Chapter 11: Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces (Notes)

Introduction
States/Phases: 1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
Condensed States: Solid and Liquid
Intermolecular Forces (IMF) attractive forces that exist between all molecules and atoms.
The state of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) depends on the magnitude of IMF between particles relative to
the amount of thermal energy.
High Thermal Energy relative to IMF = Gas

Low Thermal Energy relative to IMF = Liquid or Solid

*Atypical behavior solid form of water is slightly less dense than liquid form, due to unique crystal
structure of ice.

Properties of the States of Matter

State
Gas
Liquid
Solid

Density
Low
High
High

Shape
Indefinite
Indefinite
Definite

Volume
Indefinite
Definite
Definite

Strength of IMF
Weak
Moderate
Strong

Types of Solids: 1. Crystalline atoms/molecules are arranged in a well-ordered 3-dimensional array.

2. Amorphous atoms/molecules have no long-range order.

Changes between States

Solid

Liquid or P

Gas

Intermolecular Forces
Strong IMF result in high melting/boiling points.

Weak IMF result in low melting/boiling points.

IMF originate from interactions between charges, partial charges, and temporary charges on
atoms/molecules/ions.
Coulombs Law: E

q1 q 2
4 0 r
1

IMF are generally much weaker than bonding forces.

Bonding Forces large charges interacting at very close distances.
1

IMF small charges interacting at greater distances.

Example:
Length of

bond in liquid water is 96 pm ; however, between water molecules in liquid water is

300 pm .
To break bonds, we have to heat water to thousands of degrees Celsius.
To break IMF between water molecules, we have to heat water to 100 C .
Types of IMF:

1. Dispersion
2. Dipole-Dipole
3. Hydrogen Bonding
4. Ion-Dipole (Only in Mixtures)

Dispersion Force (London Dispersion Force)

Present in all molecules atoms.
Result of fluctuations in electron distribution within molecules/atoms.
Electrons in atom/molecule may, at any one instant, be unevenly distributed.

Slightly Negative Charge

Slightly Positive Charge

Instantaneous Dipole (Temporary Dipole) fleeting charge separation.

Magnitude of dispersion force depends on how easily electrons in atom/molecule move/polarize in
response to instantaneous dipole, which depends on size/volume of electron cloud.
*Usually:

Molar Mass

Dispersion Force

Melting/Boiling Point

*Exceptions

Dipole-Dipole Force
Exists in all molecules that are polar.
Permanent Dipole permanent separation of charge; a molecule with a permanent dipole always has a
slightly negative charge at one end and a slightly positive charge at the other.
Polar Molecules
High Boiling/Melting Point

NonPolar Molecules
Low Boiling/Melting Point

Miscibility ability to mix without separating into two states.

Polar Liquids are miscible with other polar liquids, but are not miscible with nonpolar liquids.
Example:

Water (Polar) is not miscible with Pentane (Nonpolar)

*See Attached Electronegativity Chart

Examples:
Which of these molecules have dipole-dipole forces?
(a) CO 2
(b) CH 2Cl 2
(c) CH 4
(d) CI 4

(e) CH 3Cl

(f) HCl

Hydrogen Bonding
Polar molecules containing hydrogen atoms bonded directly to fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen.
Stronger than Dispersion and Dipole-Dipole.
Examples: HF , NH 3 , and H2O .
*Hydrogen Bonds are not Chemical Bonds.
*Chemical bonds between individual atoms within a molecule
Example:

Formaldehyde

Fluromethane

Example:
Which has the higher boiling point, HF or HCl ? Why?

Hydrogen Peroxide

Ion-Dipole Force
Occurs when an ionic compound is mixed with a polar compound.
Strongest IMF.
Responsible for the ability of ionic substances to form solutions with water.
Example:
Sodium Chloride is mixed with water. Sodium and Chloride ions interact with water molecules via iondipole forces.

Summary
Dispersion forces are present in all molecules/atoms, and increase with increasing molar mass.
Dipole-Dipole forces are present in polar molecules.
Hydrogen Bonds are the strongest IMF that can occur in pure substances; are present in molecules
containing hydrogen bonded to fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen.
Ion-Dipole forces are present in mixtures of ionic compounds and polar compounds; are very strong and
important in aqueous solutions of ionic compounds.

Question:
Which substance has the highest boiling point?
(a) CH3OH
(b) CO
(c) N 2

Problems
49. Determine the kinds of intermolecular forces that are present in each element or compound.
(a) N 2
(b) NH 3
(c) CO
(d) CCl 4

50. Determine the kinds of intermolecular forces that are present in each element or compound.
(a) Kr
(b) NCl 3
(c) SiH 4
(d) HF

51. Determine the kinds of intermolecular forces that are present in each element or compound.
(a) HCl
(b) H2O
(c) Br2
(d) He

52. Determine the kinds of intermolecular forces that are present in each element or compound.
(a) PH 3
(b) HBr
(c) CH3OH
(d) I2

53. Arrange these compounds in order of increasing boiling point. Explain your reasoning.
a. CH 4
b. CH3CH3
c. CH3CH2Cl d. CH3CH2OH

54. Arrange these compounds in order of increasing boiling point. Explain your reasoning.
a. H 2S
b. H 2Se
c. H2O

55. In each pair of compounds, pick the one with the highest boiling point. Explain your reasoning.
a. CH3OH or CH 3SH
b. CH3OCH3 or CH3CH2OH
c. CH 4 or CH3CH3

56. In each pair of compounds, pick the one with the higher boiling point. Explain your reasoning.
a. NH 3 or CH 4
b. CS 2 or CO 2
c. CO 2 or NO 2

57. In each pair of compounds, pick the one with the higher vapor pressure at a given temperature.
Explain your reasoning.
a. Br2 or I2
b. H 2S or H2O
c. NH 3 or PH 3

58. In each pair of compounds, pick the one with the higher vapor pressure at a given temperature.
Explain your reasoning.
a. CH 4 or CH 3Cl
b. CH3CH2CH2OH or CH3OH
c. CH3OH or H 2CO

59. Determine if each pair of compounds forms a homogeneous solution when combined. For those that
form homogeneous solutions, indicate the type of forces that are involved.
a. CCl 4 and H2O
b. KCl and H2O
c. Br2 and CCl 4
d. CH3CH2OH and H2O