7/23/2015

HIGH FREQUENCY

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
1

The gain falls off at high frequency end due to

the internal capacitances of the transistor.
Transistors exhibit charge-storage phenomena
that limit the speed and frequency of their
operation.

Frequency Response of
BJT Amplifiers

Small capacitances exist between the

base and collector and between the
base and emitter. These effect the
frequency characteristics of the circuit.

C = Cbe ------ 2 pF ~ 50 pF
1

C = Cbc ------ 0.1 pF ~ 5 pF

reverse-biased
junction
capacitance

forward-biased
junction
capacitance

Basic data sheet for the 2N2222 bipolar transistor

Millers Theorem

Cob = Cbc

Output capacitance

Cib = Cbe

Input capacitance

This theorem simplifies the analysis of

feedback amplifiers.
The theorem states that if an impedance is
connected between the input side and the
output side of a voltage amplifier, this
impedance can be replaced by two
equivalent impedances, i.e. one connected
across the input and the other connected
across the output terminals.
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Miller Equivalent Circuit

Miller Equivalent Circuit (cont)

I2

V2 V1
Z

V2

A V1

Impedance Z is connected between the

input side and the output side of a voltage
amplifier..

V1 V2
Z

I1

V2

A V1

I1

V1 (1 + A)
Z

I1

I2

V1
V1
Z

1 + A

I2

V2

I2

I1

1
V2 1 +
A

=
Z
=

V2

1 + 1
A

V1
I1

ZM1

V1
Z
1 + A

V1

.. The impedance Z is being

replaced by two equivalent
impedances, i.e. one connected
across the input (ZM1) and the
other connected across the
output terminals (ZM2)

1 + A

V2
I2

Z
1
1 +
A

1 + 1
A

V2

1 + A

ZM 2

Miller Capacitance Effect

V2

1 + 1
A

I2

High-frequency hybrid-
model

C
ZM1

Z
1+ A

I1

I2

ZM2

Z
1
A

1+

X CM 1

1
CM1

CM 1

XC
1+ A

V1

V2
X CM 2

1
C (1 + A )

CM = Miller capacitance
Miller effect
Multiplication effect of C

XC
1
A

1+

gmV

ro

C (1 + A)

C
+

CM 2

CM 2

C (1 +

C (1 +

1
)
A
1
)
A

C = Cbe

C = Cbc

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High-frequency in Commonemitter Amplifier

High-frequency hybrid-
model
with Miller effect

Calculation Example
r

CMi

gmV

ro

VCC = 10V

Given :

CMo

= 125, Cbe = 20 pF, Cbc = 2.4 pF,

VA = 70V, VBE(on) = 0.7V

R1
22 k
RS

C Mi = C (1 + A ) = C bc (1 + A )

C Mo

RC
2.2 k

C1

C2

RL
2.2 k

600 10 F

1
1

= C 1 + = C bc 1 +
A
A

vS

R2
4.7 k

vO

10 F

RE
470

C3
10 F

Determine :

Cout = CMo

Cin = C + CMi

1. Upper cutoff frequencies

2. Dominant upper cutoff frequency

A : midband gain

High-frequency hybrid-
model
with Miller effect for CE amplifier
RS
vs

R1||R2

CMi

ro
gmV

R1 R2 r
r R R = 56 .36
A = gm
RS + R1 R2 r o C L

C Mi = C bc (1 + A ) = (2.4 p )(57.36 ) = 137.66 pF

CMo

Calculation (Cont..)

vo
C

10

1
= Cbc 1 + = (2.4 p )(1.018) = 2.44 pF
A

CMo

RC||RL

Ri = RS R1 R2 r =600 22k 4.7 k 1.55k = 389.47

Thevenins equivalent

Ro = RC RL ro = 2.2k 2.2k 47.62k = 1.08k

Thevenins equivalent

resistance at the input

resistance at the output

Cin = Cbe + CMi = 20 p + 137.66 p = 157.66 pF

total input capacitance

midband gain

Cout = CMo = 2.44 pF

total output capacitance

Millers equivalent

f Hi =

capacitor at the
input

Millers equivalent
capacitor at the
11
output

f Ho

1
1
=
= 2.59 MHz
2Ri Cin 2 (389 .47 )(157 .66 p )

1
1
=
=
= 60.39 MHz
2Ro Cout 2 (1.08k )(2.44 p )

upper cutoff frequency

introduced by input
capacitance

upper cutoff frequency

introduced by output
capacitance
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TOTAL AMPLIFIER FREQUENCY

RESPONSE

How to determine the dominant

frequency
The lowest of the two values of upper cutoff
frequencies is the dominant frequency.
Therefore, the upper cutoff frequency of this
amplifier is

A (dB)
ideal
Amid
actual

-3dB

f H = 2.59 MHz
fC1

fC2

fC4

fC3
fL

fC5

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Total Frequency Response of

Common-emitter Amplifier
Calculation Example

14

Step 1 - Q-point Values

VCC = 5V

Given :
= 120, Cbe = 2.2 pF, Cbc = 1
pF, VA = 100V, VBE(on) = 0.7V

R1
33 k
RS
2 k

vS

RC
4 k

C1

C2

RL
5 k
RE
4 k

IB =

VBB VBE (on )

= 2.615 A
RB + ( + 1)RE

VBB =

R2
VCC = 2 V
R1 + R2

vO

2 F

1 F
R2
22 k

f (Hz)

fH

C3
10 F

RB = R1 || R2 =

Determine :

R1 R2
= 13.2 k
R1 + R2

I CQ = I B = 0.314 mA

1. Midband gain
2. Lower and upper cutoff frequencies
15

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Step 2 - Transistor parameters value

r =

VT

Step 3 - Midband gain

Amid = g m

= 9.94 k

I CQ

(r

V
ro = A = 318.47 k
I CQ

gm =

I CQ
VT

(R
(R

B r )
ro RC RL
+ RB r )

RB ) = 9.94 k 13.2 k = 5.67 k

RS + (r RB ) = 2 k + 9.94 k 13 .2 k = 7.67 k

(r

RC RL = 318 .47 k 2.22 k = 2.18 k

= 12 .08 mS

Amid = 12.08m

(5.67k ) (2.18k ) = 19.47

(7.67k )

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Step 4 - Lower cutoff frequency (fL)

1
= 130.38 rad / s
R1S C1

Due to C1

1 =

Due to C2

1
2 =
= 55.87 rad / s
R2 S C 2

Due to C3

SCTC
method

3 =

1
= 1060.9 rad / s
R3S C3

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Step 5 - Upper cutoff frequency (fH)

R1S = RS + RB r = 7.67 k

C Mi = Cbc (1 + A) = (1 p )(20.47 ) = 20.47 pF

R2 S = RL + RC ro = 8.95 k
R3 S = RE

(r + R

RB )

+1

Miller
capacitance

= 94.26

Cin = Cbe + CMi = 22.67 pF

Cout = CMo = 1.05 pF

L = 1 +2 + 3 = 1247.15 rad / s
i =1

Lower cutoff
frequency

f L = L = 198.49 Hz
2

1
CMo = Cbc 1 + = (1 p )(1.051) = 1.05 pF
A

Input & output

resistances
19

Ri = RS R1 R2 r = 1.48 k

Ro = RC RL ro = 2.18 k

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Step 5 - Upper cutoff frequency (fH)

Input side

f Hi =

1
1
=
= 4.74 MHz
2Ri Cin 2 (1.48 k )(22.67 p )

Output side

f Ho =

1
1
=
= 69.53MHz
2Ro Cout 2 (2.18k )(1.05 p )

Upper cutoff frequency

(the smallest value)

f H = 4.74MHz
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