Cell Theory

all living things are composed of cells and that all cells
come from earlier cells

Cells

every cell in your body (and in all Earthly organisms)

are formed by division of a previously living cells
cells are smallest life forms
smallest living thing capable of
possessing all of lifes properties

Cell Categories

Countless cells on Earth fall into two basic categories:

1. Prokaryotic Cells
2. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cells

Types:
Bacteria
Archaea
Prokaryotic cells are older than eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes appeared about 3.5 billion years ago
Eukaryotes appeared about 2.1 billion years ago
Prokaryotic cells are
usually smaller than eukaryotic cells
simpler structure
A prokaryotic cell lacks a nucleus
its DNA coiled into a nucleus-like region is called the
nucleoid, which is not partitioned from the rest of the cell by
membranes

Eukaryotic Cells

Four Types:
1. Protists
2. Plants
3. Fungi
4. Animals
Eukaryotic cells
Only eukaryotic cells have organelles, membraneenclosed structures that perform specific functions
The most important organelle is the nucleus
houses most of a eukaryotic cells DNA
surrounded by a double membrane

Plasma Membrane

Rigid cell wall

protects the cell
helps it maintain its shape

Pili

short projections called pili, which can also attach to

surfaces in Prokaryotes

Flagella

long projections that propel them through their liquid

environment in Prokaryotes

Cytoplasm

region between the nucleus and plasma membrane is

the cytoplasm
the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists of various
organelles suspended in the liquid cytosol

Differences: Animal
Cells to Plant Cells

most organelles are found in both animal and plant

cells. But there are some important differences
only plant cells have chloroplast (where
photosynthesis occurs)
only animal cells have lysosomes
(bubbles of digestive enzymes surrounded by
membranes

Ribosomes

responsible for protein synthesis

in eukaryotic cells, the components of ribosomes are
made in the nucleus and then transported through the pores of
the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm, where ribosomes
begin their work
although structurally identical, some ribosomes are
suspended in cytosol, making proteins that remain within the
fluid of the cell
others are attached to the outside of the nucleus or a n
organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum, making proteins
that are incorporated into membranes or secreted by the cell

Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

one of the main manufacturing facilities in the cell

The ER:
produces enormous variety of molecules
connected to nuclear envelope
composed of interconnected rough and
smooth ER that have different structures and functions
detoxifies cells
Ribosomes=>protein=>muscles
ER=>Toxins=>Liver
has folds
works in partnership with ER
receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical
products of the cell
golgi apparatus consists of stack of membranes
products in ER reach GA in transport
vesicles
shipping side of GA stack is a depot

from which finished products can be carried in transport

vesicles to other organelles or to the plasma
membrane
Nucleus

envelope with 2 membranes

has chromatin fibers on the inside
contains nucleolus

Chromatin Fibers

Made up of DNA and proteins

each fiber is a chromosome

Nucleolus

inside nucleus
produces components for ribosomes

Lysosomes

sacs containing digestive enzymes

aid digestion and recycling in cell

Vacuoles

include contractile vacuoles

expel water from certain fresh-water
protists
only in plant cells

Maintaining Cell
Shape

microtubules are an important part of the cytoskeleton

cytoskeleton is organelle that gives
support and shape to cell

Cilia

short
numerous
move cell with coordinated beating

Flagella

eukaryotic
long
mostly occur singly
propel cell with whip like movements