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SPE 52159
ESP's: On and Offshore Problems and Solutions

James F. Lea, Amoco RPM/EPTG, and John L. Bearden, Centrilift
Copyright 1999, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
This paper was prepared for presentation at the 1999 SPE Mid-Continent Operations
Symposium, held in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, March 28-31, 1999.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of
information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper, as
presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to
correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any
position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Papers presented at
SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial Committees of the Society of
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Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435.
Abstract
This paper is a follow-on to SPE 28694 (Ref. 180) which
summarizes and categorizes ESP literature by a number of
different topics. The intent is to list problems mentioned in
various papers and a quick mention of the solutions, which are
discussed in the given references. As mentioned in the
previous reference, it is also an attempt to relate problems to
various field conditions, however many of the field papers do
not include a complete listing of field conditions, so to be able
to do this from using the literature is often not possible.
Introduction
The first versions of this paper were compiled and presented
in April 1991 and April 1992 at the SPE Gulfcoast ESP
Workshops. Additionally, the most recent version was
updated and presented as SPE Paper 28694 in September
1994. This edition includes papers and technical articles found
or presented since the 1994 SPE paper.
This paper contains referenced categories of problems that
have been encountered in field operations and the solutions
that have been found to the problems. The discussion for each
problem/solution set is brief, but serves as an index to the
particular reference, where more detail can be found. In past
papers, the discussion has been restricted to field cases. With
this edition, articles that are tutorial in nature have been
included. These papers may not be in the original context of
field problem and solution presentations, but in most cases
they do contain good technical information, which could
reduce the potential of a field problem. Also, some field
operational papers were not included if they presented
identical information. This study was originally intended to be
a review of the field cases and a summary of various failures
and their causes as a function of the conditions present. Since

the publication of the first editions of these papers and a
request to include the well and field conditions, it is still the
exception for a given paper to list detailed field conditions.
Once again, only a few contained sufficient field condition
data, which would have allowed problems and solutions to be
correlated to conditions.
The number of entries is some indication of where the
interest is in many of the literature presentations. The
following list of subjects has the number of entries listed
beside the topic:
Components:
Pumps (5)
Seal (1)
Motors 8)
Cable (6)
Switchboard/vsd (14)
Wellhead (1)
Monitoring (11)
ESP Applications:
Harsh conditions (11)
Gas (12)
Heavy oil (11)
Hi-temp (4)
Power (6)
Coil tubing (17)
Horizontal wells (2)
Downhole oil/water separation (9)
Subsea (19)
Unique configurations (7)
Optimization
Design (2)
Optimize operations (17)
Run lives (7)
Misc-overall (9)
Alternative Lift Studies
ESPCP (9)
Misc (4)
New developments (4)
The above listing shows VSDs, monitoring, problems
with gas, heavy oil, and harsh conditions, use of coil tubing,
downhole separation, overall optimization and use of
ESPCPs are of great interest. Subsea, coil tubing, and ESPCP
J. F. LEA, J. L. BEARDEN
are newer areas of interest. Monitoring downhole conditions is

considered more in expensive offshore installations. VSDs
have been around for a long time, but interest is still high
related to transients and attempts to provide smooth power.
The new concept of downhole oil/water separation has been
referred to frequently. Harsh conditions, gas, and heavy oil are
continuing obstacles to long run lives and proper design.
ESP SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Pumps are the first component highlighted. Compression
pumps, hardened pumps, coated stages, synthetic impellers
and high volume topics are addressed in Table 1.
Previous collections of literature showed a lot of
discussion on multi-chamber seals used to extend run-lives.
Although this practice continues, only one paper is shown in
Table 2 from the literature.
The motor remains an expensive component of the ESP
system. Tutorials, starting concerns, and topics related to
cooling are referenced in Table 3.
Cable and splice failures are always addressed in efforts to
achieve long run lives. A new entry reference is a heater
cable used to solve problems of tubulars through permafrost
zones or solidification in flowlines (See Table 4 for cable
information).
A schematic of a typical one well VSD application is
shown in Figure 1. Although VSDs have been applied for
some time, they remain an area of considerable interest.
Comparisons of the various types of VSDs are made, features
of individual types are compared, compatibility with other
components, motor heating, use with long reach wells,
harmonics, and other subjects are referenced in Table 5
Table 6 has only one entry for wellheads although entries
in other sections relate to wellheads..
Monitoring of downhole conditions is more common,
especially in offshore expensive wells (Table 7). Monitoring
of temperature, gas content of fluids and volumetric flow rate,
vibration, dielectric content of motor fluids or seal leakage,
and surface features to allow data recording continue to be
subjects of interest. A view of the downhole completion
details is shown in Figure 2 (from Reference 41) showing
some downhole instrumentation used for monitoring.
ESP Application Problems
Sand, scale, asphaltenes, corrosion and other harsh conditions
will continue to present users of ESP systems with application
problems shown in Table 8.
New developments are still surfacing, providing the user
with new options to use ESP systems in gassy wells. New
tests also better define and allow predictions on the effects of
free gas on ESP performance. (See Table 9 for references on
using ESPs in gassy wells.)
The subject of heavy oil seems to be getting increased
interest. Problems with heating, lower efficiency, wear, and
general design concerns are all important in dealing with
heavy oil. (See Table 10 for heavy oil concerns.)
Using ESPs in high temperature is one of the industrys
SPE 52159
success stories in recent years (Table 11).

In most applications, energy usage remains a high
operational cost item in the usage of ESPs. Work is still
reported on the optimization of the equipment, both from an
initial design and operating variables standpoint (Table 12).
ESP Applications
Use of coil tubing with ESPs and in many other
applications is becoming more common. ESPs can be run on
conventional coiled tubing with the power cable inside or
outside the CT. Some CT is manufactured with the cable as an
integral part of the CT, both protecting the cable , allowing for
rapid deployment and retrieval of failed equipment, and
allowing for live well intervention. This possibility of reduced
workover costs makes the use and potential use of CT with
ESP applications a popular subject (Table 13). See Figure 3,
which illustrates some options when using CT with ESPs.
A section on horizontal wells is shown in Table 14, but the
use of ESPs in inclined wells is also detailed in the Subsea
section and other related topics.
Downhole oil/water separation (Table 15) is a new
development, initiated by CFER and made available by ESP
manufacturers. A schematic of the concept of the system is
shown in Figure 4.
Subsea ESP installations (Table 16) compete with
multiphase flow pumps and gaslift. Quite a number of
references are presented. Figure 5 (from Ref. 132) shows the
layout of an offshore ESP developed field, Figure 6 (from
Ref. 132) shows some downhole completion details from a
subsea ESP developed field. Figure 7 (from Ref. 137) shows
an extended reach ESP completion including a formation
saver valve.
Various unique completions including dual ESP
completions, for both redundancy and additional lift, are
referenced in Table 17.
ESP Optimization
Table 18 lists a few items related to design only.
Optimization efforts usually result in cost effective results.
Figure 8 (from Ref. 166) shows some failure concerns and
percentages of failure types before a successful optimization
effort was initiated. After the study, as can be seen if the
reference is studied, failure concerns were reduced in
frequency and in the number of types of failures occurring
(Table 19).
Data on field results and how to manipulate data for useful
conclusions are discussed in the references and Table 20.
Table 21 lists miscellaneous overall subjects.
Alternative Lift Studies
Although not an ESP, the ESPCP uses many of the typical
ESP system components. The advantages of the PCP pump
(handles viscous oil, solids well, but not high temperature) are
used in the ESPCP. Figure 9 shows some of the ESPCP
configurations. Table 22 lists ESPCP concerns.
Table 23 lists some studies of alternate lift vs. ESPs.
SPE 52159
ESP'S: ON AND OFFSHORE PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
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Definitions Applications and Comparisons,
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38. Water Sensors A Progress Report, R. Storey, SPE Gulf
39. Optimizing Artificial Lift Operations Through the Use of
Wireless Conveyed Real Time Bottom Hole Data,
B. Campbell, et al, SPE Paper 36596, Oct 6, 1996
40. Analysis of Surface and Subsurface Data Taken During ESP
Pump Off , M. M. Patterson, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop,
Apr 30, 1997.
41. Development of a Condition Monitoring and Protection
Program for High Horsepower ESP Systems, D. J. Cohen et al,
42. Downhole Sensor Performance Summary, T. Lutz, SPE Gulf
Coast ESP Workshop, Apr 30, 1997.
43. Remote Monitoring, Control and Surveillance of ESP Wells,
C. L. Dunham, et al, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop,
Apr 30, 1997.
44. ESP Conditioning Monitoring at Wytch Farm, D. King, 5th
European ESP Roundtable, Feb 4, 1998.
45. Uses of Reliable Downhole Monitoring in the Captain Field,
D. J. Cohen, , 5th European ESP Roundtable, Feb 4, 1998.
46. Downhole ESP Instrumentation, M. R. Berry, SPE Gulf Coast
47. ESP SCADA Experience in South Oman, C. Norris, et al,
48. Increasing the Run Life of ESPs in the Wimborne Field High
H2S Environment, T. P. Comeau, et al, SPE Gulf Coast ESP
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Offshore Asphaltene and Wax Deposition: Problems and
Solutions, K. J. Leontaritis, World Oil, May 1996
Reducing Asphaltene Deposition in ESPs, A. Peats, , SPE
Gulf Coast ESP Workshop, May 1, 1996.
Small Change in Scale Inhibitor Leads to Severely Plugged
Pumps, B. Lindros, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop,
May 1, 1996.
Dealing with Harsh Pumping Conditions in the dos Cuadras
Field, Offshore California, R. J. Krupa, et al, SPE Gulf Coast
ESP Workshop, Apr 30,1997.
Downhole Desander Performance in the Long Beach Unit,
Randy Harris, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop, Apr 30,1997.
ESP Operation Problems in Vanyoganneft Field in Siberia,
Russia, Y. Berdnikov-Vanyoganneft, SPE Gulf Coast ESP
Workshop, Apr 30,1997.
ESP for Applications in High and Severe Sour Environment,
A. W. Limanowka, et al, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop,
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ESPs in Chevron Canadas Fox Creek BHL A Pool: The
Operational Challenge, S.G. Noonan, SPE Gulf Coast ESP
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Recycle System to Extend ESP Run Lives, K. Kusumamulya,
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Southwestern Petroleum Short Course, Apr 1994.
Gas Separation Efficiency in Electrical Submersible Pump
Installations with Rotary Gas Separators, S. R. Sambangi,
Master of Science Thesis, 1994.
An ESP System for High GOR Wells, P. Kallas, SPE Gulf
New Design for Compact Liquid-Gas Partial Separation:
Downhole and Surface Installations for Artificial Lift
Applications, J. S. Weingarten, et. al., SPE Paper 30637,
Oct 22, 1995.
Analysis of ESP Pump Performance in High Flow rate, High
Free Gas Conditions, P. Lawson, et. al., 4th European ESP
Roundtable, Feb 6, 1996.
Free Gas and A Submersible Centrifugal Pump- Application
Guidelines, K. Sheth et. al. , SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop,
Feb 1, 1996.
Downhole Gas/Water Separation, A JIP, C. Mathews, Amoco
Artificial Lift Forum, Aug 1996.
Field Tests of a Decentralized Downhole Gas Separator,
J. N. McCoy, SPE Paper 36599, Oct 6, 1996.
The Inverted Shroud as a Solution to Gas Slugging,
B. L. Wilson, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop, Apr 30, 1997.
Gas Handling Centrifugal Pumps, B. L. Wilson, SPE Gulf
Successful Test of New ESP Technology for Lake of
Maracaibo Gassy Oil Wells, M. Castro, et. al., SPE Gulf Coast
Submergible Pumping System Technology for Production
Optimization in Gassy Well Conditions, by Kallas, P., and
Way, K., SPE ESP Roundtable, Houston, TX, May 26, 1995.
Numerical Simulation of the Gas-Liquid Flow in a Rotary Gas
Separator by Lackner, et. al., ASME JERT, March 1998,
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SPE 52159
Pilot Test, R. Gonzalez et. al., SPE Paper

26987,
Apr 27, 1994.
Beta Field History: Submersible Pumps in Heavy Crude,
D. E. Carpenter, et. al., SPE Paper 29508, Apr 2, 1995.
Modeling Field Performance of ESP Systems with Viscous
Crude and Emulsions, D. J. Cohen, SPE Gulf Coast ESP
Crude Effect How ESPs Cope with Viscous Crude,
M. Scruton, EurOil, June 1995.
Gas Handling and Low API Crude Down Hole Pumping,
A. L. Esson, et. al., 4th European ESP Workshop, Feb 6, 1996.
Influence of Increased Pump Frequency in the Production of
the Orinoco Belt Foamy Extra Heavy Crude Oil, R. Gonalez
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ESP Lab Test with Heavy Oil at Inteveps Artificial Lift
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D. Christmas, Heavy Oil Conference Aberdeen Scotland,
Sept 29, 1997.
Production Technologies Applied in Heavy Crude Oil of the
Orinoco Belt, R. Gonzalez, Heavy Oil Conference
Aberdeen Scotland, Sept 29, 1997.
Sizing and Selecting ESP for Heavy Crude Oil Applications,
C. Tovar A., et. al., SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop,
Apr 29, 1998.
Successful Lifting of Gassy, Abrasive, Heavy Oil,
B. S. Crutchfield, et. al., SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop,
Apr 29, 1998.
The Use of Downhole Submersible Pumps in a High
Temperature Steam Flood , M. C. Wood, et. al., SPE
Paper 29507, Apr 2, 1995.
Artificial Lift Use in Wolf Lake, Alberta High Temperature
ESP Installation, B. Thornton, et. al., Amoco Artificial Lift
Forum, Sept 1, 1995.
Electrical Submergible Pumps for Geothermal Applications,
S. Breit, Geothermal Pump Workshop, Mar 18, 1996
ESPs in Cyclic Steam Injection Wells, R. Gonzalez, et. al.,
SPE Paper 39084, Aug 30, 1997.
Research on Energy Balance Test of ESP, Cui Zhen-hua Zhu
Jun, SPE Paper 29511, Apr 2, 1995.
Power Quality Analysis for a West Texas Oil Field Fed by
Adjustable Speed Drives, D. Shipp, SPE Gulf Coast ESP
ESP Motor Voltage Adjustment for Maximum Profits,
J. F. Lea, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop, Apr 29, 1997.
Electric Submersible Pump System Efficiency, T. S. Lutz,
ESP Power Cost Management Plan, J. Liu, SPE Gulf Coast
Energy Management in ESP Wells, A. Simpson, 5th European
ESP Roundtable, Feb 4, 1998.
Development and Field Experience of a Coiled Tubing
Deployed ESP Completion System, J.J. Tovar, Drilling & Well
Technology Conference Aberdeen Scotland, Nov 22, 1994.
ESP Deployment on Coiled Tubing with Internal Power
Cable, P. Head, 3rd International Conference & Exhibition on
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Field Installation of CT ESP Completions, J. J. Tovar, SPE
Interesting Past, Glittering Future, A. Cambell, Offshore
SPE 52159
Engineer, May 1995.

99. Reel ESP Deployment, Offshore Engineer, May 1995.
100. Technical and Economic Considerations for CT Deployed ESP
Completions, J. J. Tovar, 3rd Annual International Conference
on Emerging Technology Coiled Tubing Horizontal Wells
Extended Reach & Multilaterals Aberdeen Scotland,
May 31, 1995.
101. Field Installation Proves Coiled Tubing ESP Completions
Successful, J. J. Tovar, Petroleum Engineer International,
June 1995.
102. Coiled Tubing Riser for Subsea ESP Deployment, P. Head,
103. Auk Coiled Tubing Deployed ESP ,4th European ESP
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104. Application of ESPs Deployed on Coiled Tubing, R. Penny,
4th International Conference on Coiled Tubing Technology,
Mar 4, 1996.
105. Coil Tubing Deployed ESP on the Auk Platform,
D. W. Stewart, et. al., OTC Paper 8225, May 6, 1996.
106. Coiled Tubing Completions in PDO, S. A. Hookani, et al, SPE
Paper 36261, Oct 13, 1996.
107. An Alternative Method for Deploying ESPs in Offshore
Environment, P. Nepia, Offshore Mediterranean Conference &
Exhibition, Mar 19, 1997.
108. Power CT Coiled Tubing Deployed ESPs (using internal
power cable), P. Head, 5th European Union Hydrocarbons
Symposium, 1997.
109. Worlds First ESP Completions Deployed on New Powered
Coil Tubing, Petromin, Nov 1997.
110. Coiled Tubing Operations Performed from a Vessel,
J. E. Pearson, et. al., SPE Paper 46049, Apr 15, 1998.
111. Advances in Electro Coiled Tubing Deployed ESP Systems,
D. H. Neuroth, et. al., SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop,
Apr 29, 1998.
112. Converting the Yme Field from Conventional-Rig to CoiledTubing Operations, A. Baklid, Journal Petroleum Technology,
June 1998.
113. Producer Uses ESP in Horizontal Well, Y. S. Kirkwood,
American Oil & Gas Reporter, June 1996 ( also SPE Gulf Coast
ESP Workshop, May 1, 1996.).
114. Successful Lift of Horizontal Wells in an Unconsolidated
Reservoir, J. S. Johnston, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop,
Apr 29, 1998.
115. Downhole Oil/Water Separation System-Field Cases and
DOWS System Capabilities, T. Collen, 5TH European ESP
116. Downhole Water-Oil Separation and Water Reinjection
Through Well Branches, T. Kjos, et al, SPE Paper # 030518,
Oct 22, 1995.
117. Downhole Separation of Oil and Water , J. F. Michelet, et al,
4TH European ESP Roundtable, Feb 6, 1996
118. Downhole Oil/Water Separation Systems (AQWANOT) JIP,
S. C. Sloanki, et al, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop,
May 1, 1996.
119. Joint Industry Development of the Downhole Oil Water
Separation System Field Case Study, P. J. Schrenkel, et al,
SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop, May 1, 1996.
120. Application of Downhole Oil/Water Separation Systems in the
Alliance Field, C.M. Matthews, SPE Paper
35817,
Jun 9, 1996.
121. Exploiting Multiple Horizons: Downhole Oil/Water
Separation, Amoco Gas Well & Artificial Lift Forum, Aug
27, 1996
122. Application of ESP Oil Water Separation System in the Swan
Hills Unit One Field-A Case Study, A. Peats, SPE
Paper 39079, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop, Apr 30, 1997.
123. Downhole Oil/Water Separation Moves into High Gear,
B. R. Peachey, presented at the 48th Annual Tech. Mtg. of The
Petroleum Society , Calgary, Alberta, Canada, June 8-11, 1997
Paper 97 91
124. Completion Design for Downhole Water and Oil Separation
and Invert Coning, A. Loginov, SPE Paper 38829, Oct., 1997.
125. Downhole Pumping in Brazil, Application Feature, Sea
Technology Magazine, Oct 1994.
126. First Installation of an Electrical Submersible Pump in a
Subsea Well, J E. Mendonca, et. al., SPE Gulf Coast ESP
127. Horizontal Subsea Trees Allow Frequent Deepwater
Workovers, M. Krenek, Oil and Gas Journal, May 1995.
128. Subsea Innovative Boosting Technologies on Deep Water
Scenarios Impacts and Demands, E. F. Caetano, et. al.,
OTC Paper 7902, May 1, 1995.
129. Design Considerations for ESP Subsea Horizontal Trees,
M. Pritchett, 4th European ESP Roundtable, Feb 4, 1996.
130. Subsea ESP Electrical Connectors, Field Experience and
Further Development, by Tronic (co. name) 4th European ESP
131. Visund; An Introduction to New Subsea Concepts and
Integration Test, P.O. Queseth, 4th European ESP Roundtable,
Feb 4, 1996.
132. Liuhua 11-1 Development Downhole Completion Program
with ESPs and Wet-Mateable Electrical Connectors,
J. M. Rohloff, et. al., OTC Paper 8176, May 6, 1996.
133. New Design of a Guideline-less Horizontal Tree for Deepwater
ESP Wells, L. A. Olijnik, et. al., OTC Paper 8062,
May 6,1996.
134. The Development of a Subsea Power Transmission System for
Deep Water Boosting Applications, C. A. Godinho, OTC
Paper 8061, May 6, 1996.
135. The Impact of Subsea Boosting on Deepwater Field
Development, O. J. S. Ribeiro, et. al., OTC Paper 8063,
May 6, 1996.
136. Horizontal Trees Come of Age, Offshore Engineer, Aug
1996.
137. Advances in the Completion of 8km Extended Reach ESP
Wells, J. Jariwala, et. al., SPE Paper 36579, Oct 6, 1996.
138. Deepwater Installation of an ESP in Campos Basin, Brazil,
J. E. Mandonca, OTC Paper 8474, May 5, 1997.
139. Subsea Electrical Submersible Pumps at Large Step-Out
Distances, A. Al-Mashgari, et. al., SPE Paper 38537,
Sep 9, 1997.
140. Gannet E ESPs, D. Christmas, Offshore International, 1997.
141. Gannet E: The worlds Longest Subsea ESP Tie-Back,
J. S. MacFarlane, SPE Paper 38534, Sep 9, 1997.
142. Subsea Electrical Power Distribution System (SEPDIS),
N. A. Soelvik, 5th European ESP Roundtable, Feb 4, 1998.
143. Shell Gambles on ESP for Long Gannet Step-Out, S. Wilson,
Offshore, May 1998.
144. New Packer Design Offers Completion Flexibility in Thermal
Completions, ESP, Downhole Monitoring Systems, and Annular
Safety Systems: Case Histories, P.M. White, et al, SPE Paper
27893, Mar 23, 1994.
145. The Utilization of a Cable Deployed Pumping System Gulf
of Suez, Egypt, G. Dublanko, et al, SPE Gulf Coast ESP

146. Dual ESP Completion to Reduce Well Service Costs in
Remote Areas, A. Kamal, et al, Proceedings Indonesian
Petroleum
Association,
24th
Annual
Convention,
Paper IPA95-2.3-094, Oct 1995.
147. Application of a Unique Deepset Safety Valve Below an ESP
in a Naturally Flowing Offshore Gulf of Mexico Well, C.
Middleton, et al, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop, Apr 29, 1997.
148. Combined Artificial Lift System An Innovative Approach,
L. Saputelli, SPE Paper 339041, Aug 30, 1997,
149. Case History: Multiple ESP Deployment, D. Smith,
150. Dual ESP Production / Injection Well, J. Davies, 5th European
ESP Roundtable, Feb 4, 1998.
151. Applicability of Published Pump Performance Curves to Live
Crude Mixtures, M. Berry, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop,
May 1, 1996.
152. Select Which Gas Lift Wells Can Produce More With ESPs,
J. F. Lea , et. al, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop, Apr 30, 1997.
153. A Case Study of the Use of Corrective Action Teams to
Optimize on the Performance of a Water Injection System, A.
M. Al-Kindy, , 6th Abu Dhabi International Petroleum
Exhibition & Conference, (ADSPE #42), Oct 16, 1994.
154. Optimized Electric Submersible Pumping to Extend Economic
Oil Production in a High Water Cut Environment, D. J. Galles,
et. al., SPE Paper 29505, Apr 2, 1995.
155. HP in Yemans Masila Block, Efrm Yildirim, SPE Gulf Coast
156. Chevron Alba N. Sea UK ESP Operations One Year On,
R. Gilbert, et. al., SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop,
Apr 26, 1995.
157. Swan Hills Submersible Pump Synergy Effort: An Example in
Co-operation, T. Comeau, et. al., SPE Gulf Coast ESP
158. ESP Run lift Maximization for the Xijiang Field
Development, W. R. Heuman, et. al., SPE Paper 29970,
Nov 14, 1995.
159. Operational Reliability of Centrifugal Electric Pumps for
Petroleum Extraction in Western Siberia, Y. Mesenzhnik,
Allerton Press, ISSN 0038-5379, 1995.
160. Texas ESP Operations Overview, Keith Cheatham, Amoco
Artificial Lift Forum, Aug 1995.
161. ESP Operating Experiences in Yemans Masila Block,
D. Wilkie, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop, May 1, 1996.
162. Joint Effort in Optimizing the Use of ESPs in a Siberian
Environment, Mkkhail Stavsky, et. al., SPE Gulf Coast ESP
163. Operating Experience of ESPs in South Oman, C. Norris,
SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop, May 1, 1996.
164. High Volume Pilot ESP Installation in the AKAL ReservoirGulf of Mexico, S. G. Almazo, et al, 5th European ESP
165. Statoil Experience with ESP at YME, T. H. Berge,
166. Technology Development in Pancanadians Cohasset Project,
L. Huskins, et. al., 5th European ESP Roundtable, Feb 4, 1998.
167. ARCO Indonesia ESP Operation, The Optimizations and
Results, Septo A. Sudiro, et. al., SPE Gulf Coast ESP
168. Cost Reduction Benefits Utilizing Wide Range Pumps and
Standard Sized Equipment, R. Mounce, et al., SPE Gulf Coast
SPE 52159
169. Design and Implementation of A Reliable and Flexible ESP

System for the Tchatamba Development, K. Fangmeier, et. al.,
170. Series Boosting Techniques Achieve 1,200 to 2,000
Horsepower Electric Submersible Pump Deployment,
C. Moreno, et. al., SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop,
Apr 29, 1998.
171. The Application Experience of Electrical Submersible Pump
(ESP) in Off-shore Oilfields, Bohai Bay, China, L. Kuiyuan,
SPE Paper 29952, Nov 14, 1995.
172. BP ESP Run Lives: Summary of Field Conditions,
173. Development of ESP System Life on Forties Field,
A. Robertson, 4th European ESP Roundtable, Feb 6, 1996.
174. How Do You Measure Run Life, E. Brookbank, SPE Gulf
175. Analysis of ESP Failure Data from the Northeastern Pole of
the Campos Oil Basin, L. F. Oliveira, et. al.SPE Gulf Coast
176. Electrical Submersible Pump System Failure Analysis,
M. A. Swatek, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop, Apr 30, 1997.
177. Estimating MTPB Using Survival Analysis Techniques,
R. Lastra, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop, Apr 30, 1997.
178. Submersible Pump Innovations Mean Lowered

Operating Costs, R. Lannom, et. al., The American Oil
& Gas Reporter, Jun 1994.
179. New and Expected Developments in Artificial Lift, J. F. Lea,
SPE Paper 27990, Aug 22, 1994.
180. Electrical Submersible Pumps: On and Offshore Problems and
Solutions, J. F. Lea, et. al, SPE Paper 28694, Sep 1, 1994.
181. Compendium of Electrical Submersible Pump Systems Testing
Criteria, M. Durham, et al, SPE Paper 29506, Apr 2, 1995.
182. Production Logging Below Submersible Pumps - A New and
Reliable Approach, F. X. Budianto, Proceedings Indonesian
Petroleum
Association,
24th
Annual
Convention,
Paper IPA95-2.3-135, Oct 1995.
183. ESP Production Testing, D. Christmas, 4th European ESP
184. Innovative ESP Completions for Liverpool Bay Development,
D. Stewart, 4th European ESP Roundtable, Feb 6, 1996.
185. Dewatering of Gas Wells with Electrical Submersible Pump
Downward Water Injection, A. C. Hadaway, et. al., SPE Gulf
Coast Workshop, May 1, 1996.
186. Electric Submersible Pumps for Oil Production in the Middle
East, R. Lannom, SPE Gulf Coast Workshop, May 1, 1996.
187. Bottom-Drive Progressing Cavity Pumps in Horizontal

Wells, B. Karpuk, et. al., Amoco Artificial Lift Forum,
Aug 1. 1995.
188. Experience with Progressive Cavity Pumps Driven by ESP
Motors, J. Leibfreid, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop,
Apr 26, 1995.
189. Progressive Cavity Pumps with ESP Motors Update,
T. Lutz, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop, Apr 27, 1996.
190. Unexpected Advantages of the ESPCP that have Lowered
Lifting Costs, K. Cozzens, et al, SPE Gulf Coast ESP
191. Updated Field Case Studies on Application and Performance of
Bottom Drive Progressing Cavity Pumps, C. G. Haworth, SPE
192. Wireline Retrievable ES Progressive Cavity Pump, T. Lutz,
SPE 52159
193. Operating Dos and Donts for Progressive Cavity Electric

Submersible Pumps, J. S. Johnston, SPE Gulf Coast ESP
194. Wireline Retrievable Progressing Cavity Electric Submergible
Pumping System Updated Field Case Study, J. Mann, et. al.,
195. High Volume Downhole Progressing Cavity Pumps in Viscous
Applications
with
Electric
Submersible
Motors,
M. Delpassand, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop, Apr 29, 1998.
196. Economic Comparison of ESP vs. Hydraulic Lift in the
Priobskoy Field in Siberia, Hans Kol, et. al., SPE Gulf Coast
197. Total System Cost Comparison (ESP vs. Beam Pump) in
Amocos Northern Permian Basin Operating Area,
K. Cheatham, SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop, May 1, 1996.
198. Artificial Lift Alternatives Offer Operators Options for Best
Production at Low Cost, R. Duey, Harts Oil & Gas World,
Mar 1996.
199. Multistage horizontal Centrifugal Pumping Systems vs.
Positive Displacement Pumps for Offshore Oil Pipeline Service
, W. Bolin, , SPE Gulf Coast ESP Workshop, May 1, 1996.
200. Whats New in Artificial Lift, Part 2, J. F. Lea &
H. W. Winkler, World Oil, May 1995.
SPE 52159
Table 1. PUMPS
Ref
1
#ESP
31
Yr
96
Location
Ecuador
2 of 12
97
Texas
Problem
Handling variations in H2O cut,
viscosity, pump range, & sand
Iron sulfide scale
13
97
California
Reduce electrical consumption
4
5
N/A
1
98
98
N/A
N. Sea
Efficiency, scaling, & corrosion

Maximize production for field
development economics
Solution
Used compression style pumps for the
application
Used pumps with hardened radial bearings,
compression stages, and coatings for erosion
wear.
Approx. 3% performance gain when 700
3,000 bpd pump stages were coated to reduce
friction.
Synthetic impeller stages
Developed a pump to produce 15,000
40,000 bpd
Table 2. SEAL SECTION, EQUALIZER, PROTECTOR

Ref
6
#ESP
?
Yr
97
Location
N/A
Problem
Selection of proper motor protection options
Solution
Application guideline
Table 3. MOTORS
Ref
7
#ESP
?
Yr
96
Location
N/A
Problem
Motor starting requirements for reliable
operation
Proper motor cooling when setting
below perforations
Motor cooling in heavy oil application
96
N/A
97
Venezuela
10
11
?
?
98
98
N/A
N/A
12
13
?
3
98
98
N/A
Oklahoma
Motor cooling
Motor cooling
14
98
Texas
Motor cooling
Ref
15
#ESP
?
Yr
94
16
17
?
?
95
95
Location
West
Texas
N/A
N/A
18
96
N/A
19
96
N/A
20
97
Alaska
Motor performance
Motor starting torque characteristics
Solution
Tutorial & Guideline
Two field cases of ESP w/ recirculating pump
system set below perfs
Theoretical model developed to simulate
application
Guide to engineering tests on motors
Tutorial on motor starting characteristics with &
without VSD
Theoretical model to calculate motor cooling
Implemented the test of ESPs w/ recirculation
systems set below perfs
Tested ESP system with recirculation system set
below perfs
Table 4. CABLE
Problem
Cable failures
Cable failures
Determining status of used cable
High temp & GOR, corrosion, &
deviated applications
Gassy well application
Production tubing hydrate
formation in permafrost zone
Solution
Developed testing program which decreased cable
relate short runs
Teardown evaluation guideline
Discusses methods & limitations of various
techniques
Selection guide & discussion
Extending cable life by adding protective coatings
over conductor insulation.
Use of tubing mounted heater cable
SPE 52159
Table 5. Switchboards/Variable Speed Drives

Ref
21
#ESP
N/A
Yr
95
Location
Salt Creek
Field, TX
22
N/A
95
N/A
23
N/A
96
Wytch Farms
24
12+
??
Virginia Hills
Field, Canada
25
N/A
97
N/A
26
N/A
97
N/A
27
N/A
97
N/A
28
N/A
29
N/A
98
N/A
30
N/A
98
31
N/A
??
Cano Limon
field in
Colombia
N/A
32
98
Wytch Farm
UK
33
26
98
34
N/A
??
Ek-Alpha
platform,
Mexico
W. Texas
Ref
35
#ESP
N/A
Yr
98
97
N/A
Problem
How do you size VSDs for field ESP
applications? What are available
controls and transformer tap settings?
What type of drive provides reduced
harmonics?
Extended reach wells with VSDs
experience harmonics.
ESP failures: power quality suspected.
Failures due to incompatibility of
generators and VSDs
Is 6 step VSD or PWM drive best suited
for ESP applications?
What is the effect of harmonic distortion
of power on motor components of an
ESP?
Information needed on
definitions/applications/
comparisons of VSDs
What are the effects of newer VSD
switching schemes on both surface and
submergible motors?
Is there alternative to conventional VSD
technology to reduce harmonics?
Are over-voltages and current
oscillations a problem with VSD/ESP
applications?
Can VSD be applied with 900 hp motor
and 34,500 of cable
Solution
Field examples are given to answer the
problem questions and allow for flexibility in
field operations.
Tests and calculations promote the PWM drive
over others.
Systems that produce more of a sinusoidal
output are suggested.
Team formed and recommended studies
related to drive tune-ups, grounding, address
harmonics, transformer resonance, etc.
Paper shows need for guidelines on generatorVSD compatibility
Laboratory tests with cable tests attached made
to compare motor losses, transients, ringing,
etc.
Measurement and conclusions on motor
heating are presented and discussed
Present tutorial on VSDs
PWM is recommended over 6 step. If PWM has
adjustable carrier frequency, the highest value
should be used that does not excite cable
resonance.
Test results of a Medium Voltage Low
Harmonic Variable Frequency Drive (LH VFD)
are shown indicating improvements
Several solutions with variations in VSDs and
VSD/filters at the surface are suggested.
Tests prior to installation: Max torque, effects of
LCM in pump, voltage and current waveforms
and more.
Generators, transformers, filters designed to
work with VSDs.
Electrical instabilities found

What is the cause of failures reported
on ESP wells with ASDs?
Proper grounding, tuned ASDs and some use

of commutating reactors, reduced failures.
Table 6. WELLHEADS
Location
Various
Problem
What are advantages of horizontal well
surface wellhead?
Solution
Details of horizontal surface wellhead system to
allow ESP to be deployed on special CT string
10
SPE 52159
Table 7. Monitoring
Ref
36
#ESP
2
Yr
?
Location
N. Sea
Problem
Performance monitoring of ESP
wells
37
22
96
S. Florida
38
19
96
Colorado
39
96
Alberta, Canada
40
97
W. Texas
Monitoring of remote, highly

productive wells
Motor failures (burns) due to
leakage of production fluids into
the motor
Efficiency improvement & fluid
production optimization
Well pump off
41
97
N. Sea, Captain
Field
42
24
97
43
220
97
California,
THUMS
Oman
44
37
98
45
98
98
U.K., Wytch
Farms
U.K, Captain
Field
N/A
Protection of high horsepower,

high flow rate, offshore ESP
systems
Monitoring of downhole temp &
pressure for ESPs & ESPCPs
Management of ESP Systems
ESP monitoring systems
Describes ESP monitoring system
46
N/A
47
250
Ref
48
49
50
#ESP
45
26
439
Yr
95
95
96
Location
Canada
Wyoming
California
51
N/A
96
N/A
52
53
54
55
56
57
1
46
9
6
150
13
96
96
97
97
97
98
Canada
California
California
California
Siberia
Canada
58
98
Canada
8% H2S & high temp application.

Cable failures w/ PWM VSD
59
440
98
Sumatra
Calcium carbonate scaling of pump
Oman
ESP Monitoring
ESP Monitoring experience
Solution
Demonstrated the use of Artificial Neural Networks
(ANN) for analyzing and predicting ESP
performance
Describes the development and use of a SCADA
system
Use of two types of sensors to detect water inside
the motor for preventative maintenance, dryout vs
burn.
Testing of downhole telemetry tool to monitor and
control operation of ESP with feedback loop
Tests to determine parameters which could
determine or predict ESP pump off.
Development of monitoring system ( downhole flow,
pump head, motor temp) for protection & system
optimization.
Test evaluation of 3 types of instruments reliability
& cost effectiveness
Description of Shells Supervisory Submersible
Pump Control (SSUB) for remote monitoring,
control, & surveillance
Description of 2 types of downhole gauges,
including fiber optic communication line.
System includes venturi, PIP and temperature,
motor temperature and vibration measurements
A review of all (20) the downhole monitoring
packages
Experience on system described in Reference 43
Table 8. HARSH CONDITIONS ( Sand, Scale, Corrosion )

Problem
H2S corrosion
Asphaltene pump stage plugging
CO2 corrosion
Asphaltene & Wax deposition
Pump plugging - Asphaltenes
Scale plugging of pumps
Pumping of abrasive fluids
Pumping of abrasive fluids
Sand, scale, & corrosion problems
H2S corrosion
Solution
Testing of H2S scavengers internal to ESP equipment
Successful use of synthetic impellers in cast diffusers.
Innovative analysis technique for identifying wells with
corrosion problems
Presents ideas & methodologies on how to predict,
diagnose, prevent, or mitigate problems from organic
deposition.
Coated stages provide reduced run time
A change in scale inhibitor reinitiated scale problem
Initiated use of modular abrasion resistant pumps
Use of a downhole desander, sand separating device.
Developed improved design techniques
Discusses equipment with modified metallurgies and
its application
Modified equipment materials for downhole conditions.
Attached filters to PWM VSD
Inhibitor squeeze, motor shroud filled w/ scale inhibitor

capsules, & continuous injection all failed. A inhibited
production fluid recycling system was successful.
SPE 52159
Table 9. GAS
Ref
60
61
#ESP
N/A
N/A
Yr
94
94
Location
N/A
N/A
Problem
Pumping gassy fluid
Pumping gassy fluid
62
N/A
95
N/A
Pumping gassy fluid
63
95
Alaska
Pumping gassy fluid
64
N/A
96
N. Sea
Pumping gassy fluid
65
66
N/A
N/A
96
96
N/A
N/A
Pumping gassy fluid

Pumping gassy fluid
67
96
Texas
Pumping gassy fluid
68
69
1
N/A
97
98
Canada
N/A
Pumping gassy fluid

Pumping gassy fluid
70
98
Venezuela
Pumping gassy fluid
71
95
Texas
Pumping gassy fluid
72
N/A
98
N/A
Ref
73
#ESP
10
Yr
94
Location
Venezuela
74
24
94
Venezuela
75
55
95
California
76
95
N. Sea
Production of 19.7 API crudes

88 cp @ 87 deg F
78
N/A
96
N. Sea
Production of gassy, viscous crude
79
48
96
Venezuela
80
N/A
97
Venezuela
Production of foamy, extra-heavy

crude, 6 to 16 API, 140 to 2,100 cp
@ 140 deg F
Production of viscous crude
81
90
97
Venezuela
Production of 9.2 API crude ( 238 cp

at 137 deg F)
82
83
N/A
1
97
97
N/A
Venezuela

84
450
98
California
Production of viscous crude w/

cycling & gas locking, high fluid
levels.
Modeling rotary separator

performance
Solution
Tutorial on handling gas w/ ESP
Lab testing and experimental results on one manfacs
rotary type separator.
Development of a gas handling pump w/ special stage
designed in first section. 20 30% free gas by volume.
Development and field testing a downhole, static auger
(vortex) type separation system. Tested on a flowing
well.
Lab testing of a 20,000 bpd pump under 400 1,000
psi and up to 40% free gas by volume. Resulted in
expansion of Turpin Correlation.
Tutorial Application guideline
Discussion of JIP to investigate several novel
application configurations.
Design of decentralized pumping (beam) system and
successful field test results. Should be applicable to an
ESP system.
Field test of an ESP w/ and inverted shroud system.
Lab tests on a modified centrifugal stage which
showed improvement of gas handling.
Testing of an ESP system w/ an Advanced Gas
Handler (AGH) pre-staging and rotary separator intake
under field conditions.
Field performance of gas handling pump (20-30% free
gas) compared to lab results.
A numerical model of the performance of a rotary gas
separator is presented
Table 10. HEAVY OIL

Problem
Production of 10 API crude ( 544 cp
at 180 deg F)
Production of 9.2 API crude ( 238 cp
at 137 deg F)
Production of 10 19 API crudes
30 500 cp @ 170 deg F
77
Solution
ESPs proved successful as lift means. Problems
attributed to melting of synthetic impellers in pump
1,130 bopd @ 60 Hz w/o diluent
Maximum production was 2,160 bopd w/ diluent
mixture of 19 deg API.
Discusses completion design & ESP sizing. Rate,
Head, & BHP correction factors developed from field
experience.
Involved well appraisal testing. Attempted to evaluate
ESP performance degradation. ESP created water in
oil emulsions, but did not indicate significant
degradation
Lab tests on a hydraulic turbine driven centrifugal
pump indicated good results on gassy, viscous fluid.
For application in ref #75.
For max production: 40 45 Hz Frequency. Developed
pump performance correction factors from field
experience.
Lab testing of centrifugal pumps and viscous crude w/
& w/o diluent to develop performance characteristics
Describes different technologies being utilized. ESP
run life increased from 9 mos to 16 mos in 5 yrs.
Experience w/ multiphase flowmeter.
Tutorial on ESPs & viscous crude.
Design Tutorial w/ an actual field example for 12 API (
300 cp).
Pump design utilizes large vane opening impellers w/
abrasion resistant technology w/ gas separators.
11
12
SPE 52159
Table 11. HIGH TEMPERATURE

Ref
85
#ESP
4
Yr
96
Location
California
85
??
87
96
88
80
97
Wolf Lake
, Alberta
Power
plant
Venezuela
Ref
89
#ESP
N/A
Yr
95
90
91
Problem
Can ESPs produce wells above
400F?
Lift needed for viscous wells that are
periodically steamed for stimulation
ESP needed for hot well applications
ESPs for hot and cold viscous
production (9 API)
Solution
2 manufacturers ESP systems evaluated
Hi temp ESP installation is presented. Other lift
methods discussed.
REDA hot well equipment described. Case history
presented
Use of ESPs for cold viscous production and for cyclic
steam production presented
Table 12. POWER
95
Location
Daqing,
China
W. Texas
Problem
Determine energy efficiency of all
components of ESP
Power system problems
Solution
Tests are made to determine component efficiencies
N/A
97
N/A
92
500
79
Thums
Determine motor voltage settings for

max. profits (low cost, hi production)
How to measure field efficiencies
93
50
97
W. Texas
How to reduce energy costs
94
N/A
98
Sub sea
Manage energy to avoid heavy oil,

wax, arrival temperature and total
facilities required.
Ref
95
#ESP
N/A
Yr
94
Location
N/A
Problem
Alternate ESP deployment system
96
97
N/A
N/A
95
95
N/A
N/A

98
99
100
101
N/A
N/A
N/A
95
95
95
N/A
N/A
N/A

102
N/A
96
N/A
103
104
105
96
96
Auk
N. Sea
N/A
Planning described for CT deployed ESPs by ARCO

in Qatar.
106
107
96
Oman
108
N/A
96
N/A
109
97
Qatar
110
N/A
97
N/A
111
N/A
98
N/A
112
N/A
98
Norway
Evaluation of 3.5 CT deployed ESP systems.

Technical success, economics equivalent to normal
workover rig.
Discusses the theoretical merits of CT deployed
ESPs. Live well interventions & subsea applications.
Describes the installation & start up of the first CT
deployed ESPs w/ power cable inside the CT.
Overview of justification, technicalities, considerations,
& constraints for CT deployment from a vessel.
Describes the development & testing of a method of
anchoring ESP power cable inside CT.
Plan for CT deployment for capability of live well
intervention and reduction in workover costs.
Power quality analysis covering harmonics, grounding,

voltage transients, VSD application, & lightening.
Motor performance as function of voltage modeled
under various loads
Efficiencies from data show trends with production,
VSDs, equipment size, etc.
Plan enabling rapid power cost evaluation of ESP
wells developed
Careful design, consider insulated pipelines, use best
software, etc.
Table 13. COILED TUBING DEPLOYMENT
Workover costs
Formation damage
Solution
Describes the EEC funded project for Coiled Tubing
deployment of ESPs.
Technical & economic reasons for CT deployment
Describes main technical characteristics and cost
implications of new CT deployment system
Discussion on composite CT
Short discussion of first CT deployed ESP system.
Discusses the equipment configuration & installation of
the first field test.
Presents the concept of reeled riser, subsea
intervention from a vessel.
Describes the first offshore CT deployed ESP system
SPE 52159
Table 14. HORIZONTAL WELLS

Ref
113
#ESP
1
Yr
96
Location
California
114
24
98
California
Ref
115
#ESP
17-39
Yr
98
116
N/A
95
Location
Canada
USA other
various
117
N/A
various
118
N/A
96
Canada
119
N/A
various
120
96
121
N/A
96
Alliance
Field
Canada
various
122
97
123
97
Swan Hills
Canada
Various
124
N/A
97
various
Problem
Increase wellbore production with
ESP & horizontal wellbore
Increase well productivity
Recover bypassed oil
Solution
Describes the well design for a horizontal ESP
completion. Initial problems and startup
Describes the design process for ESPs in horizontal,
unconsolidated wellbores.
Table 15. DOWNHOLE OIL/WATER SEPARATION

Problem
Minimize effects of excess water
production
production
production
production
production
production
Solution
Application, discussion of the Aqwanot DOWS (
downhole oil/water separation presented
Discussion of cyclonic downhole separation of
oil/water
Discussion of cyclonic downhole separation of
oil/water
JIP for development of oil water separation system
Reduce capital & operational costs
Utilize:
Downhole Oil/Water Separation
Dual completion wells
Dump floods
Gas water separation & re-injection
Test results reported to increase oil and decrease
water production
Use centrifugal separation for ESP and Pcps.
Summary of CFERs work and tests
Field cases of HydroSep and other completion
variations presented
Test feasibility of ESP designed to

separate/inject/produce
Downhole separation of oil/water
How ESPs can be used to de-water
gas wells and perform oil/water
separation and injection
JIP development of oil water separation system-field

case study
Use of AQWANOT system with field applications
presented
13
14
SPE 52159
Table 16. SUBSEA

Ref
125
126
#ESP
1
1
Yr
94
95
Location
Brazil
Brazil
Problem
Subsea installation
Subsea installation
127
21
95
SubSea workovers
128
N/A
95
S. China
Sea
Brazil
129
130
N/A
2
96
96
Subsea tree access & reliability

Wet-matable electrical connectors
131
N/A
96
N/A
Brazil
S China
Sea
Norway
132
N/A
96
133
134
1
N/A
96
96
S. China
Sea
Brazil
Brazil
135
N/A
96
Brazil
136
96
137
96
Gulf of
Mexico
U.K.
U.K.
138
97
Brazil
Subsea installation
139
N/A
97
N. Sea
Marginal reservoir development
140
141
142
N/A
97
N. Sea
Marginal reservoir development
N/A
98
N. Sea
Subsea electrical power
143
98
N. Sea
Ref
144
#ESP
N/A
Yr
94
Location
N/A
145
95
Egypt
146
95
Indonesia
Production downtime, remote sit

access
147
97
Well control, formation damage
148
N/A
97
Gulf of
Mexico
Venezuela
149
N/A
98
Venezuela
150
98
U.K.
Deepwater production
Marginal reservoir, floating

production facility, maximize sea bed
usage
Subsea installation
Diverless subsea tree intervention
Subsea electrical power
Subsea boosting
Subsea horizontal tree
Production in sensitive area
Solution
Discussion on plans for first subsea ESP installation
Details of subsea ESP installation in Oct 1994 in 90m
of water.
Horizontal tree allows easy access for installation &
retrieval.
Discusses PetroBras plans for subsea ESP production
wells, separation systems, & multiphase flow pumping
systems.
Presentation on a subsea horizontal tree design.
Discussion on experience with wet-matable connectors
in ESP applications
Development plans for subsea installations.
Planning discussion on first subsea ESP installation in
S. China Sea
Design & development of guideless horizontal tree.
Design & development plans for subsea transformers,
cable, & variable speed drives for 1000 ft water
depths.
Discussion on the impact subsea boosting will have on
deepwater developments
Development & installation of subsea trees
Extended reach wells versus platform in sensitive
nature area. Max TMD is 8,035m.
Report update on the 2 year run for the first subsea
installation.
Discussion on technical issues related to operation of
ESPs on long cable lengths
Discussion of plans for ESP installation on Shells
Gannet E.
Project status update on SEPDIS, installation of all
electrical gear on sea bed.
Short update on the installation & startup of the first
ESP on Shell Gannet E (See 134-5)
Table 17. Unique Configurations

Problem
Limitation on packer use
Workover cost, production downtime
Efficiency improvement in gassy

wells
High water cut
Water disposal
Solution
Design & field test a variable bore packer. Shorter than
conventional multi-bore packers.
Describes the design and deployment of ESP systems
on cable.
Successful deployment of dual ESP systems. 1
primary and 1 backup. Allows for orderly workover
scheduling.
Utilized a surface controlled sub-surface safety valve.
Combined configuration of ESP and gas lift system to
minimize total lifting costs.
Utilize a dual ESP system to
Control the water cone, produce independently from 2
different zones, increase production when horsepower
limited.
Completion design to have tubular production &
annular water disposal thru a cross-over packer in the
same wellbore.
SPE 52159
Table 18. DESIGN

Ref
151
#ESP
N/A
Yr
96
Location
N/A
Problem
Pump performance corrections
152
N/A
97
N/A
Ref
153
#ESP
42
Yr
94
Location
Abu Dhabi
Problem
Optimize operations
154
95
Unitah
Basin
High water cut, need to reduce

electrical power demand
155
156
10
23
97
95
Yemen
Alba Field
157
377
95
Swan Hills
95
Need high volume, hi HP lift

Improve sizing/selection, handling,
installation, operations,
troubleshooting
Work cooperatively with groups
responsible for ESP operations
Apply Quality Control
Application design
Solution
Testing of ESPs on 14, 20,31, & 39 API crudes w/
water and gas.
Method for determining the application boundary
between Gas Lift & ESPs.
Table 19. Optimize Operations
158
159
94
S. China
Sea
W. Siberia
160
178
95
W. Texas
Optimize operations
161
55
96
Yemen
162
150
96
Siberia
163
164
145
1
96
97
165
98
Oman
Akal
Resvr,
Mex
YME, UK
Improve operations with VSDs,

motors, sand, cable maintenance,
teardown, logistics
Low temp, short run lives in similar
applications
Emulsions, hi viscosity
Need high volume , 10,000 bpd
production. Free gas present
166
12
98
167
120
168
Short run lives of CIS ESPs
Solution
Use of CAT (corrective action team) to make
recommendations
Increase flow line diameter, install capacitor bank, respace wells, proper designs, analyze teardowns, 3
chamb seal, etc
Use of 750 HP units have paid out in matter of weeks
Standardize, direct shipping, reduce protection
devices, clean wells, use monitoring devices
Cable repair, location of operators, testing, inventory
sharing, negotiate with power companies, etc.
Planning, design, installation, use of teamwork, etc.
overview
Should seal stator windings, use heat stable cables,
prepare wells
Reduce redundant work, standardize eqpt., alliance,
calc. System cost
410 days run life, rebuilds costlier than new, 25%
consignment excess needed
Review application, program to size, install and
maintain prior to installation of first well
Good results achieved, better expected with SCADA
Used high volume pump with AGH. Achieved more
than gaslift but less than design
Plan to use monobases well design, use CT ESPs,
use CT drilling through completion
98
Nova
Scotia
Indonesia
Minimize workover costs, avoid resv.

Damage during workover, water
production, perm contrasts
Sand, short run lives
Improve performance
30
98
N. Mex.
Achieve cost reduction
169
98
Offshr,
Gabon
Coordinate design, sizing, planning,

deliverability of clean power, etc
170
97
Ecuador
Need high volumes
Use of ARA pumps, premium cable, double bag

protectors, hi temp motors, gas separators, mix
matching, cable reconditioning
Standardize, inventory reduction,
Immediate use, re-rate for load/temperature
Perf with ESP out of well, have spares, test in advance
and have results for previous units for 1 year, use
bands, design for clean power, etc.
Use series boosting to get 20,000 bpd with 1200-2000
hp. Higher values planned.
Dual ESPs for immediate use after failure of one unit
15
16
SPE 52159
Table 20. RUN LIFE

Ref
171
#ESP
?
Yr
Location
Offshore
China
Problem
172
96
N. Sea
173
96
N. Sea
174
175
96
97
176
177
N/A
34110
N/A
N/A
97
97
N/A
Campos
Basin
N/A
Cano
Limon
Field
Ref
178
179
#ESP
N/A
N/A
Yr
?
94
Location
N/A
N/A
Problem
List new developments
List new developments in artificial lift
180
N/A
94
N/A
181
N/A
95
N/A
182
95
Sumatra
Learn from publications prevalent

problems and their solutions
Compile list of ESP testing criteria
from industry sources
Production log below ESPs
183
N/A
96
184
2-6
96
N. Sea
and other
Liverpool
Bay, N.
Sea
Krider field
, TX
Saudi
Arabia
1.
Run life
Summary of Wytch Farm, Forties,

Beatrice and Milne Point run lives
Hot, CO2, erosive, stop/start
How to measure run life?
Infant mortality failures,
manufacturer differences in run lives
Determine system failure analysis
How to estimate MTBF
Solution
Match ESP system to well productivity, establish
diagnostic technique, maintain standbys, & strengthen
QC.
Data presented
Team, new motors, ARA pumps, larger systems,
increased sand production
Develop MTBF program
Installation main infant mortality cause. New and used
equipment affected by infant mortality
Collect evidence, determine root cause of failure
Survival analysis compared to direct estimation and
Poisson pure death process
Table 21. MISCELLANEOUS - OVERALL
185
186
96
~75
??
Details require attention before ESP

drill stem testing
Innovative designs planned for
offshore wells
Need to inject water so gas wells
can flow
Need for two company agreement to
supply ESPs for middle East
location.
Solution
New features for ESP components are detailed
New and needed developments for Beam, PC, ESP,
Hydraulic and other lift presented
Problems and solutions presented and categorized
from literature
References and examples on testing criteria for
various areas of ESP testing presented
Team has developed reliable method to log be low
ESPs
Testing with ESPs over-viewed. Only method of
testing some heavy oil reservoirs at high rate?
Details of using Horizontal Trees and a Fluid Loss
Device with completion sequence presented
Use of downward injecting ESPs to de-water gas
wells presented.
Partnership approach to planning, use of new
technology, service, testing, etc for new area
Table 22. ESPCP

Ref
187
#ESPCP
5
Yr
95
Location
Canada
188
95
California
189
10
96
California
Problem
Heavy oil & sand, rod breaks,
deviated well
Heavy oil & sand, rod breaks,
deviated well
Heavy oil & sand, deviated wells.
190
97
Various
191
97
Canada
192
97
California
Surface drive PCs in deviated

wells, reliability
Premature PC pump failure on
ESPCP systems
193
194
195
5
N/A
98
98
California
N/A

High volume viscous production
Solution
Field tests on ESP motor driven PC pumps
Field test data on ESPCP trials
Successful where conditions limit ESP runs to less
than 400 days. Economics are still questionable.
Case study on the economics of 8 different wells with
ESPCPs.
5 case studies of successful applications.
Development & testing of wireline retrievable PC
pump system. Tubing hung motor & seal.
Discusses operational experience with ESPCPs
Design of a high volume, multi-lobe PC pump for
ESPCP systems.
SPE 52159
Table 23. LIFT ALTERNATIVES

Ref
196
#ESP
N/A
Yr
95
197
355
96
Location
Siberia
field is
studied
W. Texas
198
N/A
96
N/A
199
N/A
96
N/A
Problem
Which of ESP vs. Hydraulic is more
suited for pad development
Solution
Economic study suggests when certain methods of list
should be used.
What conditions is use of ESPs more

economical than using beam?
When to use Beam/Long
Stroke/ESP/Plunger lift/PCP/
Hydraulics
Is multi-stage centrifugal or positive
displacement pump best for offshore
pipeline service?
Depth and rates established as to when to use ESP

vs. Beam Pump considering total cost
Discussion of merits of various methods of lift
Details of each system presented.
17
18
Figure 1: Typical VSD Layout (from Reference 21).
Figure 2: Completion below packer in Captain field showing instrumentation and

other features (from Reference 41).
SPE 52159
SPE 52159
Figure 3: Coil Tubing Options: (a) Standard installation with cable banded to tubing, (b) CT with cable
inside, (c) inverted unit with cable banded, and (d) inverted unit with cable manufactured inside the CT.
Ref (111)
19
20
SPE 52159
Figure 4: Schematic of downhole oil/water separation unit (i.e., AQWANOT, DHOWS, initiated by CFER)
from Reference 123.
Figure 5: Schematic of offshore Liuhua installation (from Reference 132).
SPE 52159
Figure 6: Downhole Subsea Completion Details: S. V., ESP, Packer, etc. (from Reference 132).
21
22
SPE 52159
Figure 7: Extended reach installation showing formation saver valve (from Reference 137).
Figure 8: Summary of failures present before an optimization study was initiated from Reference 166.
After the study and reductions of failures, failure concerns are reduced to fewer concerns as can be
seen in the reference.
SPE 52159
Figure 9:
Conventional
(References 199-194, 203).
ESPPC,
through-tubing-conveyed
ESPPC,
23
coiled
tubing
ESP

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SPE 52159

ESP's: On and Offshore Problems and Solutions

and their causes as a function of the conditions present. Since

are newer areas of interest. Monitoring downhole conditions is

success stories in recent years (Table 11).

ESP'S: ON AND OFFSHORE PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Use of Compression Style Pumps to Handle Production

Susceptibility, B. Crutchfield, et al, SPE Gulf Coast ESP

Pilot Test, R. Gonzalez et. al., SPE Paper

ESP'S: ON AND OFFSHORE PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Engineer, May 1995.

Workshop, May 1, 1995.

169. Design and Implementation of A Reliable and Flexible ESP

178. Submersible Pump Innovations Mean Lowered

187. Bottom-Drive Progressing Cavity Pumps in Horizontal

ESP'S: ON AND OFFSHORE PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

193. Operating Dos and Donts for Progressive Cavity Electric

Reduce electrical consumption

Efficiency, scaling, & corrosion

Table 2. SEAL SECTION, EQUALIZER, PROTECTOR

ESP'S: ON AND OFFSHORE PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Table 5. Switchboards/Variable Speed Drives

Electrical instabilities found

Proper grounding, tuned ASDs and some use

Monitoring of remote, highly

Protection of high horsepower,

8% H2S & high temp application.

Calcium carbonate scaling of pump

Table 8. HARSH CONDITIONS ( Sand, Scale, Corrosion )

Inhibitor squeeze, motor shroud filled w/ scale inhibitor

ESP'S: ON AND OFFSHORE PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Pumping gassy fluid

Pumping gassy fluid

Pumping gassy fluid

Pumping gassy fluid

Pumping gassy fluid

Pumping gassy fluid

Pumping gassy fluid

Pumping gassy fluid

Production of 19.7 API crudes

Production of gassy, viscous crude

Production of foamy, extra-heavy

Production of 9.2 API crude ( 238 cp

Production of viscous crude

Production of viscous crude w/

Modeling rotary separator

Table 10. HEAVY OIL

Table 11. HIGH TEMPERATURE

Table 12. POWER

Determine motor voltage settings for

How to reduce energy costs

Manage energy to avoid heavy oil,

Alternate ESP deployment system

Alternate ESP deployment system

Alternate ESP deployment system

Alternate ESP deployment system

Alternate ESP deployment system

Planning described for CT deployed ESPs by ARCO

Alternate ESP deployment system

Alternate ESP deployment system

Alternate ESP deployment system

Alternate ESP deployment system

Alternate ESP deployment system