CONTENTS

CONTENT
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1

PAGE

Abstract
Objective
Introduction
Material and Apparatus
Procedure
Data/Result
Calculation
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Appendices

ABSTRACT
In this 4th experiment entitle Rates of Chemical Reaction 1: A Clock Reaction, the purposes are
to determine the order or the reaction with respect to the reactant concentrations and to obtain the
rate law for the chemical reaction. Besides, the aim is to measure the affect of concentration

upon rate of the reaction of peroxidisulfate ion with iodide ion. This experiment involved with a
complicated procedures. First, we need to prepare for the KNO 3 solution and KI solution which
were use in the kinetic experiments procedures. All of the procedures were dividing into two
parts. The first part is Preliminary Experiment. In this experiment, KI solution was diluted with
distilled water, starch and (NH4)S2O8. The color change was observed after the Na2S2O3 was
mixed to the solution. For the other procedure which is Kinetic Experiment, four solutions were
prepared, one at a time. The preparation for these four solutions was clearly explained in the
procedure. The results recorded were based on the rate measurement. The time of the color
changes from blue-black to colorless was took and recorded in the table as the one shown in Data
and Results. The results were divided into two parts which were time between appearances and
cumulative times for seven aliquots.

OBJECTIVE
To gauge the special effects of(concentration upon speed of the reaction of peroxidisulfate(ion
with iodide ion. Besides, the purpose is to determine the factors that dominate the time to react
with the solutions and to attain the rate law for the chemical reaction.

INTRODUCTION
Reactions occur at varying speeds. There is an entire spectrum of speeds of reaction, ranging
from very slow to extremely fast. For example, the rusting of iron is reasonable slow, whereas
the decomposition of TNT is extremely fast. The branch of chemistry is concerned with the rates

of reactions is called chemical kinetics. Experiment shows that rates of homogeneous reactions
in solution depend upon ;
1.
2.
3.
4.

The nature of the reactants

The concentration of the reactants
The temperature
Catalysis

Before a reaction can occur, the reactants must come into direct contact via collisions of the
reacting particles. However, even then, the reacting particles (ions or molecules) must collide
with sufficient energy to result in a reaction. If they do not, their collision are ineffective and
analogous to billiard balls. With those considerations in mind, how the various factors influence
the rates of reaction can be explained qualitatively.
Through this experiment, we can determine that reactions occur at varying speeds. This entire
phenomenon was the beginning of the rate of a reaction studies. In the rate of a reaction studies,
it was involving the chemical kinetics. Chemical kinetics is the area of chemistry concerned with
the speeds, or rates, at which a chemical reaction occurs. The word kinetic suggests movement
or change. We defined kinetic energy as the energy available because of the motion of an object.
Here kinetic refers to the rate of the reaction, or the reaction rate, which is the change in the
concentration of a reactant or a product with time (M/s). We know that any reaction can be
represent by the general equation
reactants products
This equation tells us that during the course of a reaction, reactants are consumed while products
are formed. As a result, we can follow the progress of a reaction by monitoring either the
decreases in concentration of the reactants or the increase in concentration of the product. This
equation shows the progress of a simple reaction in which A molecules are converted to B
molecules:
AB
When the graph oh time versus number of molecules A and B are construct, the molecules A will
decreased when time are increased and molecules B will increased when times are increased. In

general, it is more convenient to express the reaction rate in terms of the change in concentration
with time. Thus, for the reaction A B we can express the rate as
rate = [A]

or

rate = [A]
t

where [A] and [B] are the changes in concentration (molarity) over a time period t.
Because the concentration of A decreases during the time interval, [A] is a negative quantity.
The rate of a reaction is a positive quantity, so a minus sign is needed in the rate expression to
make the rate positive. In the other hand, the rate of product formation does not require a minus
sign because [B] is a positive quantity (the concentration of B increase with time). These rates
are average rates because they are averaged over a certain time period t.

MATERIAL AND APPARATUS

2 Buret,1 mL Pipettes,25 mL pipettes,50 mL pipettes, pipettes bulb, test tubes, 250 mL
Erlenmeyer flask, 100 mL beakers, stopwatch

0.2 M KI, 0.4 M Na2 S2O3 (freshly prepared), 0.2 M KNO3 , 0.1 M Na2 EDTA, 0.2 M
(NH4 )2S2O8 ,71

starch solution (boiled)

PROCEDURE
Part A: Preliminary experiment
1. 10 mL distilled water were added to the 5 mL of 0.2 M KI solution and it being put into
the test tubes
2. Starch solution is added by 3 drops and mixed well by shaken the test tube.
3. Then 5 mL of 0.2 M (NH4 )2S2O8 and being mix well by shaken the test tube again.
4. Wait for the color change for the solution in the test tube and 4 drops of 0.4 M Na2 S2O3
were added to the solution in the test tube and the color changes wetre taken into
observation.
Part B: Kinetics Experiment
1. Solution Preparation
1. There are 4 solution that must be prepared
2. Solution 1 is prepared by adding 25 mL KI solution, 1 mL of stach solution , 1 mL of Na2
S2O3 ,48 mL KNO3 and 1 drop of EDTA into a clean and dry beaker.
3. While Solution 2 is prepared by adding 25 mL KI solution, 1 mL of stach solution , 1 mL
of Na2 S2O3 ,23 mL KNO3 and 1 drop of EDTA into a clean and dry beaker.
4. Then Solution 3 is prepared by adding 50 mL KI solution, 1 mL of stach solution , 1 mL
of Na2 S2O3 ,23 mL KNO3 and 1 drop of EDTA into a clean and dry beaker.
5. Finally Solution 4 is prepared by adding 12.5 mL KI solution, 1 mL of stach solution , 1
mL of Na2 S2O3 ,35.5 mL KNO3 and 1 drop of EDTA into a clean and dry beaker.
2. Rate Measurement
1. Set up 7 test tubes to prepare 7 aliquot of Na2 S2O3 solution, 1 mL in each test
tubes.
2. Pipette 25 mL of (NH4 )2S2O8 solution into a clean and dry 100 mL beaker and add
it into the solution 1 and shaken vigorously with a clean stirring rod.
3. Taken the time of the mixing and sudden changes of blue-black color into
account.1 mL aliquot of Na2 S2O3 solution were instantly added

4. Wait the color faded and start to record time for the reappearance of the color.
5. Step 1-4 were repeated until every 7 aliquot be added to solution 1.
6. Carry on this experiment by using solution 2,3 and 4 but with different volume of
(NH4 )2S2O8 , 50 mL into solution 2 , 25 mL into solution 3 and 50 mL into solution
4.

RESULTS
Solution 1: initial [ S2O8 2- ] = 0.05 M ; initial [ I - ] = 0.05 M
Aliquot
no.
1
2
3
4
5

Time be appearance of
colour (s)
4
113
139
169
171

Cummulative time (s)

Total mol of S2O8 2-

92
205
344
513
684

2 x 10-4
4 x 10-4
6 x 10-4
8 x 10-4
10 x 10-4

6
7

166
179

12 x 10-4
14 x 10-4

850
1029

GRAPH OF SOLUTION 1: no. of moles vs time

0.0016
0.0014
0.0012
0.0010
No. of Moles

0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
0.0000
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Time, (s)

Solution 2: initial [ S2O8 2- ] = 0.10 M ; initial [ I - ] = 0.05 M

Aliquot
no.
1
2
3
4
5

Time be appearance of
colour (s)
17
38
33
53
52

Cummulative time (s)

Total mol of S2O8 2-

18
56
88
141
194

2 x 10-4
4 x 10-4
6 x 10-4
8 x 10-4
10 x 10-4

6
7

58
52

12 x 10-4
14 x 10-4

252
305

GRAPH OF SOLUTION 2: no. of moles vs time

0.0016
0.0014
0.0012
0.0010
No. of Moles

0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
0.0000
0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

Time, (s)

Solution 3: initial [ S2O8 2- ] = 0.0.5 M ; initial [ I - ] = 0.10 M

Aliquot
no.
1

Time be appearance of
colour (s)
46

Cummulative time (s)

Total mol of S2O8 2-

89

2 x 10-4

350.0

2
3
4
5
6
7

53
42
64
76
77
88

4 x 10-4
6 x 10-4
8 x 10-4
10 x 10-4
12 x 10-4
14 x 10-4

142
184
248
324
401
481

GRAPH OF SOLUTION 3: no. of moles vs time

0.0016
0.0014
0.0012
0.0010
No. of Moles

0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
0.0000
0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

Time, (s)

Solution 4: initial [ S2O8 2- ] = 0.10 M ; initial [ I - ] = 0.025 M

Aliquot
no.
1

Time be appearance of
colour (s)
61

Cummulative time (s)

Total mol of S2O8 2-

103

2 x 10-4

600.0

2
3
4
5
6
7

119
130
130
119
126
132

4 x 10-4
6 x 10-4
8 x 10-4
10 x 10-4
12 x 10-4
14 x 10-4

222
352
482
601
727
859

GRAPH OF SOLUTION 4: no. of moles vs time

0.0016
0.0014
0.0012
0.0010
No. of Moles

0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
0.0000
0.0

200.0

400.0
Time, (s)

CALCULATION
S2O82- + 2I- I2 + 2SO42Rate of disappearance S2O82- = k[S2O82-]x[I-]y

600.0

800.0

1000.0

[S2O82-]/

t = k[S2O82-]x[I-]y

Solution 1

Rate of reaction = [S2O82-] / t

= 0.0010 0.0002
684.0-92.0
= 1.35 x 10-6 mol/s

Rate of reaction = [S2O82-] / t

Solution 2

= 0.0010 0.0004
194.40-55.51
= 4.32 x 10-6 mol/s
Rate of reaction = [S2O82-] / t

Solution 3
= 0.0010 0.0002
324.0-89.0
= 3.40 x 10-6 mol/s
Rate of reaction = [S2O82-] / t
Solution 4
= 0.0010 0.0006
601.0-352.0
= 1.61 x 10-6 mol/s

When [I-] constant,

Rate reaction = = k[S2O82-]x[I-]y
Rate1/Rate2 = [(1.35 x 10-6 mol/s ) / (4.32 x 10-6 mol/s )] = [(0.05x)(0.05y)/(0.10x)(0.05y)]
= 0.3125

= 0.5x

xlog0.5 = log0.3125
x = log0.3125/ log0.5
x =1.68
x 2

When [S2O82-] constant,

Rate reaction = = k[S2O82-]x[I-]y
Rate1/Rate3 = [(1.35 x 10-6 mol/s ) / 3.40 x 10-6 mol/s )] = [(0.05x)(0.05y)/(0.05x)(0.10y)]
= 0.3971

= 0.5y
ylog0.5 = log0.3971
y = log0.3971/ log0.5
y = 1.33
y 1

Thus, Rate of reaction = k [I-][ S2O82-]2

Determining S2O82- Reaction Order
Rate1/Rate2 = [(1.35 x 10-6 mol/s ) / (4.32 x 10-6 mol/s )] = [(0.05x)(0.05y)/(0.10x)(0.05y)]
= 0.3125

= 0.5x

This simplifies to 0.3125 = 5x, showing x to have a value of 2. Therefore, for this example
data,the reaction is second order with respect to S2O82-

Determining I- Reaction Order

Rate1/Rate3 = [(1.35 x 10-6 mol/s ) / 3.40 x 10-6 mol/s )] = [(0.05x)(0.05y)/(0.05x)(0.10y)]
= 0.3971

= 0.5y

This simplifies to 0.3971 = 0.5y, showing n to have a value of 1. Therefore, for this example
data, the reaction is first order with respect to iodide.

DISCUSSION
In this experiment, there are some errors we had made that may affect our results. For example,
the reaction that occurs for solution 3 was too fast. So, we were not alert on that time and it may
cause an error for the first reading of our third solution. Secondly, in the preliminary experiment,
the drop of starch recommended was not enough and we have to try and error for three times
before we got the exact reading of starch used. Same goes to the 1 st solution. We have to try
many times because the solutions color was not changing to blue-black color as it supposed to
be. We have to add other drops of starch until the amount was 6 drops. Besides, the solution of
Na2S2O3 and (NH4)S2O8 solution that we had prepared at the beginning of the experiment was
not enough and it needs us to prepare the solutions again. Last but not least, we had diluted the
Na2S2O3 and (NH4)S2O8 solution directed in the volumetric flask. It supposed to be dilute in the
beaker first before placed in the volumetric flasks to avoid any undiluted of the Na 2S2O3 and
(NH4)S2O8.
Besides the errors that we had made, there are some precautions that we should obey to
avoid any errors in the reading and measurement. Firstly, the reading of the Na 2S2O3 and
(NH4)S2O8 weighted must accurate to avoid errors in volume of the solution that we have to
prepare at the beginning of the experiment. Besides, we have to be ALERT because solution 3
and solution 4 were reacting very fast. We may unnotice the changes because the reactions settle
very fast. Next, all of the wastes should waste in the waste-disposal to avoid from pollution and
for safety. Last but not least, the volume of the solution prepared must be measure accurately to
avoid from error of the level of the molarity.

QUESTION
1) Rate of reaction, [S2O82-] / t, as calculated from graphs (that is, from slopes of
lines)
Solution 1 : 1.35 x 10-6 mol/s
Solution 2 : 4.32 x 10-6 mol/s

Solution 3 : 3.40 x 10-6 mol/s

Solution 4 : 1.61 x 10-6 mol/s
2) What effect does doubling the concentration of I- have on the rate of this reaction?

When the concentration of I- was doubling, the concentration of the reaction also
doubling.

3) What effect does changing the [S2O82-] have on the reaction?

When the [S2O82-] changes, the rate of the reaction also changes.

4) Write the rate law for this reaction that is consistent with your data.

The reaction of the peroxidisulfate ion is:

S2O8 (aq) + 2I (aq) I2 (aq) +2SO42- (aq)
Rate law = k [S2O82-]x[I-]y
[S2O82-] = k [S2O82-]x[I-]y
t

Solutio
n
1
2
3
4

Concentration
[S2O82-]
[I-]
0.200M
0.200M
0.200M
0.200M

0.05 M
0.05 M
0.10 M
0.025M

Rate of reaction
(mol/s)
4.4 x 10-6 mol/s
5.0 x 10-6 mol/s
2.42 x 10-5 mol/s
4.21 x 10-6 mol/s

Rate 2 = k [S2O82-]x[I-]y
Rate 1 = k [S2O82-]x[I-]y
5.1 x 10-6 mol/s = k [0.200]x[0.05]y
4.4 x 10-6 mol/s = k [0.200]x[0.05]y
1.14 = 1y
y = 1

~ Since S2O82 is constant and has an effort on the reaction. Therefore, x = 0 (the reaction
is zero order in [S2O82-] ) becomes [S2O82-] = 1. The rate law is, Rate = k [I-].
5) From your knowledge of x and y in the equation (as well as a rate in a given
experiment from your graph), calculate k from your data. Rate = k[S2O82-]x[I-]y

Rate of reaction is different from the graph = 4.4 x 10-6 mol/s and [I-] = 0.05 M.
Rate 1 = k[S2O82-]x[I-]y
k=
k =

Rate 1______
[0.200 M]0[0.05M]1
4.4 x 10-6 mol/s__
[0.200 M]0[0.05M]1

k = 8.8 x 10-5 L/(mol.s)

CONCLUSION
As a conclusion for Part A, the ions of the K+ and I- were determined as colorless and the
color of the starch when it was mixed with I2 complex was blue-black. Even though there
were some of the errors occurred while performed this experiment for Part A, the final
result still not vice versa. As for the Part B, all of the rates of the reaction for all solutions
were determined by using the formulas given at the beginning of the experiment. The rate
of reaction for Solution 1 is 1.35 x 10-6 mol/s, Solution 2 is 4.32 x 10-6 mol/s, Solution 3 is
3.40 x 10-6 mol/s and last but not least Solution 4 is 1.61 x 10-6 mol/s. After all of the slops
were determined, the k value also determined at the value is 8.8 x 10-5 L/(mol.s).

REFERRENCES
1) Experiment 5.02 Kinetics of the Persulfate-iodide Clock Reaction. (n.d.).
Retrieved March 7, 2009, from http://tlab.chem.ox.ac.uk/physchem/experiments/502.pdf
2) Chemical Kinetics. (n.d.). Retrieved March 7, 2010, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_kinetics
3) Arrhenius Equation. (n.d.). Retrieved March 7, 2009, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhenius_equation
4) Experiment No. 5 Kinetics of the Rates of a Chemical Reaction.
Retrieved March 6, 2009, from http://www.scribd.com/doc/18026452/Exp-5
5) http://www.scribd.com/doc/3913576/Iodine-Clock-Reaction-Kinetics