Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
G.D. Marques
SecqBo de Miquinas ElCctricas e Electrdnica de Potzncia
IST, AV. Rovisco Pais, 1096 Lisboa, Portugal
gmarques @alfa.ist.utl.pt
Abstract - Active power filters are used to eliminate current
harmonics near nonlinear loads. This paper evaluates four
different methods of determining the compensating current
for a shunt active filter that is working under nonsymmetrical conditions. The methods compared are the
Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory, the Modified
Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory, the Synchronous
Reference Frame Theory and the Modified Synchronous
Reference Frame Theory. The comparison is based on
simulation results. In balanced sinusoidal source voltages, the
difference between the results obtained by the four methods
are of minimum importance. For unbalanced and nonsinusoidal source voltage Conditions, the results obtained by
the methods referenced are quite different. The synchronous
reference frame method had shown the best choice for all
situations studied in this paper.
I. INTRODUCTION
11. ACTIVE POWER FILTER CONTROL METHODS
The majority of power consumption has been drawn by
linear loads. Modern loads typically contain power
electronic devices. The current drawn by these modern
devices is non-sinusoidal and therefore contains
harmonics.
Shunt active filters were proposed as a means of
removing current harmonics. In an active power filter, a
controller determines the harmonics that are to be
eliminated. The output of this controller is the reference of
a three-phase current controlled inverter. Fig. 1 illustrates
the principle of a shunt active filter. The nonlinear load is
connected to the power system and is supplied by the nonsinusoidal current .,i The active power filter is connected
in parallel to the mains, on the point of common coupling
PCC, and supplies the current harmonics needed to
maintain the source current sinusoidal.
Traditionally active power filters are studied under
sinusoidal and symmetrically voltage conditions. This
Power
System
Active
Power
Filter
A. PqMethod
The p q theory [l], also known as the instantaneous
reactive power theory, defines the active and reactive
power as:
Non-Linear
Load
Where x denotes currents or voltages. When there is no
neutral point i,=O, then:
0-7803-4503-7/98/$10.00
1998 IEEE
444
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI. Downloaded on May 28,2010 at 11:18:41 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
pjld]
[y]=[e.-ec
e; -e;
(4)
%-ec][]
e;,-e;.
A=e:+ei
P = Pav
+ Pos
(7)
9 = 4av + 40s
i,*= -(i,
*
+ ih)
so:
Pc = Pos
(8)
4c 4 L
Ps = PLav
4s
=o
(9)
.*
(19)
Where i,ymisp are ideal source currents, and iLa, iLp are the
measured values of the load currents.
B. Modified pq method
The modified pq method is presented in [ 2 ] .The active
power p and reactive power q are defined respectively as:
p = e,i,
+ e$,, + e,i,
(13)
i,
+ ih + ic = 0
(14)
0-7803-4503-7/98/$10.00
1998 IEEE
445
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI. Downloaded on May 28,2010 at 11:18:41 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
pq Method
IL2
-4
e
/ I .
I / I-"
"r"
"r"
2-20
0
- - - ..
_ I _
0.005
0.01
Time
[SI
- -
- 8 -
0.015
0.02
0-7803-4503-7/98/$10.00
1998 IEEE
446
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI. Downloaded on May 28,2010 at 11:18:41 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
pq Method
PCC Voltages
6001
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
Modified pq Method
-600:
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
Time Is]
-25l
0
I
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
T" [s]
Harm. order
18.7
16- .
14. .
12. .
g10. .
m
8-.
6 -.
0
0.005
0.01
Time [SI
0.01 5
0.02
4-
2-
Modified pq Method
5
10
00
Harm. order
Fig. 9. Spectra of the source currents (modified p q method).
0-7803-4503-7/98/$10.00
1998 IEEE
447
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI. Downloaded on May 28,2010 at 11:18:41 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
pq Method
x105
Z2o _ _ _ _ _ _ : . . . . . . ; . . . . . . ; . . . . .
0.005
0.01
Time [SI
0.015
0.02
_ _ _ _ - _ _ - - . _ - -
-2-
- - .
_ I _
~.
_ I . .
. .
. I _ .
.-
- -
-3
0
0.005
0.01
Time [SI
0.015
LL
q-20
0.02
_ _ .. '_
......1..
0-7803-4503-7/98/$10.00
1998 IEEE
_ - - __ _ - - _
8
0.01
Time [SI
0.005
0.015
0.02
- -
3-20
0
- -
_ I _
- - -
~ - - ~ - _ , _-
2-20
- -
- 8 -
- - - .
0.02
0.005
0.01
0.015
Modified Synchronous Reference Frame Method
0.005
0.01
Time [SI
- -
_ a _
- -
0.015
- 0.02
448
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI. Downloaded on May 28,2010 at 11:18:41 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Appendix
Parameters used: R,,=lO Q, Ldc=.OIH, L,=.OOlH, R,=l!2
u,,=220v u@=5
ov
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Part of the costs related with the publication of this
paper was supported by CAUTL,.
VI. REFERENCES
5
Harm. order
10
10
Harm. order
[2] Komatsu,
Y.;Kawabata,
T.
Experimental
Comparison o f pq and Extension pq method for Active
Power Filter European Power Electronics Conference
EPE97 pp2.729-2.734, Trondheim, Norway
14-
-12.
s
2a 10.
86.
4.
200
Harm. order
Harm. order
IV. CONCLUSION
The comparison of four active power filter control
methods was investigated in this paper. It is clear that
under balanced and sinusoidal voltages these four methods
gives similar results. The differences arrive when the
voltage is perturbed by the load, i.e. when there are
harmonics on the load. In this case the methods gives
similar results but the synchronous reference frame method
gives the best results. Under non-sinusoidal and
unbalanced conditions, all methods give different results.
The synchronous reference frame method is the best. It
drives sinusoidal and balanced currents on the source and
is insensitive to voltage perturbations.
The modified reference frame method gives equal peak
currents on the source but its waveform is far from the
sinusoidal waveform.
The modified pq method gives acceptable waveforms in
respect to harmonics but is poor in respect to the voltage
unbalance.
The p q method gives good results in sinusoidal and
balanced voltages but its performance is poor in respect to
voltage unbalance. The source currents resulted are not
sinusoidal but are balanced.
0-7803-4503-7/98/$10.00
1998 IEEE
449
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI. Downloaded on May 28,2010 at 11:18:41 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.