CARD MRI DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE INC.

Brgy.Tranca,Bay,Laguna

ENGLISH
REACTION PAPER

PREPARED BY:
Ronald S. Saway
BLOCK 3

SUBMMITED TO:
MS. MINDA MAR
TEACHER

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Brgy.Tranca,Bay,Laguna
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
Gender and Development - is one of the most important areas of human development.
The moment a women finds out she is pregnant she is often anxious to find out the sex of her
child. The definitions of the terms "sex" and "gender" need to be understood. The term "sex"
denotes the actual physical makeup of individuals that define them as male or female. Sex is
determined by genetic makeup, internal reproductive organs, the organization of the brain, and
external genitalia. The behavior of individuals as males or females, the types of roles they
assume, and their personality characteristics, may be just as important as a person's biological
framework....
Development of Imagination and Gender - Children are automatically drawn to what they
feel relates to them the best. From clothes to games, and even literature, children are attracted to
certain elements that separate whats girly and whats boyish. Most children literature is
designed in a manner that attracts a specific crowd. The authors and illustrators of children
literature take into consideration whether they want their book to be intended for girls or for
boys. However, in the story Ramona Quimby, Age 8 by Beverly Cleary, deception as to which
crowd the book was intended is shown throughout the story....
GAD has been criticized for emphasizing the social differences between men and women
while neglecting the bonds between them and also the potential for changes in roles. Another
criticism is that GAD does not dig deep enough into social relations and so may not explain how
these relations can undermine programs directed at women. It also does not uncover the types of
trade-off that women are prepared to make for the sake of achieving their ideals of marriage or
motherhood. Another criticism is that GID perspective is theoretical distinct from WID, but in
practice, a program seem to have the element of the two. Whilst many development agencies are
now committed to a gender approach, in practice, the primary institutional perspective remains
as WID. There is a slippage in reality where gender mainstreaming is often based in a single
normative perspective as synonymous to women. Development agencies still advance gender
transformation to mean economic betterment for women.
Gender and Development approach focus on the socially constructed basis of differences
between men and women and the need to challenge existing gender roles and relations. This
approach was majorly influenced by writing of academic scholars such as Oakley (1972) and
Rubin (1975) which emphasize the social relationship between men and women. These
relationships they argue have systematically subordinated women. This departs from WID which
perceived women's problem in terms of their biological differences rather than gender.
Influenced by this work, by the late 1970s, some practitioners working in the development field
stated questioning the adequacy of focusing on women in isolation. GAD challenged the WID

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focus on women as important target group and untapped resources for development.GAD
marked a shift in thinking about the need to understand how women and men are socially
constructed and how those constructions are powerfully reinforced by the social activities that
both define and are defined by them. GAD focus primarily on gender division of labor and
gender as a relation of power embedded in institutions. Consequently, two major frameworks
Gender roles and social relations analysis are used in this approach. Gender role focus on
social construction of identities within the household, it also reveals the expectations from
maleness and femaleness in their relative access to resources. Social relations analysis exposes
the social dimensions of hierarchical power relations imbedded in social institutions; also its
determining influence on the relative position of men and women in society. This relative
position tends to discriminate against women.
The systematic gathering and examination of information on gender differences and
social relations in order to identify understand and redress inequities based on gender. Gender
analysis is a valuable descriptive and diagnostic tool for development planners and crucial to
gender mainstreaming efforts. The methodology and components of gender analysis are shaped
by how gender issues are understood in the institution concerned. There are a number of different
approaches to gender analysis, including the Gender Roles or Harvard framework, and Social
Relations Analysis. The Gender Roles framework focuses on describing womens and mens
roles and their relative access to and control over resources. The analysis aims to anticipate the
impacts of projects on both productive and reproductive roles. It takes the household, rather than
the breadth of institutions, as the unit of analysis and tends to assume that women are a
homogeneous category. In contrast, the Social Relations approach seeks to expose the gendered
power relations that perpetuate inequities. This analysis moves beyond the household to include
the community, market, and state institutions and so involves collecting data at all these levels. It
uncovers differences between women, divided by other aspects of social differentiation such as
class, race and ethnicity. The aim is to understand the dynamics of gender relations in different
institutional contexts and thereby to identify womens bargaining position and formulate
strategies to improve this. It has proved challenging to adopt this approach in operational work.
Gender discrimination a systematic, unfavorable treatment of individuals on the basis of
their gender, which denies them rights, opportunities or resources Across the world, women are
treated unequally and less value is placed on their lives because of their gender. Womens
differential access to power and control of resources is central to this discrimination in all
institutional spheres, i.e. the household, community, market, and state. Within the household,
women and girls can face discrimination in the sharing out of household resources including
food, sometimes leading to higher malnutrition and mortality indicators for women. (See Intrahousehold Resource Distribution). At its most extreme, gender discrimination can lead to son
preference, expressed in sex selective abortion or female feticide. In the labor market, unequal

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pay, occupational exclusion or segregation into low skill and low paid work limit womens
earnings in comparison to those of men of similar education levels. Womens lack of
representation and voice in decision making bodies in the community and the state perpetuates
discrimination, in terms of access to public services, such as schooling and health care, or
discriminatory laws. The law is assumed to be gender-neutral when in fact it may perpetuate
gender discrimination, being a product of a culture with oppressive gender ideologies. Even
where constitutional or national legal provisions uphold gender equality principles, religious or
other customary laws that privilege men may take precedence in practice. However, the law,
when reformed with womens input, can be a potent tool for challenging discrimination, if
combined with other strategies, including capacity-building to overcome barriers to claiming
rights. The Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women
(CEDAW) in 1979 brought into international focus the rights of women as human rights,
including the right to be free from discrimination. Women activists regard this convention as a
key tool to support their struggle against discrimination in all spheres, pushing governments
towards attaining these internationally recognized minimum standards.
Gender division of labour is socially determined ideas and practices which define what
roles and activities are deemed appropriate for women and men Whilst the gender division of
labour tends to be seen as natural and immutable, in fact, these ideas and practices are socially
constructed. This results in context-specific patterns of who does what by gender and how this is
valued. Gender divisions of labour are not necessarily rigidly defined in terms of mens and
womens roles, as is sometimes assumed. They are characterized by co-operation in joint
activities, as well as by separation. Often, the accepted norm regarding gender divisions varies
from the actual practice. However, roles typically designated as female are almost invariably less
valued than those designated as male. Women are generally expected to fulfill the reproductive
role of bearing and raising children, caring for other family members, and household
management tasks, as well as home based production. Men tend to be more associated with
productive roles, particularly paid work, and market production. In the labor market, although
womens overall participation rates are rising, they tend to be confined to a relatively narrow
range of occupations or concentrated in lower grades than men, usually earning less. Historically,
womens productive roles have been ignored or under-valued, particularly in the informal sector
and subsistence agriculture. This has led to misconceived development projects; for example the
services of extension agents and agricultural inputs being targeted at men. Because womens
labor is undervalued, it is often assumed by mainstream development policies to be infinitely
elastic. For example, policy makers expect that women can take on roles previously fulfilled by
public services, such as care for the sick and elderly, when cutbacks are made. The formal
documentation and recognition of womens roles and the related time burden is crucial for
gender-sensitive development interventions. Recently, international organizations have begun to
measure all forms of economic activity by gender. International definitions of economic activity
have also been broadened to include subsistence farming, food processing and home working in

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anticipation of profit. Time budget surveys are also being implemented in some places to
measure womens input into reproductive work. Gender and development policies and
programmer can challenge and change womens socially prescribed roles, in pursuit of gender
equity. For example, women have been successfully trained and employed as water technicians
or builders in communities where these were jobs previously a male 9 Further reading domain.
However, programmers aiming to increase womens participation in spheres beyond the
household must ensure that they are properly remunerated. They should also be accompanied by
consideration of how men, or public provision, can reduce womens responsibilities in the home.
The term gender equity is often used interchangeably with gender equality. Here, a
distinction is drawn between these two concepts, reflecting divergent understandings of gender
differences and of the appropriate strategies to address these. Gender equality denotes women
having the same opportunities in life as men, including the ability to participate in the public
sphere. This expresses a liberal feminist idea that removing discrimination in opportunities for
women allows them to achieve equal status to men. In effect, progress in womens status is
measured against a male norm. Equal opportunities policies and legislation tackle the problem
through measures to increase womens participation in public life. For example, in Chile, the
National Service for Women (SERNAM) developed an Equal Opportunities Plan for Chilean
Women 1994-1999. This focused on equitable participation in education, the labour market,
health services, and politics. Judicial reform is another key tool in the fight for equality, but lack
of implementation and enforcement might limit its impact. However, this focus on what is
sometimes called formal equality, does not necessarily demand or ensure equality of outcomes. It
assumes that once the barriers to participation are removed, there is a level playing field. It also
does not recognise that womens reality and experience may be different from mens. Gender
equity denotes the equivalence in life outcomes for women and men, recognising their different
needs and interests, and requiring a redistribution of power and resources. The goal of gender
equity, sometimes called substantive equality, moves beyond equality of opportunity by requiring
transformative change. It recognises that women and men have different needs, preferences, and
interests and that equality of outcomes may necessitate different treatment of men and women.
An equity approach implies that all development policies and interventions need to be scrutinised
for their impact on gender relations. It necessitates a rethinking of policies and programmes to
take account of mens and womens different realities and interests. So, for example, it implies
rethinking existing legislation on employment, as well as development programmes, to take
account of womens reproductive work and their concentration in unprotected, casual work in
informal and home based enterprises. It is worth examining the content of policies, not just the
language, before deciding whether an equity or an equality approach is being followed. Gender
equity goals are seen as being more political than gender equality goals, and are hence are
generally less accepted in mainstream development agencies.

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WORLD IS AN APPLE
It is a story about a man, named Mario, who suffered in extreme poverty, so, he walked
through the sinful road. He steals with his friends to experience pleasures. He gained a lot of
money from it. However, he changed when he met Gloria who is a pious woman and he became
his husband. Gloria, despite of Marios past, she accepted him because she believed that Mario
will change. Indeed, Mario had changed. He chose a legal job. For four years, his family suffered
in poverty but, Mario never went back to the life he had before, because he knew that his wife
will get angry, until such time God tested his faith. His daughter, Tita, fell ill because she has not
eaten anything nutritious. And because of this, he was forced to steal an apple for when he took
his daughter for a walk, they passed a grocery store that sold delicious apple as theyre on their
way home. His daughter wanted him to buy one but he couldnt because he has no enough
money that time. What he did is he buys her one of small green apples they sell on the sidewalk,
but she just threw it away, saying it was not a real apple. And for an apple, he lost his job. He did
not inform his wife about it because he wanted her not to worry. He looked for another job but he
never found one, so, he approached his friend, Pablo, and told him that he will join their group
again. He was tired to do good things. He wanted his family to have a beautiful life, so, he
chooses to return to the life he had before, the stealing. One day, he arrived home. His wife slips
her finger to take some money to buy Tita a biscuit, but Mario was annoyed and moved away
from his wife. Then, they began to quarrel. Gloria was asking some of the money from his pay
but Mario insisted that he has none. Mario told her that he spent it all for a woman and a drinks
but Gloria didnt believe in it. So, Mario told her everything. Gloria got angry after hearing it.
But, Mario told her that he had found a good job and his going to meet someone. Gloria then
became glad after hearing it, not until Pablo showed up. She hated Pablo because Pablo was one
of Marios friends who do illegal things. Pablo offered some money to Gloria but, Gloria did not
accept it. Pablo came to their house to fetch Mario because he thought that Mario would change
his mind. He even told Gloria about Mario willing to work with him. Gloria was shocked and she
insisted that Mario wouldnt do such things like that because she knew that Mario knew anything
that makes her angry. But, Mario confirmed it to her that what she heard is true and that he only
wanted what is good to his family. Gloria convinced him not to go and reminded him of God.
But, Mario never listens to her. He told her to take good care of herself and that he will be home
safely. Gloria was then left crying with her daughter.

The story is all about love and family. I discover that there is some other families in a world do
the things illegal for the reason that they wanted to give everything for their family needs. I
observe because of love, care and sacrifice some of a father will do anything to provide the needs

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of family. I conclude that no want can measurer the love of parents to their children they do
everything just to protect and give the needs and even wants of his family, to live luxuriously if
possible. But then, Doing everything, doesnt mean what other people say the important they
give the needs. As a provider, all money that enters the roof of your home must come from the
result of your sweat and hard work. Even the mentality of people that if a person do bad things in
the fast has no longer change its not a possible to change because we all know that we have a
right to change bad to good. I observe that people see you as a bad person even you do already a
good things it remain in mind that you are bad. But we dont worry because time comes it will be
prove that they are wrong. I strongly object in this todays behavior, everyone has the chance of
changing. We must just believe our ability to do good things.

THE RAVEN
The Raven of Edgar Allan Poe is a piece wherein it concentrated on the emotions about
the past happenings which made the character lonely but because of the bird, Raven where the
title of the piece is based, the character was relieved. Through the sound which the bird is
producing, the character was able to reminisce the past and that the character believes that the
bird may be sent by God or Prophets that is why the character asked the bird to inform God that
the character is lying his life for Him.
A man goes insane because of an encounter with a raven that can say the word nevermore.
What I didnt realize until I read the poem again was that the man is already insane. He is so
paranoid that he has to reassure himself "'Tis some visitor," that is knocking and not the rare and
radiant
maiden
whom
the
angels
name
Lenore.
Another thing that I found interesting is the raven itself. The man in the poem cant decide if it is
a bird or devil!. That is the same thing that I am wondering. Many different kinds of bird can
be trained to say a few words. Then again, one of the scariest things thinkable is an evil that
cannot be distracted from its cruel goal. So, is the raven simply a trained bird flown astray from
its owner? Or is it truly a Wretch thats purpose is to torment a disturbed man farther into his
own insanity? Or is it simply a symbol of the man's own insanity.

FOR YOU
BY JOHN DENVER

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This is a song, a love song that deeply focuses what is a really feelings of love,
writer started to make this song with full of inspiring feeling. He stated in the song how love is
important in the relationship and the promises we made for the rest of life. The writer expressing
love with full of everything trust, honestly, faithfully, support and patience, He wanted always
that all the time night and day he always there for his loves one. He also stated every time he
sleeps and wake up, his love ones is beside him.

THOUGHTS ON VALENTINES DAY

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February 14 is a Valentines Day is the day which is celebrated all over the world as the
day of love. It is the perfect day to communicate your deep feelings of passion and affection
towards someone you have fallen for. Love cannot be measured in actions and words but when
expressed in the right terms it can sure melt someones heart. Every one of us during that day
they expressing their love by giving flowers, chocolates, stuff toys or set date for partners,
friends and family. For me every day is a valentines day for all of us in the world but because a
Valentines Day is a special day we want to express our love ones feel that extra special for them.
Even some other partners far from its other because of some reasons they do everything to
express their love ones on special day by sending valentines card, calling by phone or using other
resources to communicate like internet. Valentine s Day is very important to every- body
because February 14 is the day express and we say I Love You to especial some-one and we
dedicate our heart to the person we love.