QUMICA - GUA DE ESTUDIO Y NOTAS

UNIDAD 1 SISTEMAS MATERIALES

Caractersticas de los 3 STATES OF MATTER con relacin a masa, volumen y forma. (p.6 table
2.2)
Poder explicar la conversin entre los diferentes estados relacionndola a la teora cintica de las
partculas. (ms energa ms vibracin de partculas)
Saber el nombre de cada cambio de estado (sollq, lqgas, gaslq, lqsol, sol gas)
Definir FIX POINT (temperature at which a pure substance melts (m.p.) or boils (b.p.) (p.9)
Definir MELTING POINT & BOILING POINT Entender que son fijos para cada sustancia pura.
Saber la diferencia entre sustancia pura (m.p. y b.p. fijos, no esta mezclada) e impura (m.p. y b.p.
, est mezclada con otras sustancias)
Saber reconocer los diferentes tipos de mezclas y su forma de separacin.
MIXTURES
HOMOGENEOUS
HETEROGENEOUS
Liq - Liq
Liq - Sol
Liq - Liq
Liq Sol
Miscible Liquids
Soluble Solid
Inmiscible Liquids
Insoluble Solid
(SOLUTION)
(SOLUTION)
(EMULSION)
(SUSPENSIN)
CRISTALIZATION
(no conserva el liq)
FRACTIONAL
SEPARATING
SIMPLE
FILTRATION
DISTILLATION
FUNNEL
DISTILLATION
(conserva el liq)
CHROMATOGRAPHY: solutos mezclados en baja cantidad de lq.
UNIDAD 2 ESTRUCTURA ATMICA
Concepto de ELEMENT ( substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler)(p.43)
Concepto de ATOM (smallest particle of an element that can exist on its own) (p.43)
Concepto de COMPOUND (atoms of elements joined together) (p.43)
Concepto de MOLECULE (uncharged particle containing atoms that have full shells of e-) (p.89)
Saber muy bien la ESTRUCTURA DEL TOMO (p.56-57)
PARTICLE
NEUTRON n
PROTON p+
ELECTRON e-

POSITION IN ATOM
Nucleus
Nucleus
Shells

CHARGE
No charge (neutral)
Positive +
Negative -

MASS
1
1
0

Entender que la masa del tomo esta en el ncleo, por lo tanto TODAS las partculas nucleares tiene
masa = 1
A
Definir MASS NUMBER (A) (number of p+ + number of n)
Z
Definir ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) (number of p+)
Entender que TODO tomo es NEUTRO (number of e- = number of p+)
Definir ISOTOPE (tomos del mismo elemento (= Z) pero con A ya que poseen cantidad de n)
(p.58)
ATOM
Pierde e- carga + CATION
ION
(no charge because e- = p+) Gana e- carga - ANION
(atom with positive or negative
charge)

Entender como calcular Masa Atmica Relativa (no muy importante, solo concepto)
Saber la DISTRIBUCIN ELECTRNICA de las 3 primeras shells (2 e- 8 e- 8 e- )
UNIDAD 3 TABLA PERIDICA
Saber que elementos del mismo grupo tienen caractersticas similares.
Entender la clasificacin en GROUPS (number of e- in last shell) y PERIODS (total number of
shells)
Entender la relacin entre group, period y distribucin electrnica.
Saber las caractersticas de los GRUPOS PRINCIPALES (G I , G VII, G VIII) (p. 61, 63, 66)
1. All solids
2. All soft and melt easily
3. All conductors of electricity
GROUP I
4. Reactivity with Oxygen or Chlorine: all burn vigorously to produce
(Li, Na, K)
metal chlorides or metal oxides
5. Reactivity with Water: Li reacts slowly, Na reacts rapidly, K reacts
violently (for all indicator goes BLUE)

GROUP VII
(Cl, Br, I)

GRUPO VIII
(He, Ne, Ar)

1. All coloured elements

2. Cl is gas, Br is liquid, I is solid
3. They do not conduct electricity
4. They are all non-metals
5. When gas they have a strong smell
6. All poisonous
7. Reactivity with Litmus Paper or U. Indicator: if blue damp litmus paper
is held in gas phase of any of the elements, first it turns pinkish-red then
rapidly to white (the litmus is bleached)
8. Reactivity with Aluminum: when Al is heated a whitish powdery solid is
produced: Al. Chloride, Al. Bromide, Al. Iodide
1. All gases
2. No smell or colour
3. They are all non-metals
4. They lack Reactivity

Saber las diferencias entre un METAL y un NON-METAL

METAL
NON-METAL
Conducts electricity
Do NOT conduct electricity
Malleable (can change shape by hammering)
Are NOT malleable
Ductile (can be made into wires)
Are NOT ductile

UNIDAD 4 UNIONES QUMICAS

Saber entre que tipo de elementos se forman las diferentes uniones.
METALLIC BOND Metals
ELEMENTS
COVALENT BOND Non-metals
IONIC BOND Metal Non-Metal
COMPOUNDS
COVALENT BOND Non- metal Non-metal

Recordar que todos los HALGENOS (G VII) son di-atmicos (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) y tambin los gases
N2 y O2

BOND
METALLIC
(p.93)

DEFINITION
Force of attraction between two
positive metal ions and the
delocalised electrons between
them
Force of attraction between two
atoms as a result of sharing pairs
of electrons

PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
1. Malleable and ductile (the layers in the
lattice can slide past each other)
2. Good conductors of electricity and heat

1. Soft and easily broke (not very hard or

strong)
COVALENT
2. Low fixed points (m.p. and b.p.)
(p.88)
3. Do not conduct heat or electricity
4. Dissolves well in non-polar solvents
Force of attraction between two
1. Hard but shatters when it is hit
oppositely-charged ions, which
2. High fixed points (m.p. and b.p.)
IONIC
have been formed by electron
3. Do not conduct heat or electricity when
(p.96)
transfer
solid
4. Dissolves well in polar solvents, to give a
solution that conducts electricity
Entender que es un MACROMOLECULAR SOLID (p.90) (compound of 1 element that consists of
a large number of atoms covalently bonded together)
Saber que las properties of macromolecular solids son iguales a las de los compuestos covalentes (ya
que sus tomos estn unidos de forma covalente) (p.92)
UNIDAD 5 FORMULEO Y ESTEQUIOMETRA
Definicin de OXIDATION NUMBER (number of electrons an atom of an element has available for
bonding)
Saber como formar los diferentes compuestos qumicos (OX. BSICOS, OX. CIDOS,
HIDRXIDOS, OXOCIDOS (C. OXIGENADOS), HIDRCIDOS Y SALES)
NO OLVIDARSE DE BALANCEAR LAS ECUACIONES!!!!
Metal + Oxygen (O2)
Na2O K2O
MgO CaO
OX. BSICOS
FeO (II) Fe2O3 (III)
Al2O3
OX. CIDOS
Non-Metal + Oxygen (O2)
CO (II) CO2 (IV)
N2O3 (III) N2O5 (V)

Ox. Bsico + Water (H2O)

HIDRXIDOS
OXOCIDOS
(AC. OXIGENADOS)
HIDRCIDOS

Ox. cido + Water (H2O)

Non-Metal + Hidrogen (H2)
(los no metales del G VII
actan con valencia 1)
Oxocido + Hidrxido

SALES

Hidrcido + Hidrxido

SO2 (IV) - SO3 (VI)

NaOH KOH
Mg(OH)2 Ca (OH)2
Fe(OH)2 (II) Fe(OH)3 (III)
Al(OH)3
H2CO3
HNO2 (III) HNO3 (V)
H2SO3 (IV) H2SO4 (VI)
HCl
HF HBr HI
H2S
Carbonato de ...
Na2CO3 K2CO3 - MgCO3 CaCO3
FeCO3 (FeII) Fe2(CO3)3 (FeIII)
Al2(CO3)3
Nitrato de ...
NaNO3 KNO3 Mg(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2
Fe(NO3)2 (FeII) Fe(NO3)3 (FeIII)
Al(NO3)3
Sulfato de
Na2SO4 K2SO4 MgSO4 CaSO4
FeSO4 (FeII) Fe2(SO4)3 (FeIII)
Al2(SO4)3
Cloruro de
NaCl KCl MgCl2 CaCl2
FeCl2 (FeII) FeCl3 (FeIII)
AlCl3

Saber resolver CLCULOS ESTEQUIOMTRICOS elementales. No olvidar de balancear las

ecuaciones!}
UNIDAD 6 CIDOS, BASES Y SALES
Conceptos de ACID (substance that in water releases H+) y BASE (ALKALI) (substance that in

water releases OH-) segn la teora de Arrhenius

Son cidos los oxocidos y los hidrcidos.

Son bases los hidrxidos y el NH3

Son neutras las sales (NaCl) y los hidrocarburos

Saber que se llama lkali a las sustancias Bsicas que se disuelven en agua, a las que no se las llama
simplemente Bases.
Saber los productos de la preparacin de sales de las siguientes formas: (p.141)
1. Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen (H2)
2. Acid + Metal Oxide Salt + Water (H2O)
3. Acid + Metal Hydroxide Salt + Water (H2O)
4. Acid + Metal Carbonate Salt + Water (H2O) + Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Saber que la ESCALA DE pH se usa para calificar a una solucin de cida, bsica o neutra, que va de
0 a 14. (p. 138)
pH of Solution
Below 7
ACIDIC
7
NEUTRAL
Above 7
ALKALINE
Conocer los INDICADORES QUMICOS (p.138)
Indicator
Colour of indicator at different pH
values
LITMUS PAPER
0-7 Red Acid
7 no colour change Neutral
7-14 Blue Alkali
UNIVERSAL INDICATOR 0-7 Red/Orange/Yellow Acid
7 Green Neutral
7-14 Greeny-blue/Blue/Purple Alkali
Saber los TEST DE RECONOCIMIENTO de los siguientes gases:
1. CO2 (turns limewater milky)
2. O2 (relights a glowing split)

Type of information
Qualitative

Qualitative
Quantitative

3. H2 (pops with a lighted splint)

4. NH3 (Bleaches litmus paper)
UNIDAD 7 CAMBIO QUMICO
Saber la diferencia entre CHEMICAL CHANGE (produccin de una nueva sustancia (products) a
partir de otras sustancia diferentes (reactants)Y PHYSICAL CHANGE (interconversion entre los
diferentes estados de la materia (unidad 1))
Saber que en todo CHEMICAL CHANGE hay ENERGY EXCHANGE between the reacting system
and its surroundings.(p.31)
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
Energy is TAKEN IN from the surroundings
System

Saber que sucede en los diferentes TIPOS DE REACCIN:

NEUTRALIZATION
DISPLACEMENT
COMBUSTION
DECOMPOSITION

EXOTHERMIC REACTION
Energy is GIVEN OUT to the surroundings
System

Reaction between an acid and an alkali to produce a salt

Reaction where a metal that is high in the electrochemical series
displaces (takes its place) a metal that is below him in the
electrochemical series
The reaction of an element (Metal or Non-metal) with Oxygen.
One substance is broken down into two or more simple substances

Concepto de PRECIPITATION (chemical reaction between solutes in solution, during which an

insoluble solute is produced) (p.124) (no es muy importante!)

UNIDAD 8 CINTICA QUMICA

Concepto de RATE OF REACTION (Velocidad de Reaccin) (rate is a measure of the change that
happens in a single unit of time) (por ejemplo: cuanto es lo que cambia en 1 minuto) (p.208)
Rate of a Chemical Reaction: measure of the amount of change occuring in a unit of time (p.209)
Saber los FACTORS THAT AFFECT A RATE OF REACTION: (p.214)
1. Concentration of Reactants: concentration, rate
2. Pressure: pressure, rate
3. Temperature: temperature, rate
4. Light: light, rate (remember that light is a form of heat!)
5. Surface area: surface area exposed, rate
6. Catalists rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy (that is the initial needed energy to
start a reaction) they do not get involved in the reaction, they remain unchanged.

Entender la COLLISION THEORY (Teora de las colisiones) it explains the observed facts about
the rates of chemical reactions, saying that a collision with enough energy provokes bonds to be
broken and new bonds to be formed. (p.218-219)

UNIDAD 9 REACCIONES REDOX

Saber la diferencia entre OXIDATION (loss of electrons by an atom or ion) y REDUCTION (gain
of electrons by an atom or ion) (p.187)
Saber que las REDOX REACTION son reacciones en las cuales se ve transferencia de electrones
Saber perfectamente las siguientes reglas para colocar OXIDATION NUMBERS: (p. 190-191)
1. Los elementos PUROS (tambin las molculas formadas por 1 solo elemento, ej. O2) son 0
2. El Hidrgeno siempre es +1 (H+1)
3. El Oxgeno siempre es 2 (O-2)
4. Los metales siempre forman CATIONES (perder electrones)
5. Los no metales tienden a formar ANIONES (ganar electrones)
6. Las MOLCULAS son siempre NEUTRAS, la suma de los nmeros de oxidacin debe ser 0
Si el nmero de oxidacin de un elemento aumenta (de negativo a 0 a positivo) ese elemento se
OXID
Si el nmero de oxidacin de un elemento disminuye (de positivo a 0 a negativo) ese elemento se
REDUJO
Saber identificar al AGENTE REDUCTOR (como aquella sustancia que se oxida y causa que otra se
reduzca) y al AGENTE OXIDANTE (como aquella sustancia que se reduce y causa que otra se
oxide)
Saber reconocer las distintas partes de un ELECTROLYTIC CELL (electrolyte, electrodes (cathode
and anode))

 Saber que el CATHODE est cargado negativo y atrae iones positivos (cationes)
Saber que al ANODE est cargado positivo y atrae iones negativos (aniones)
Saber los siguientes casos especficos:
MOLTEN SALTS
Lead Bromide

CATHODE
Pb + 2 e- Pb

ANODE
2Br Br2 + 2e-

Sodium Chloride
AQUEOUS
SOLUTIONS
Sodium Chloride

2Na+ + 2e- 2 Na

2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-

2H2O + 2e- 2 OH- + H2

2 Cl- Cl2 + 2e-

2+

OBSERVATION
Cathode: globules of
lead
Anode: bromine gas
bubbles off

Gases seen at both

electrodes (H2 and Cl2),
solution becomes
alkaline
+
3H2O O2 + 2H3O + Cathode: becomes
plated in copper
2 eAnode: oxygen given
off
Solution becomes acidic

Copper Sulphate
Cu2+ + 2e- Cu
(with graphite or
platinium electrodes)

UNIDAD 10 METALES
Saber como reaccionan ciertos metales al contacto con agua y cido diludo y concentrado (p. 157)
METAL

GROUP

K
Na

I
I

Ca

II

Mg

II

Al
Zn
Fe

III
Transtion
block

Lead

IV

Cu
Transition
Ag (silver) block

REACTION W/
WATER

REACTION W/
CONCENTRATED
ACID

REACTION W/
DILUTE ACID

Very rapid producing an

Violent
alkaline solution and
hydrogen gas
Fast in cold water,
producing an insoluble
white solid and
hydrogen gas
Very slowly in cold
All react producing salt
water, fast in steam,
producing an insoluble solutions and hydrogen
white solid and
hydrogen gas
No reaction

All react

No visible reaction in
pure water
Very slowly
No reaction

No reaction

Saber en que consiste la REACTIVITY (ELECTROCHEMICAL) SERIES (ordenamiento de

diferentes metales de acuerdo a su capacidad para desplazar a hidrgeno y otros metales de una
molcula) (p. 158)
Saber como se extraen los principales metales (sodio, aluminio y hierro)
Poder reconocer las diferentes partes de los aparatos de extraccin.
METAL
SODIUM
(p.282)
ALUMINIUM
(p.304)
IRON

METHOD
Electrolysis
(of molten sodium
chloride)
Electrolysis
(of molten bauxite)

RAW MATERIALS
NaCl (60%)
CaCl2 (40%)

OBSERVATIONS
Anode: Cl2 gas
Cathode: Na liquid

Bauxite (ore) (Al2O3)

Cryolite

Blast Furnace

Hematite (ore) (Fe2O3)

Carbon Anode: oxygen gas is

produced
Carbon Cathode: aluminum
is produced as a liquid
The iron produced is impure,

Coke (C)
Limestone (CaCO3)
Air

(p.305)

called pig-iron or cast-iron.

The impurities re: nonmetals, carbon, phosphorous
and sulphur.
Slag is used to make road
foundations.

Saber definir ALLOYS (solid solutions of metals, 2 or more metals are molten together (no chemical
reaction takes place)) (p.307)
ALLOY
CHARACTERISTICS
CONTAINS
Stainless Steel
Resist corrosion
Iron (Fe)
Chromium (Cr)
Nickel (Ni)
Brass
Easily worked but resistant to
Copper (Cu)
corrosion
Zinc (Zn)
Bronze
Harder and more resistant to
Copper (Cu)
wear than brass
Tin (Sn)

Saber definir RUSTING (redox reaction where Fe oxidizes (increase of mass) it takes place in
contact with water and oxygen (air)) se produce Hidrxido de Hierro III (Fe(OH)3) (p.311)
Saber los distintos mtodos de prevencin de corrosin. (p. 312) (son 3) como galvanizado (Fe is
coated with Zn)
UNIDAD 11 QUMICA ORGNICA
Saber que un HIDROCARBON es un compuesto formado por CARBON, HYDROGEN
principalmente y OXYGEN
Saber que el Carbon puede establecer 4 enlaces
Saber que el Hydrogen siempre establece 1 enlace solo
Saber que el Oxygen puede establecer 2 enlaces
Saber que el CHAIN LENGHT determina las Physical Properties (P.332)
( Chain lenght m.p. y b.p. solubility)
Saber que el CHAIN TYPE determina las Chemical Properties (types of chemical reactions the
hydrocarbon will have) (P.332)
Definir FUNCTIONAL GROUP (an atom or group of atoms in the chain whose reactions determine
the properties of the whole chain) (p.333)
Definir HOMOLOGOUS SERIES (a group of compounds with the same functional group (=
chemical prop.) but different chain length ( physical prop.) (p.333)
Saber NOMBRAR los diferentes hidrocarburos segn la cantidad de carbonos y el grupo funcional
que tienen (p.334 table 30.2 y 30.3)
Chain Lenght
First part of name
Chain Length
First part of name
1C
Meth-4C
But-2C
Eth-5C
Pent-3C
Prop-6C
Hex-Number of bonds
between C
1 C-C

Second part of name

Functional group

Third part of name

--ane

Alcohol -O-H

--ol

2 C=C

--ene

--oic acid

3 CC

--ine

Carbonic Acid -C=O

O-H
Esters C=O
O-

--ate

Saber reconocer ALKANES (C-C) y nombrarlos.

Entender que son SATURATED HYDROCARBONS (each carbon in the chain has as many
hydrogens bonded onto it as possible, the carbons are all involved in single covalent bonds) (p.341)
Saber reconocer ALKENES (C=C) y nombrarlos
Entender que son UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS (more atoms can be added to the chain
without breaking it) (p.341)
Saber que los ALKYNES tambin son insaturados
Saber en que tipos de reaccin esta involucrados estos 2 tipos de hidrocarburos (p.341)
1. Saturated Hydrocarbons alkanes SUBSTITUTION
2. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons alkenes ADDITION

Saber que la Addition Reaction puede ser usada como Test de Reconocimiento de Alquenos, al usar
como aditivos a Br2 y KMnO4.(p.343)
Saber en que consiste la FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF OIL y bajo que criterios se separan
las diferentes fracciones (chain length and its different physical properties) (p.337)
Conocer ligeramente las diferentes fracciones y sus usos (solamente las ms comunes e importantes)
(p.338 table 30.5)
Saber el concepto de PETROCHEMICALS (p.340)
Saber para que se usa el CRACKING (obtention of short saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
from long saturated chains that are useless) y porque es importante (2 ventajas) (p.342)
Saber que las ADDITION REACTIONS se usan para obtener saturated hydrocarbons de unsaturated
hydrocarbons (p.343)
Saber para que se usa POLYMERISATION (obtention of long saturated hydrocarbons from short
unsaturated chains) (p.344) saber por lo menos 1 ejemplo
Saber como se forman los ALCOHOLS, poder reconocerlos y nombrarlos (p.345)
Conocer los 2 mtodos de preparacin de ETANOL (p.346)
Methylated Spirits
Reacting ethane + water
Solvent, fuel
Fermented Alcohol
Fermenting sugars with yeast
Beers, wine, spirits for drinking

Saber como se forman los ORGANIC ACIDS, poder reconocerlos y nombrarlos (p.347)
Conocer el mtodo de preparacin: Oxidation of Alcohols (p.347)
Conocer las caractersticas de los cidos orgnicos (son iguales a las de los Oxocidos ya vistos!)
(p.348)
Saber como se forman los ESTERS, poder reconocerlos y nombrarlos (p.349)
Conocer mtodo de preparacin de esteres (p.350)
Organic Acid + Alcohol Ester + Water (es una reaccin muy lenta!)
Ver los SUMMARY del libro de las pginas: 353, 354, 355