Paper Assignment

Introduction to Linguistics
Morphology to Linguistics
Lecture : Mr. Haryanto, S.S., M.Pd.I.

By : Class 3 PBI A1 : Group 4

1. Ulfatun Sariroh
2. Naili Ismatun Nisa ZA
3. Nurul Azizah Fitriana
4. Fajrin Afri Azhari
5. Vivi Septiani Permata Sari

( 141320000080 )
( 141320000070 )
( 141320000075 )
( 141320000087 )
( 141320000147 )

English Education Department

Faculty of Tarbiyah and Science Teacher

Islamic University of Nahdlatul Ulama

2015/2016
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Preface

Praise to God all praise belong to Allah SWT. Which has provided a healthy
favor and had the grace and blessings we could finish the English paper
assignment that had the title "MOPHOLOGY TO LINGUISTIC"
We would like to thank all our friends who have been taking part in the
making of this paper is to finish eating, and also to all those who helped in the
completion of this paper.
For the perfection of this paper, we expect criticism and suggestions from
readers as we only human who make mistakes. Hopefully this paper for dear
readers.

Jepara, September 28th, 2015

Writers

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Table of Contents

Cover Paper ................................................................................................. i

Preface ......................................................................................................... ii
Table of Contents ......................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER I Introduction ........................................................................... 1
A. Background ...................................................................................... 1
B. Problem Formulation ....................................................................... 1
C. Destination ...................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II Discussion ............................................................................. 2
1. Definition of Morphology to Linguistics ............................................. 2
2. Definition of Morpheme ....................................................................... 3
3. Classification of Morphemes ............................................................... 5
CHAPTER III Final .................................................................................... 8
Conclusion ............................................................................................ 8
References ................................................................................................... 9

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Problem
Words are an important part of linguistic. Knowledge and constitute
component of our metal grammars, but one can learn thousand of words in a
language and still not know the language.
When you know a word, you know its sound (pronunciation) and its
meaning. Because the sound-meaning relation is arbitrary. It is possible to
have words with the same sound and different meanings (bear and bare) and
word with the same meaning and different sounds (sofa and couch).
To understand more about words and their structure we must learn more
about it. The study of internal structure of words, and of the rules by which
words are formed, is Morphology.
Morphology is part of our grammatical knowledge of a language. Like
most linguistic knowledge. This is generally unconscious knowledge.
B. Problem Formulation
1. What is Morphology to Linguistics ?
2. What is Morpheme ?
3. Classification of Morphemes ?
C. Destination
In the manufacture of this paper aim to find out little more about
morphology to linguistic

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

1. Definition of Morphology to Linguistics

The term morphology is generally attributed to the German poet, novelist,
playwright, and philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (17491832), who
coined it early in the nineteenth century in a biological context. Its etymology
is Greek: morph- means shape, form, and morphology is the study of form or
forms. In biology morphology refers to the study of the form and structure of
organisms, and in geology it refers to the study of the configuration and
evolution of land forms. In linguistics morphology refers to the mental system
involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals with
words, their internal structure, and how they are formed.
Morphology (/mr fldi/) in linguistics, is the identification, analysis
and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other
linguistic units, such as root words, affixes, parts of speech, intonations and
stresses, or implied context. In contrast, morphological typology is the
classification of languages according to their use of morphemes, while
lexicology is the study of those words forming a language's wordstock.
While words, along with clitics, are generally accepted as being the
smallest units of syntax, in most languages, if not all, many words can be
related to other words by rules that collectively describe the grammar for that
language. For example, English speakers recognize that the words dog and
dogs are closely related, differentiated only by the plurality morpheme "-s",
only found bound to nouns. Speakers of English, a functional language,
recognize these relations from their tacit knowledge of English's rules of word
formation. They infer intuitively that dog is to dogs as cat is to cats; and, in
similar fashion, dog is to dog catcher as dish is to dishwasher. Languages such
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as Classical Chinese, however, also use unbound morphemes ("free"

morphemes) and depend on post-phrase affixes and word order to convey
meaning. (Most words in modern Standard Chinese ("Mandarin"), however,
are compounds and most roots are bound.) These are understood as grammars
that represent the morphology of the language. The rules understood by a
speaker reflect specific patterns or regularities in the way words are formed
from smaller units in the language they are using and how those smaller units
interact in speech. In this way, morphology is the branch of linguistics that
studies patterns of word formation within and across languages and attempts
to formulate rules that model the knowledge of the speakers of those
languages.
Polysynthetic languages, such as Chukchi, have words composed of many
morphemes. The Chukchi word "tmeylevtptrkn", for example,
meaning "I have a fierce headache", is composed of eight morphemes t-mey--levt-pt--rkn that may be glossed. The morphology of such
languages allows for each consonant and vowel to be understood as
morphemes, while the grammar of the language indicates the usage and
understanding of each morpheme.
The discipline that deals specifically with the sound changes occurring
within morphemes is morphophonology.

2. Definition of Morpheme
Definition of morphemes is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a
word (such as dog) or a word element (such as the -s at the end of dogs) that
can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts. Adjective: morphemic.
Morphemes are commonly classified into free morphemes (which can
occur as separate words) and bound morphemes (which can't stand alone as
words).
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The linguistic term for the most elemental unit of grammatical form is
morpheme. The word is derived from the Greek word morphe, meaning
form. So, we can say morphemes is a minimal unit in which there is an
arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning ( lexical meaning and grammatical
function ).
A single word may be composed of one or more morphemes:
one morpheme

boy
desire
morph (to change form)

two morphemes

boy + ish
desire + able
morph + ology

three morphemes boy + ish + ness

desire + able + it
four morphemes gentle + man + li + ness
un + desire + able + ity
more than four

un + gentle + man + li + ness

anti + dis + establish + ment + ari + an + ism

Morph : The term morpheme is used both to refer to an abstract entity and
its concrete realization(s) in speech or writing. When it is needed
to maintain the signied and signier distinction, the term morph is
used to refer to the concrete entity, while the term morpheme is
reserved for the abstract entity only.

Allomorphs :

Morphemes having the same function but different form.

Unlike the synonyms they usually cannot be replaced one
by the other.
(1) a. indenite article: an orange - a building
b. plural morpheme: cat.s [s] dog.s [z] judg.es [s]
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(2) a.

matk.a

`mothernom'matek

`mothersgen'matc.e

`motherdat' mat.in `mother's'

3. Classification of Morphemes

1. Bound Morphemes
Bound morphemes is a morphemes that cannot stand by itself to form a
word; it must be joined to other morphemes. It is bound because although
it has meaning, it cannot stand alone. It must be attached to another
morpheme to produce a word.
Example : -ish,

-ness, -ly, dis-

trans-

Free Morphemes : bad

Bound Morpheme : -ly
Word : badly

Bound morpheme is divided into two part there are Affixes and Root & Stem
a. Affixes
Affix is a bound morpheme that occurs before (prefix), after (suffix),
in the middle of (infix), and around (circumfix), stems ( root
morphemes ).

Prefix : An affix is an element that, although not a word itself, can

be bound to a word, or to the base or stem of a word, to form a
derivative with a related meaning.
Example : un-. unkind (un + kind ), pre-. preschool ( pre
+ school ), etc.

Suffix : an affix added to the end of a word to change its meaning.

Example : -ly kindly (kind + ly), ......-ment management
( manage + ment ), etc.

Infix : an affix that inserted into the middle of a word or between

other morphemes.
Example : ....- freaking-.... un freaking believable ( unbelievable
+ -freaking-), etc.

Circumfix : Morphemes that are attached to another morpheme

both initially and finally. Also known as : Discontinuous
morphemes.

Suffixes more common than prefixes which are more common than
infixes/circumfixes
b. Root & stem
Root is a non-affix lexical morpheme that cannot be analyzed into

smaller parts. Roots may or may not stand alone as a word.

Example : paint (paint-er), read (re-read), ceive (con-ceive), etc.
Stem is that part of a word to which grammatical/inflectional
affixes are added. It may consist amongst others.
a. Solely single root morpheme such as e.g. ( simple stem such as

dog )
b. Two root morphemes e.g. ( compound stem as in blackbird )

c. A root morpheme plus a derivational suffix e.g. ( a complex

stem as in unscrew)

Cats : single root morpheme : cat + inflectional suffix s

Crowbar : two root morphemes (crow + bar ) + inflectional

suffix s

Inventions : root morpheme invent + lexical suffix ion +

inflectional suffix s

2. Free Morphemes
Free morphemes is morphemes that by itself can function as a word in a
language.
Example : boy, desire, gentle, man.
Free morphemes is divided into two part there are Content words and
function words
a. Content words ( open words) consist of the nouns, verbs, adjectives, and
adverb that constitute the major part of the vocabulary.
Content words are referred to as open class words
because we can add new words to these classes.
Example :

Noun child,
Verb eat,
Adjective handsome, etc.

b. Function words ( closed words ) is a word that does not have clear
lexical meaning but has a grammatical function.
Function words include : conjunctions, prepositions,
articles, auxiliaries, complementizers, and pronouns.
Function words are referred to as closed class words
because we cannot add new words to these classes.
Example :

Conjunction and,
Preposition in,
Article the,
Auxiliary are, etc.
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CHAPTER III
FINAL

Conclusion
Based on the description of the discussion morphology to linguistics can be
concluded that:
1.

Morphology is study of internal structure of words.

2.

Morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit which has a meaning or

grammatical function. Word are composed of morphemes ( one or more )

3.

Classification of morphemes are bound morpheme and free morpheme.

Bound morpheme : cannot appear as a word by its self ( affixes and root )
Free morpheme : can appear as a word by its self ( open class and closed
class )

References
https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/~hana/teaching/2013wi-ling/05-Morphology.pdf
http://www.slideshare.net/erensaturnino/morphology-linguistics
Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. 2010. An introductions to
language ninth editions. Wadsworth. USA