
6
6
OF A
INVERSION
FELkTION....,..................,...........
TIlE
s urnmation by parts..................15......
Ratlona]. functions................................
...
IV.
Tewton s formula . . . . a a a a S a C .
a e a
a
.
a
Extensionofpartialsunmation................a...
Formulas relating a sum to an ifltegral..a.aaaaaaa.
Sumfromeverym'thterm........aa..a..aaa........
a
a a
a a
J-3
14
15
15
15
16
17
V.
TABLE OFST.Th,..,,..,,...,.,,.....,....,,,...........
18
VI.
26
VI I
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
. a
a a a
a a a a a a
POER SERIES..........
a . .
a a a a s . . . . . .
e . * . a a a .
44
TABlE OF FINITE
STThSIAATION AND
I
To
T}OR!
STJ
OF FINITE SU1ATION
no
table
of'
finite
sum formulas
series.
finite
sum
formula
is
eluation
of
sum
of a finite
finite series.
of general
sum
formulas.
series.
Throughout
throwgh
this paper
Uence
this treatment of
this calculus.
numbers enclosed
in parentheses refer
nwbers not enclosed in
The two
L
dt
and its
inrse,
lim
h40
%th'1t
h
integration.
- operation,
LUt
UUt
h
and its inverse.
The analogy is
nt
Results in finite
Lt * bx,
X is unity.
Hence performed on u
Now, since
nw
gives:
(1)
operatIon, which
3
It is represented by
the srnbo1
to n,
in
we
u,
if
A 1
then
=
from
Given
a function
If we SUYa
'-a
for values of x
obtain:
n
'n-i.].
'-uX =VI
Xl
(2)
mus
i i
term
is
The
u.
constant of suiiniiation.
is interrogative and hence that
u.
is not guaranteed.
of
-1
and
V+
an expression for
results from
exists.
which
reesent
and
Hence we let V
the uniqueness
Now
be an expression
Now
for
to Lind
we consider the
relation, v
1&)
Thus the
O.
expression for
(1, p.79-3l).
In
as a constant.
suggestive notation
for
Thus
v+
c.
We use
and have;
:=v+c.
(3)
If
we
consider this
sum from
to n
have by (2):
we
n+l
n+l
U=Vx+C
(4)
is
some
There
confusion in
Due
(1, p.&L-E2).
Finite
calculus
Performing
Infinitesimal calculus
Differentiating
Difference integral
Indefinite integral
Sum
Definite integral
Difference calculus
Differential calculus
Sum calculus
Integral calculus
Suinand
Inte grand
indefinite
definite integrals
integral.
Likewise
summation performed
Sonatines
perform
exact
evaluation as for
the integral,
dx =
:
and the sum,
=f(n) -fm-1).
Sometimes approximate
evaluation
_____
(lT
dx,
)Vsinx
o
n
arc tan x.
i
Summation
is also
definite
finite differences.
infinite series
n
is
fl-4
a
j:;].
the sum of the first n terms and then the limit of this sum.
finite series.
SU!ATIO'
T OF
DE VEI
II
ORULA3
Methods.
formulas are
(1) the
invorson of
methods
inc1e
been
Other
probability
(4, p.109-141).
by invarsion of a
formulas,
relation.
5ii
Three
and V
p.9l3).
Formula 5 is
III.
by inversion le to find
To sum u
and apply
that
cx = c e have fornula 1,
L- relation uay be
In fact any
e = cx + C.
such
inverted to
ve
a sum.
SummatIon by
The
by
parts.
this inversion.
?(e
have:
V
whence by summing each
ffrst
side from
in
to n:
lin
in
in
vixl
first
sum and
(5)
Lux Vx+i,
_tn+l
x
substituting EV= V1
tue
we hove
form of 5,
tni-1
=ux :vxi
L-xx
Im
in
I
The
reapplications of
from the second
auxmnand
_2ILu:v+l.
in
in the
is developed
third
form
it
its right.hand
to
in the
same manner.
analogous to integration by
parts.
first
from the
sum.
The
first
by
fom'th is derived
Summation by
parts plays
role
tional fwictiona,
is defined for positive
(ax
for negative
a)...(ax + b
+ b)(ax + b
ni:
am + a),
ni:
(6)
+ b)(m+1) =
and divide through by
(ni
+ l)a(ax + b)(m),
+ 1), we obtain
a(rn
foririula 6:
(ax
Z(ax +b)
(7)
a(m+l)
+C.
Formula 7
is
Aux+
seen to hold
if
u,cui+ ...
like
we expand
in
as:
u u
ni-1 X
fractions.
oowers of x
4)(x)
The
4(x) and
's
may be determined by
this expansion.
The sums
x\
(a)
al
z 'a
(a)
ai
()
'
Hence,
(a+i)
(a
+ l)
+C=ai
(4, p.16E3-173).
We
formula, (23):
(m)
()
x0
Stirling's numbers of the second kind are defined as:
G:
ard
relation
and
['J,
(10)
initial condition:
m-1
Gn +mGn
Gn+l
1,
A brief table of
(11)
= O for n
O.
included later.
s is
For
x>0,
r(x) =
Integration by parts yields
QJ ?1
the recursion
xr(x) = r(x +
which defines
r()
may be found in
for x
almost any
0.
dy.
(12)
relation:
1),
(13)
treatrient of
r():
lo
r__'-
i+th+
log f(x +
The
3-
2c2 -
5l?
571
{log ni + (x +
1) =
successive
24832
derivatis
of
l)log
...]
-
lor(x)
(34)
log(x
+v)J
(15)
diganirna,
a proper
fraction.
Hence we need
consider
by
formula 9 or
fractions in
in
may be summed by
X and
which
This
is affected by the
'r
a) r
3.
(x
2 3-,
2, 3,
Essentially
wo
gamma
and
are inverting a
sum
This sumnation
is
related functions.
relation but
attack
of the
digainma
function:
is to
From
a more
direct
the definition
11
f(x)
=1ogr(x
+1),
we have by (15):
n+2
(x)
n -
x+rJ
(16)
I!enee,
+1)
F(
'-
J.
+1'
ni
or as
is a
dtnnny
=F(n +
1)
ni
r(x) we have
from
(16):
00
F(x)=
's
.T
1-= 1 (x
+Y)
00
f(x)=-2
-r= i (x
f(x)=6
r:;1 (x
- - e
Proceeding as with
+T)
+Y)4
------
foi'
r(x +
12
f(x)
=nx(x
+1) +
1(1
(x
+ 210
(x
5)- s..,
(17)
+ 1)
these finctions.
ives
Rx),r(x), f(x),
<x
<60
=
(2,
and
p.43-59).
lC(nX)
=iog n +
f(.c) =((x -
f(x -/).
1) +
ir
ctn
inc.
n-1
/(rD:) = -.
: rc
-i).
(18)
f(x -
f(.x)
ein
1).
1cc
n-1
--
(rix)
9(flX)
=7
n-i.
f(x -/).
if
ana
and
digaa
functions
suimriand to
type form:
13
i1
;i.
x2+a22ai
L(x
-i
(x+ai -l)+lJ'
-ai -l)+].
(a
- 1)aX and
division by a - 1.
n r(x) = Rn x.
A-
constant coefficient
arid
division by the
LXcos ax = - 2 sin(ax +
gin ax = 2 cos(nx +
sin
sin
a
(19)
Acosh
ax = 2 sinh(ax +
sinh ax =
.
2 cosh(ax +
sini
sinh
..
a
Combinations
of elementary functions.
Fornulas
2].
previous results.
arid
32
must be
used as a pair.
Formulas 33, 34,
arid
sin ax coe bx
sin ax sin bx =
(20)
and,
cos ax cos bx =
are
l.
33, 34,
and,
cos2ax =
cos 2 ax,
Note
that
sirth z
(22)
and,
cos(iz) = cosh z.
IV.
- relation or
Inversion of a
is possible
relatively
in
any
few cases as
exact evaluation of a
for
iO
analogous
calculus.
infinitesimal
Hence as with
infinitesLaal
series are
sum
is
sum
inrsion
integral in
calculus
In summation
apnroximated
by
must
alvys
he
investigated.
Newton's formula.
By
Newton's formula
by
we may
tern. It states
expand u
in a series of factorials
that:
(k)
L2U k.t
kD
For the proof
we
assn
ol
uX = a + a x + a2x(2)+
and
(23)
factorials,
a3x ...
=
in successive
If wo let r41.
5 w
have formula
16
Formulas relating a
to an integral,
sum
over
the curves
Hence
%,
the
sum
correction terms.
Thc integral is th
area under
is an approximation to this
a siin
the same
area.
Euler's type
(6,
p.104).
It
in
(Q,d/dX...l)_]\,
''
B+i which
The
in powers of d/dx.
Euler-MacLaurin
nwnbers of
The
the form
recursion relation:
n-1
(-1)(')B
list
of Bernoulli's
(24)
Bernoullian numbers
brief
= O
B2
numbers is included
(4,
p.233).
for n
later.
This
This
1.
list is
(,
p.62).
17
We
or differences respectively.
m parts.
into
Formulas
to
x,
respectively.
formula 42
TALE
V.
i.
2.
OF
S1Th
c=cx+c.
2111
f(x).
x) =
f[r(x)
t:(x)
1n+1
u11
4.
f(x)
ini
'ni-1
XIIm
g(x)
ni-1
nl
mi-1
ni
mi-2
ni-1
y
xl
+2ux-2
u
x-1
In+3
Z. -' ir
ni-r
.,
= u
X
-u
E
rn-fr
2\
(1)rL
In
-T
n
u
nl
ni-1
3J.
xi-2
n
u
In
x+r.
ni
5.
x-r
V.
(ni-1)
6.
E(x
b)(nl)
a(: +1)
3
i-
nl
1.
19
4(x)
2:
..
Ai Z
"x1c+r
ax + b,
of
(x), 4'(x)
2:
Gm
a,
Rn
Au+i
...
L=iJ
1 =
10.
+ C;
A0ux+
ni
a rational
cj)(x)
<.
z.
on page 25.
Values of
DQn ["(z
+ i).
n
f'(n + 1)+f(m); j'(x) = D f(x).
i].
ni
(x+i)2
n
12.
4:
ni
n
1:3.
x:
ni
=
(z
r(n +
i) +
f(m); f(x) =
+i)
tn4a
14.
Im
15.
ZaX
a-i
C; a
i.
ln+1
__
-2f(x-1+ai)I
Im
20
16.
17.
1L
=nr(x)
2n(x)
sin(ax
+ b)
Zcos(ax + b)
+ C.
Cos(ax +
-2
a/2)
sin a/2
sin(ax + b
a/2)
c.
2 sin a/2
19.
sinh(ax + b)
cosh(ax + b
sinh
20.
Zcosh(ax + b)
21.
xaX
22.
(ni)
a/2
a
a
-1 -
(a
aX
=x (ni) a-i
1)2
(ni)
a/2)
C.
ma
X cos(ax
8inax=
sin ax
aJ2)
2 sin a/2
24.
a/2) +
sin
23.
x(m)cos(ax
- a/2)
____________
sin a/2
m(m
+ 4 sin2a/2
1)
nix
(m-1)
4 sin2a/2
X(m_2)sin(ax +
4 sin2a/2
25.
x cos ax =
sin(ax - a12)
2 sin a/2
cos ax
sin2a/2
sinax
a).
21
Xs
(in)
26.
Zx'cos
- a/2)
1r
2 sin a/2
ni(m - 1)
in
4 sin2a/2
Zx(m_2)cos(
+ a).
4 sin a/2
In formulas 27-32:
acosb-1
Ka2+1_2acosb
'
a cos b
a2+1_2a cosb
27.
2.
29.
ZaCcos
bx = K2aXsjn bx + Iaxcos bx + C.
xasin bx =
(K1- K2)xaX(sin bx
+ 2 K1yXtbcos(hc + b) +
30.
(m)x.
aslnbx=K1x
-in K1
31.
(m)x.
asinbx-Kx (m)x
acosbx
Zz(m_asin(bx
xa%os bx =
(K1+
x+l
C.
j)X(5j
4b)+ mK
(m-l) x+1
a
cos(bx + b).
bx + C05 bx)+(K+
cos(bx + b) + C.
K)
22
32.
ZxaXco
naK2
bx = Kx(m)axsin bx + j1x(m)axcos bx
Zx(m1)a1sin(bx
cos[(a+ID)x
33.
sin
ax
x1a1cos(bx
b)- mX
cos bx
a+bl
34.
Zain
ax
sin
bx =
[(a..)x
48m
sin [(a-)x
cos ax cos hx =
:35.
36.
k
L
sin ax1cos
37.
:3e.
x:
39.
: sin2ax
40.
os
2
:
bx=
in axsin bxi
io
sin
axcos
= 4c
ax =
-]
]
a) +
a-1
+ C.
4am
a-k1
.'
- -j--J
sin [(a-bix
= O.
sin(2ax-G)
+C.
bx1 = O.
x +
a.b)x
sin
+-
O; a, h integers
- sin(2ax
a
in
4
+ C.
a-b
4sin--
2
_
b).
eo8(a-.b)x
-j--J2
sin
C.
<
k,
x1=
2d. .
-i-
23
2(2
00
v=
41.
3.
.+(.)r+1r-1
+
.'.
d3u
'
ux =
5u&
C +
iu +
2 x
dx
I! dx3
1du
=
ValueB
2n+1
dx
12
1x
d5u
+ 30,240
720
+)rn
udx
n/rn
u= m
m-1
2
3f2+
ml
[un+
UJ
du
d\
n/rn
45.
in
24mL
(in2- l)(
rn-i
n-2
N
+A2
in
r/203
[xu+ 2u]
im
on page 25.
(n+].
44.
1d3u
dx3 lo
2
m-1
n-1
Au
(m2-1)(19m2-i)
720m3
m2_I[A4
+4u}
In-3
o
46.
47.
ZC
4i.
(2n-1)x'1
00
n(n - 1)(n - 2)
+---2x
r=).
[ rn.
(1z)
72Ox2'
(1)1()(ra+1)fl]
1nk_ki
s-logx
2-1-=c
-rl
LJ.
25
i
i
:i
15
25
10
31
90
65
15
63
301
350
140
21
127
966
1701
1050
266
Bernoulli's Nuribers
B0=
1
-11
691
2,730
36i7
1
133
=55
x
15
17
1
510
43.867
798
174.611
330
137=55
B
21=
854.513
138
26
VI.
By sunniation
iiean
por
series.
In other
Also we develop
Finaily
nt
(C0k+
s x)
there the
Cs
C1l+
+ c)xk,
(p5)
S (x )
Ol
:
kxk+
+
:
'.
1cl
ithere
k1xk,
(26)
n is a non-negative integer.
studying the original power series (25), we str1y the power serios
(26).
K(x),
(-1,
+ 1), may be
K(x)
which is a geometric series.
10(x)
We see
x)
Now
Hence,
/x/<l.
(27)
geometric series.
is a particular
lk=
I%(x) =
c1
(x)
k=l
(l-c)
(28)
00
JL(x)
2= :K4
(x)
= x(1 + x)
kl
(l-x)3'
and in general z
00
nlc
xP(x)
.1
kx=x_1(x)=
K(x)=.
n
k=l
deee
I by luduction.
')n
of degree n.
1, then
?1(x)
P(x)
will be a poljnomial
20
Since K(x) satisfies the recursion relation,
Ic1(x) = x K
(29)
(z),
and since,
X P
(x)
K(x)
(1 ..x)
(30)
ii+'
have,
x?,(x)
dfxPn(x)_1
X)saJ
L __
(1
'
the factor,
(1 ..x)
(x)
(nx
n-s-1
P,
x)p1 (x).
n
P3S ...
froia th3
(31)
can be built up
Thus wo haves
L1
P1(x)
= i
P2
=i +X
P3(x)s1+4x+x2
P4(x) s
P5(x)
-s-
(32)
lix + 11x2+
26
26x+ x4
arid
last
fr(fl)Xr_l,
=:;l
(33)
29
and substitute in (31) we obtain the recm'sion relation for the
(n - r
Since (ii)
-O,
ie see that
f(n) = i
1)1'
r-1
(n
1)+ r
r'
- 1).
Since
(34)
f1(n) =
O,
The other
later, (47).
Using (34) w
The
of the triangle
uewdoOAej
;o
UO?tLUfl U.ZJ1
eI{'4
.zoJ
eut ewi c
E)q'4
t
-t
-i:
ri:
99
t-t
t
t
t
t
ot
t
t
9t
t6tt
6t9't
O9't
t6tt
ot
6t9'I
O6t'9t
O9't
Cr'
31
The next step is to find a finite expression for
'iVe
(n
(n
-r
1)1(n
1)
r +
-r
1)f1(n
1)
1)-s.
r(ri
-r -1)f1(n
+ r2(n
+ r
-r)fri(n
3)
f(n
- i)
= 1 when n
- i
i<n
= r or when
-1.
= n -
Hence,
r(n
-r -i
+ 2r-.i(
i r"',(r),
(r - 1),
or since f (r) = f
r-1
r
n-r+l
f (n)
r
r'
(n
-r -i
2)'r
<n
(n - i)
(n - i)
(35)
= i for
to obtain,
n-].
2'(n
f2(n) =
- i).
i=].
- 2)
- 2)
r2(n
1,
to obtain:
r.
32
in
2fl(
3fl_(
f3(n)
4fl(fl
5-r
1'5(n)
+ 1)
+ 1)n
+ 1) 2"+
3n
+ 1)
(36)
2Z
1)n 2n
(n
(n
+ l)n(n - li
3Z
4n
+ 1)
(n
+l)n 3n
(n + l)n(ri - i)
2n
31
(n
+ i)n(n
L)(n
-2)
II
'4.
is evidently,
The fol1owin
()
ni-1
m.
Fr(fl)
consists in
'r
showing,
F(n) =
(n - r
l)F1(n
- 1)+ r Fr(fl -
r <
(3g)
and,
F1(n) = F(ri) = 1
in this order.
Hence
first prove:
(1)fli+l(fl+l)(
n
(
)(r-m)
n-1
1)fl_
-r
(n
+r
(-1)
rii+i
(
+ 1)
1)(r
-in+
(1)m+i.
1)1
m=1
We proceed to reduce the express4.
Changing the sunmiand of the first terni on the right sud adjusting
33
(n
obtain:
(_l)mhl2)(r
i)
We
we
r
rZ
ml
(4)m+1(
1)fl1
)(r -in
relations:
_m-1
-n +i
n+l.,
_i"
(39)
-n + 2
- n +i
'm-l'
,n
-r + i)
(_1)rn
If the
r
rL
ml
(_1)r
exponents of -1 and (r
_ (n
-r + 1) r
+
-i n+l
ni
nl
(_1)fl
i to r
,n+l
in-1
,n+l,
i)r
l)(r-'n+l)
n-in+2
in
sum may
in
ni-1
1)fl
just as well
be
)(r-rn+i) n-i
in-1
(l) iii+i
from
ir w
+ 2
-n + i)
rn-_
The
in
n+l
is zero.
for
Hence
s/t
r
Upon
I (n-r+l)(m-1
(_m1
r(n.n+2)
(n+l)(r-n+l1
(n+1)(rn+l)j
(:)(r
in
mL
and the
first
To
-))fl1+l
equation of (38)
continue,
we
is
,n+l
1)fl,
m-1
proved.
follows:
F1(n)
Finally we show
(_l)2(1)
Fa(n) = 1.
To do
(40)
this
it will
be convenient
F(n - 1),
F(n
1) must be defined
Hence
to
satisfy
2, thich
by (37) as this
defition
=E
1)
(_1)m+l
m +
1)nl
1,
(E
(-l)'
If
we
apply the
causes it
Thus,
(33).
F(n
Now since
operator
n+l
zm=l
we
(_1)in
have,
(1)(x
+ n
-n
1)fll
(41)
35
Hence we have,
n+].
Afl n-1
1)XTI+1
xD
or as the term Lor
ra
'x'I
m1
n
,
n-1
)I%n-m+1j
,
m-1
= n + i equals zero,
(1)m+1
IxJ
-m
(rn1)(n
(42)
m=l
p.l9-20)
(1,
F(n_1)=xhf
n
lx
Iow
an-1
(n - 1)
means
n
n-1
=0.
F(
n - i) = 0.
Ience we have:
= F
n-i
(n - i)
then r
+ n F (n - 1),
n
or as F (n - 1) = 0,
n
F (n)
=Fn-J. (n
-1).
Since n i3 arbitrary,
F (n) = F
1(n - 1) =
F(n
- 2) = ... = F1(1).
F(n) =
i.
(43)
36
This completes the proof that,
f(ri)
=F(n),
or that,
()Ii+l
arid
(')(r -m
(33):
(-i)()(r
(44)
m + l)vEJxr_1, (45)
r1,
,
knXk
k=].
m+in+i.
n
n_ii(1)]
(46)
(1 -
is Lmnediate.
37
A swmary of the results of th1
of their application is now in order.
The
methods depends on
the following:
deee
siaU but xi
oi.r
Indidual
For example, if n is
seriously slow and our results are of less value practically speaking.
The evaluation of (25) for sorne particular value of x may he
JJovevr, the
J.
+ x +
2+ 27x3+ 64x4+
...
+ k3xk + a..,
38
or x.
Thus we have,
s=i+E
k3xk
(-l)4x
2.2
Again
using
+ x2)
43,69l.
(1 +
(z
3.22
332
2.3
2k + 3k2+
series,
k4
34
...
2k
+3k2+
i/
k()k3
=2
k=l
k=1
= 172.
Finally,
infinite series
let us find a
whose
proession,
a,
...,
ar,
b + (k
2,
of an
term
1)d,
ar.
:39
ab
(b
+ kd)ark
1k
rk+ ad
= ab + ab
-a b-br+dr
(1
A study of the
siation
interesting
Sorne
immediately
frani its
First, the
- r)'
triangLe.
law of formation.
elents
of each ro
n-r+i'
n = 1.
<n.
(47)
-r
+ 2)2
1(n)
(n
-r
2)f(n),
n.
= r
I_f
That is,
-r
2)21(n) +
r f (n)
r
r f
<
=
n-'r+l
(n)+(n
-r
n-r+2
<
= n.
1), 2
e have:
+ 2)2
+ 1.
n.
n-'r+2
(n),
40
Now
since f1(n
+ 1) =
f1(n
J.
Socond,
+ 1) = 1,
for n
symmetry holds
is,
f(n) <
1'
noven
It is sufficient
it
will
Now we
3.
fr(fl)<fr+i(fl) for r
inequalities:
Hence
we
we
for
frorii the
srnuetry.
this inequality
<fr+i')'
r,
1, and 1 respectively,
obtain:
-i and
er-i
1), r
r+i
Now
r_i<r'
fr<1r+i(
assume
If
(48)
to prove the
j,n_.l nodd
+(r)> f_(n)
relations
for r
Proceeding as above we
<fr+i
for
fr')<fr+i
This
n +
latter
equation is
obtain:
(n +
41
Thus
An Abel sum.
if
series diverges,
it may he
first
(9,
sums have a
p.261-265).
cbviously these
other
some
up by
possible to use
different
of convergent series.
sums
meaning than
in
the case of
to obtain the
Now we
fl
sum a
from the
definition of
-i in the
Abe1
This is
methods used
obtained by setting x =
set
oscillating series
We
have
sum,
A =
and (46),
00
(_l)kkfl
lini
x-p-1
(1
-x)1
r
;;i
()(r
(_l)m+1()(r
=
':;i
=i
(_1)m+1.
;:i
-
mn
ni
+ i)7J
+ l)nJ (_1),
(49)
42
new
some
results
n =
1,
n and O.
we
and
to obtain
some
particular
-2.
'value of x where n
initial condition,
K0(x)
in the form:
klxk,
kflxk = (xD)
II
with the
arid
(50)
Hence we have,
kxk
= (xD)
-1
k=l
kl
= (xP)
(dx
)(i -x)
= -.2n(l -x) + C.
Since
klxk
for
O,
klXk
= O.
This gives,
-.Qn(l .ix),
(51)
For n
in the
form of an
integral,
an expected
non-finite ex'ession
sum
of such
43
series.
and
x.
The
constant
E,-2k
c
X =-\
/o
k1
in its definite
Pn(1-x)
X
x2n
(52)
10
Repeating
intea1
ve
:re
have:
E.
kxk=
kl
(x
(X
/0
I0
From a practical
10
11n
x
1x
()fl1
(3)
integration of (53).
infinite
The utility
for x
= -1 when n
- 1.
4h
BIBLIOGRAPHY
VII.
1.
2.
tables,
72p.
vo].. 1.
Mathematical
University press.
4.
Jordan,
5.
MIme-Thomson,
The calculus of
Steffenson,
J. F. Interpolation.
co., ltd.,
finite
1933.
New
2d ed.
differences.
558p.
Baltimore, The
Williams and
248p.
The
ga!nna
Calculus of observations.
1944. 397p.
ltd.,
inc.,