360 degrees = 24 hours = 15

The DST Formulas

To find Distance, if speed and time (or duration) are known:

Time in Minutes
To convert hours and minutes to minutes, the hours are multiplied by
60 and the minutes added.
Example: 6 h 52 m

D = (S x T) 60
To find Time, if distance and speed are known:
T = (60 x D) S

(6 x 60) + 52 = 360 + 52 = 412 m or min

To change minutes to hours and minutes divide by 60 and note the
number left over as minutes.

To find Speed, if distance and time are known:

Example: 132 m = (132/60) = 2 h and 12 (left over). Proper notation

would be 2 h 12 m.

S = (60 x D) T

Or,
If the answer is taken to one or more decimal places, the tenths can be
multiplied by 60 and rounded, if necessary : for example, 132/60 =
2.2 hours or 2 h + (0.2 x 60) = 2h + 12 m
or 2 h 12 m
Example: Convert 752 m to hours and minutes:
752 m 60 = 12.53 h
Since 12h x 60 = 720 m
Then 752 m- 720 m = 32m
12 h 32 m

Another method:
752 m 60 = 12.53 h
0.53 x 60 = 31.8 m which rounds to 32 m
then 12 h + 32m = 12h 32m.

Adding and Subtracting Time

To work with time, calculate hours and minutes separately. Divide

hours by 60 to get minutes, either as minutes left over the whole
number, or as fractions of an hour.

Example: Calculate hours and minutes of: 424 m plus 3 h 45

m:
First: 424 m / 60 = 7 h 4 m
Then, add this to....3 h 45 m
The answer is: 10 h 49 m
Example: What time is it 2 h 55 m earlier than 0820?
Calculate hours: 8 h - 2 h = 6 h or0600
Calculate minutes : 20 m - 55 m= -35 m Subtract the "minus
35" from 0600:
0600 - 0035 m = 0525

A compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to Earths

magnetic poles. It consists of magnetized pointer that is free to be aligned to magnetic
North or true north or sometimes to an arbitrary direction based on the location of the
celestial bodies. Magnetic North refers to the pole of Earth's magnetic field. It is the
direction of the north tip of the Earths magnetic field and true north refers to the
geographic north pole. The compass has been used extensive since ancient times for
direction setting and for navigating across the oceans.

Working with Speed

magnetic compass, which is used to determine the direction of magnetic

north. A magnetic compass is made by placing a bit of magnetized iron or

steel which is set in a low friction so that it is allowed to move freely. In most
compasses, the north end of the metal piece is marked with red paint so
that all directions may be determined.
Gyro compass: It is a special type of compass developed in 19th century

which determines the true north. A gyro compass is basically a very fast
spinning wheel or ball which uses the law of conservation of angular
momentum and the spinning of earths axis to point towards the true north.
The gyro compass is commonly used in large ships and in other
circumstances where the accurate prediction of true north is needed.
GPS compass: GPS compasses are rapidly replacing the use of other

To calculate average speed in one hour of motoring or sailing:

Multiply speed by the duration and repeat for the other periods, add
their products together, and divide the total by 60. A formula for this
is:
Avg. Speed = [(S1 x min) + (S2 x min) + ...+] 60, where S1 is the
speed in the first period, S2 the speed in the second period and min is
the duration at that speed.
For example, consider speeds and duration of:
5 knots for 20 minutes, 3 knots for 10 minutes, 6 knots for 30
minutes =
[(5 x 20) + (3 x 10) + (6 x 30)] 60 = [100 + 30 + 180]

Magnetic compass: The most common type of compass is the

traditional compasses. However, most military and ships use the gyro
compass or magnetic compass if GPS compass could not pick up
enough satellite. GPS compasses make use of satellites in a geo
synchronous orbit over the earth to distinguish the bearers exact location
and direction they are heading. Many hikers and drivers like this compass
due to its relative reliability.

60
310 60 = 5.16, rounded to 5.2 knots.

Each day, the earth rotates once on its axis, which equals
360 degrees.

1. There are 24 hours in a day. How many degrees

longitude does the earth turn each hour?
2. The earth is divided into 24 global time zones.
How many degrees of longitude does each one
cover?

Rule 20 - Application
Rule 21 - Definitions
Rule 22 - Visibility of Lights
Rule 23 - Power-driven Vessels Underway
Rule 24 - Towing and Pushing
Rule 25 - Sailing Vessels Underway and Vessels Under Oars
Rule 26 - Fishing Vessels
Rule 27 - Vessels Not Under Command or Restricted in Their Ability to Maneuver
Rule 28 - Vessels Constrained by Their Draft
Rule 29 - Pilot Vessels
Rule 30 - Anchored Vessels and Vessels Aground
Rule 31 - Seaplanes

Answers:
360 degrees 24 hours = 15 degrees per hour.
Each time zone covers 15 degrees of longitude.

PART D - SOUND AND LIGHT SIGNALS

PART A - GENERAL

PART B - STEERING AND SAILING RULES

Rule 32 - Definitions
Rule 33 - Equipment for Sound Signals
Rule 34 - Maneuvering and Warning Signals
Rule 35 - Sound Signals in Restricted Visibility
Rule 36 - Signals to Attract Attention
Rule 37 - Distress Signals

I - Conduct of Vessels in Any Condition of Visibility

PART E - EXEMPTIONS

Rule 4 - Application
Rule 5 - Look-Out
Rule 6 - Safe Speed
Rule 7 - Risk of Collision
Rule 8 - Action to Avoid Collision
Rule 9 - Narrow Channels
Rule 10 - Traffic Separation Schemes

Rule 38 - Exemptions

Rule 1 - Application
Rule 2 - Responsibility
Rule 3 - General Definitions

PART F - VERIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE

CONVENTION (effective 1/1/2016)
Rule 39 - Definitions
Rule 40 - Application
Rule 41 - Verification of compliance

II - Conduct of Vessels in Sight of One Another

Rule 11 - Application
Rule 12 - Sailing Vessels
Rule 13 - Overtaking
Rule 14 - Head-on Situation
Rule 15 - Crossing Situation
Rule 16 - Action by Give-way Vessel
Rule 17 - Action by Stand-on Vessel
Rule 18 - Responsibilities Between Vessels
III - Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility
Rule 19 - Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility
PART C - LIGHTS AND SHAPES

Masthead light
A white light placed over the fore and aft centreline of the vessel showing an
unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 225 and so fixed as to show the
light from right ahead to 22.5 abaft the beam on either side of the vessel.

Side light
means a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the port side each
showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 112.5 and so fixed
as to show the light from right ahead to 22.5 abaft the beam on its respective
side. In a vessel of less than 20 metres in length the sidelights may be
combined in one lantern carried on the fore and aft centreline of the vessel.

Stern light
means a white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern showing an
unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 135 and so fixed as to show the
light 67.5 from right aft on each side of the vessel.

Towing light
means a yellow light having the same characteristics as the stern light.

All-round light
means a light showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 360.

Flashing light
means a light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 120 flashes or
more per minute.

Glossary

Parallels: Circles parallel to the equator, ranging

from 0 to 90 N or S. Only the equator is a great circle.

Meridians: half-circles converging at the poles,

ranging from 0 to 180 E or W. Each pair of opposing
meridians forms a great circle.

Prime meridian: 0 or the Greenwich meridian

which - together with the date line meridian - divides the
Western and Eastern hemispheres.

Great circle: The intersection of a sphere and a

plane that passes through the sphere's centre.

Small circle: The intersection of a sphere and a

plane that doesn't pass though the sphere's centre.

Time zones: By convention 24 zones, each 15

longitude wide. Hence, noon at Greenwich gives midnight
at 180 E.

GMT, UTC, Zulu: The outdated accronym GMT

(Greenwich Mean Time) is roughly the same as UTC or
Zulu, and is also the local time at Greenwich when
daylight saving isn't used. Note that UTC is an atomic time
scale which only approximates GMT, so best to use the
modern term UTC. Antonym: Local time elsewhere. For
example, local time in Athens = UTC + 2.

Date line: The 180 meridian which extends from

or is opposite to the prime meridian. Here, not only the
hour changes when crossing the meridian, but also the
date.

Latitude: Position property defined by the number

of degrees north or south of the equator, varies from 0 to
90.

Longitude: Position property defined by the

number of degrees east or west of the prime meridian,
varies from 0 to 180.

Position: Latitude first and longitude second. For

example: Athens in Greece 37 58' N , 23 43' E.

Nautical mile: One nm is one minute (') on the

vertical scale on the chart. 1' equals 1852 metres.
Nautical miles are divided into 10 cables.

Knots: Nautical miles per hour.

Course: (C) The direction in which a vessel is

steered or is intended to be steered (direction through the
water).

minimal variation in the height of successive high or low

waters.

Diurnal Tide: Only a single high and a single low

during each tidal day; successive high and low waters do
not vary by a great deal. Such tides occur, for example, in
the Gulf of Mexico, Java Sea and in the Tonkin Gulf.

Mixed Tide: Characterized by wide variation in

heights of successive high and low waters, and by longer
tide cycles than those of the semidiurnal cycle. Such tides
occur, for example, in the U.S. Pacific coast and many
Pacific islands.

Chart Datum or Tidal reference planes: These

fictitious planes are used as the sounding datum for the
tidal heights.

Neap Tide: This opposite effect occurs when the

moon is at right angles to the earth-sun line (first or last
quarter). The range of tide is smaller than average.

Drying Height: Clearance in meters (or feet in old

charts) above the chart datum.

Charted Depth: Clearance in meters (or feet in old

charts) below the chart datum.

Range: The vertical difference between the high

and low tide water levels during one tidal cycle.

Observed Depth: Height of tide + charted depth:

the actual depth in meters.

Tidal Day: 24 hours and 50 minutes. The moon

orbits the earth every month, and the earth rotates (in the
same direction as the moon's orbit) on its axis once every
24 hours.

Height of light: The height of light above the

bottom of its structure.

Elevation: The height of the light above the chart

datum.

Speed: (S) The speed of the boat through the

water.

Tide: The vertical rise and fall of the surface of a

body of water caused primarily by the differences in
gravitational attraction of the moon, and to a lesser extent
the sun, upon different parts of the earth when the
positions of the moon and sun change with respect to the
earth.

Spring Tide: The tidal effect of the sun and the

moon acting in concert twice a month, when the sun,
earth and moon are all in a straight line (full moon or new
moon). The range of tide is larger than average.

Tidal Cycle: One high tide plus a successive low

tide.

Semi-diurnal Tide: The most common tidal

pattern, featuring two highs and two lows each day, with

Rule of Twelve: Assuming a tidal curve to be a

perfect sinusoid with a period of 12 hours. The height
changes over the full range in the six hours between HW
and LW with the following fractions during each respective
hour: 1/12 2/12 3/12 3/12 2/12 1/12.
Rule of Seven: The change from spring range to
neap range can be assumed linear, each day the range
changes with 1/7th of difference between the spring and
neap ranges. Hence, the daily change in range = (spring
range - neap range)/7.

MHWS : Mean High Water Spring

HW : High Water

MHWN : Mean High Water Neap

ML : Mean Level

MLWN : Mean Low Water Neap

MLWS : Mean Low Water Spring

LAT : Low Astronomical Tide

Six types of navigation buoys:

Lateral

Cardinal

Isolated danger

Safe water

New wreck

Special

Masthead light
A white light placed over the fore and aft centreline of the
vessel showing an unbroken light over an arc of the
horizon of 225 and so fixed as to show the light from
right ahead to 22.5 abaft the beam on either side of the
vessel.

Sidelight
means a green light on the starboard side and a red light
on the port side each showing an unbroken light over an
arc of the horizon of 112.5 and so fixed as to show the
light from right ahead to 22.5 abaft the beam on its
respective side. In a vessel of less than 20 metres in
length the sidelights may be combined in one lantern
carried on the fore and aft centreline of the vessel.

Sternlight
means a white light placed as nearly as practicable at the
stern showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon
of 135 and so fixed as to show the light 67.5 from right
aft on each side of the vessel.

Towing light
means a yellow light having the same characteristics as
the stern light.

All-round light
means a light showing an unbroken light over an arc of
the horizon of 360.

Flashing light
means a light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency
of 120 flashes or more per minute.