Functional Reqirements of Building and Its Components: Rakesh J. Pillai

Functional Reqirements of Building and its Components
Rakesh J. Pillai
National Institute of Technology Warangal
B. P. C.
Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)
Functional Requirements
B. P. C.
1 / 23
Overview
Basic Requirements
Basic Requirements of a Building
Component Parts of Buildings
B. P. C.
2 / 23
Basic Requirements
Basic Reqirements of a Building
(i) The structure must have adequate margin of strength above that
necessary to support its normal loading
(ii) Must have adequate stiffness - so that the distortion should not
reduce the efficiency (should serve the intended purpose) and should
not affect the appearance
(iii) From performance point of view, building should be constructed as to
provide sufficient comfort and convenience to the occupants
B. P. C.
3 / 23
Basic Requirements
Requirements in Design and Construction

Strength and stability
B. P. C.
4 / 23
Basic Requirements

Dimensional stability
B. P. C.
4 / 23
Basic Requirements

Comfort and convenience in general
B. P. C.
4 / 23
Basic Requirements

Fire protection
B. P. C.
4 / 23
Basic Requirements

Fire protection
Heat Insulation (Thermal Insulation)
B. P. C.
4 / 23
Basic Requirements

Fire protection
Day lighting and ventilation
B. P. C.
4 / 23
Basic Requirements

Fire protection
Sound Insulation
B. P. C.
4 / 23
Basic Requirements

Fire protection
Sound Insulation
Durability
B. P. C.
4 / 23
Basic Requirements

Fire protection
Sound Insulation
Durability
Security
B. P. C.
4 / 23
Basic Requirements

Fire protection
Sound Insulation
Durability
Security
Protection against vermins or termites
B. P. C.
4 / 23
Basic Requirements

Fire protection
Sound Insulation
Durability
Security
Protection against vermins or termites
Economics
B. P. C.
4 / 23
Basic Requirements
Strength and Stability

Strength refers to the capacity of the material to withstand stresses
(either compression or tension) without any failure
Stresses develop due to different loads coming on the builidngs:
Dead loads
Live loads
Wind loads
Stability - building should be stable under all conditions
B. P. C.
5 / 23
Basic Requirements
Building should be resistant to dimesional changes
Dimensional changes may arise due to:
Elastic and plastic deformations or creep due to the applied loads
Expansions and contractions due to changes in moisture content
Expansions and contractions due to changes in temperature
Movements due to chemical reaction between building materials in
contact or between building materials and moist air
Dimensional changes should be within permissible limits
B. P. C.
6 / 23
Basic Requirements
Comfort and convenience

Grouping of rooms, so planned
for better circulation
opimum utilization of space
maximum efficiency in a building
Due weightage to occupants considerations - living and health

conditions
Enough lights in days and nights (artificial) - clear and easy vision no glare effect
Proper orientation - maximum benefit from natural elements
B. P. C.
7 / 23
Basic Requirements
Resistance to Moisture Penetration

Damp proofing
To keep the building dry
Fire Protection
Should not be constructed of materials which ignite easily
Means to leave the building safely and quickly in the event of fire
Spread of fire should not occur
Fire fighting aids
B. P. C.
8 / 23
Basic Requirements

Heat Insulation (Thermal Insulation
Thicker exterior walls
Use of cavity wall
Use of insulating material (eg. Light weight concrete, reflective
material)
Use of shading elements - projecting roofs, sunshades, verandahs
Sound Insulation
High noise leads to (i) uncomfortable living conditions, (ii) mental
strain, (iii) temporary deafness
Very important in case of buildings like film studios, radio stations,
labs, hospitals, education institutions
B. P. C.
9 / 23
Basic Requirements

Durability
Capacity to withstand wear and tear
Building should withstand climate, environment, rain water, sun light
Durability can be esured by:
using good quality building materials
regular maintenance
adequate projections like sunshades parapets etc.
Security
Against burglary
Strong external walls
Window openings provided with adequate grills
B. P. C.
10 / 23
Basic Requirements
Protection Against Vermins or Termites

Quality materials and construction
Chemicals can be used during construction
Day Lighting and Ventilation
Economics
B. P. C.
11 / 23
Component Parts of Building - Their Functions

Can be divided to two:(i) Substructure (below ground surface) and
(ii) Superstructure (above ground surface)
Foundation
Below the ground level - most important part
Many failures due to faulty design of foundations
A good foundation should be designed to avoid:
Sliding
Bending
overturning
The soil on which foundation is laid;

should have enough bearing capacity to resist the shear failure
should not settle beyond permissible limits
depth and width of foundation are important design parameters
B. P. C.
12 / 23
Parts of a Typical Residential Building

1. Footing
Foundations can be either (i) shallow foundations or (ii) deep
foundations (piles, well foundations, cassions)
Usually for residential buildings shallow foundations will be used known as footings
Different types - strip footings, square footings, circular footings,
combined footings etc.
2. Basement
Lower most storey of a building which is underground - usually for
parking space
B. P. C.
13 / 23
Super structure - Portion of building above ground level

Super structure includes:
Plinth, flooring and damp proof course
Masonry walls
Doors, windows and ventilators
Lintels and sunshades
Roof including the weathering course
Parapet walls
B. P. C.
14 / 23

3. Plinth
Portion of the structure between ground level and the floor level
Thickness of wall is generally increased at the plinth portion
Plinth height - 30 to 60 cm (45 cm is common)
Plinth height depends upon various factors:
Architectural treatment required
Highest flood level of the area (in water logged area minimum plinth
height of 60 cm provided)
Nature of ground (soil conditions, topography etc.)
Functions of plinth:
Transmit the load of superstructure to foundation
To act as a retaining wall, so as to keep the filling in position below the
floor of the building
To prevent damp or moisture penetration in to the structure (increase
stability and durability)
Increase architectural appearance of the building
B. P. C.
15 / 23

4. Flooring
Generally plain cement concrete (PCC)
1:4:8 mix (1 cement: 4 sand: 8 coarse aggregate)
Thickness of about 130 mm
Plastered smooth with cement mortar of 1:3 mix (20 mm thick)
Different floor finishings available: marble, granite, mosaic, vitreous
tiles
Damp Proof Course (DPC)
Continuous layer of an impervious material
Provided at the plinth level beneath the wall to check dampness in
the wall
Prevent moisture from getting through the foundation
B. P. C.
16 / 23

5. Masonry walls
Important part of the building envelope - protection against solar
radiation, rain and other natural agents
Can be load bearing walls also (i.e. carry the load safely to the
foundation)
Masonry is the combination of masony unit (bricks or stones) and
binder (cement mortar, lime mortar)
Standard size of a modular brick (brick manufactured according to
the specified standards given by BIS): 190mm X 90mm X 90mm
(without mortar) and 200mm X 20mm X 20mm (with mortar)
1
Usually load bearing walls will be 1 brick thick (200mm) or 1 brick
2
thick (300mm) or 2 brick thick (400mm) according to the requirement
Partition walls and parapet walls - generally only 100mm thick
B. P. C.
17 / 23

6. Doors and Windows
Doors - connecting link between internal parts and allow free
movement from outside the building
Windows - provided for proper ventilation and lighting
Size and number should be properly determined as per requirements
Usual sizes:
Public buildings like offices - 1200mm X 2100mm
Schools, hospitals, library etc. - 1500mm X 2100mm
Residential buildings - 1100mm X 2100mm to 900mm X 2000mm
Bath room and W.C. - 800mm X 2000mm
7. Sill
Bottom horizontal surface of a window opening
Horizontal member provided to give support for the vertical
memebers of the opening
B. P. C.
18 / 23
8. Lintel
A horizontal beam placed over the openings (doors and windows)
Purpose is to support the structure above the openings
Usually made of reinforced cement concrete (RCC)
9. Sunshades
Projection from the wall, provided above the windows
Function is to provide protection against sun and rain
B. P. C.
19 / 23

10. Roof
Flat or inclined structural member provided as a cover to the building
Protect the building and its occupants from top (shelter provided by
the roof)
Usually constructed of RCC of about 125mm thick
Ceiling
Lower level of roof slab exposed to the room is called ceiling
Height of rooms 2.75m measured from the surface of the floor to
the bottom of the roof
Weathering course
100mm thick protective layer provided over roof slab
To protect roof from weathering actions of sunshine, rain etc., a slope
is provided to drain off the rain water
B. P. C.
20 / 23
11. Parapet wall

Short wall of about 450 - 600mm built over the roof all around the
building
Safety purpose - to prevent falling from terrace accidently
Adds to architectural beauty also
Coping
Projection provided on top of parapet walls to throw off water
B. P. C.
21 / 23
B. P. C.
22 / 23
The End
B. P. C.
23 / 23

Functional Reqirements of Building and Its Components: Rakesh J. Pillai

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Functional Reqirements of Building and Its Components: Rakesh J. Pillai

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Functional Reqirements of Building and its Components

Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)

Component Parts of Buildings

Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)

Basic Requirements of a Building

Basic Reqirements of a Building

Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)

Basic Requirements of a Building

Requirements in Design and Construction

Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)

Basic Requirements of a Building

Requirements in Design and Construction

Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)

Basic Requirements of a Building

Requirements in Design and Construction

Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)

Basic Requirements of a Building

Requirements in Design and Construction

Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)

Basic Requirements of a Building

Requirements in Design and Construction

Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)

Basic Requirements of a Building

Requirements in Design and Construction

Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)

Basic Requirements of a Building

Requirements in Design and Construction

Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)

Basic Requirements of a Building

Requirements in Design and Construction

Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)

Basic Requirements of a Building

Requirements in Design and Construction

Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)

Basic Requirements of a Building

Requirements in Design and Construction

Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)

Basic Requirements of a Building

Requirements in Design and Construction

Basic Requirements of a Building

Requirements in Design and Construction

Strength and Stability

Stability - building should be stable under all conditions

Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)

Basic Requirements of a Building

Requirements in Design and Construction

Dimensional changes should be within permissible limits

Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)

Basic Requirements of a Building

Requirements in Design and Construction

Comfort and convenience

Due weightage to occupants considerations - living and health

Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)

Basic Requirements of a Building

Requirements in Design and Construction

Resistance to Moisture Penetration

Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)

Basic Requirements of a Building

Requirements in Design and Construction

Basic Requirements of a Building

Requirements in Design and Construction

Rakesh J. Pillai (NIT W)

Basic Requirements of a Building