l90 Complete Agenda

Digital Energy
Multilin
L90 Line Differential Relay
Agenda
AGENDA
Introduction
Product overview
Installation
Percent Current Differential
Lab: setting up 87L
Grouped elements
Control elements
Monitoring & Metering
Introduction
Introduction
Transmission Line Protection Considerations
1) Reliability: has two aspects:
Dependability: the degree of certainty that the relay will operate
correctly.
Security: the relay will not operate incorrectly
2) Speed: Very high power during fault conditions: delays translate into
increased damage: faster protection tends to compromise relay system
security and selectivity.
3) Sensitivity: The minimum operating quantities allows the relay to detect
an abnormal condition. High-impedance ground faults,voltage unbalance
and high source- to- line impedance ratio affect the sensitivity
4) Selectivity: or coordination: ability of the relay system to minimize
outages as a result of a fault by operating as fast as possible within their
primary zone.
5) Simplicity and ergonomics: simple to apply and to obtain maximum
protection for the minimum cost in one box
Terms: Coordination, Unit Protection/None Unit Protection, Primary/Back up
Introduction
Transmission Line Protection Considerations
High voltage transmission lines have extremely high level of fault current and
low impedance characteristics. Over current protection can not be as fast as its
needed.
Solutions:
Current Differential:
Unit Protection
Measure the current phasors at both ends of the line. If you have a line fault
there will be a difference in the current magnitude at each end and/or a change
in current phase angle with respect to applied voltage.
Distance or (Impedance):
None Unit Protection
Impedance known as Distance: The distance relay operates by using both
voltage and current to determine if a fault is in a relays zone of protection. At
time of fault Current increases and voltage decreases which translates into a
change in impedance.
Introduction
Current differential highlights
Communication link
1. 2 relays are required

2. Digital communication channel 64 kbps is
required.
Product overview
L90 Current Differential Relay:

Features
Protection:
Segregated Line current differential (87L)

87L Trip logic
Phase/Neutral/Ground TOCs
Phase/Neutral/Ground IOCs
Negative sequence TOC
Negative sequence IOC
Phase directional OCs
Neutral and negative sequence directional OC
Phase under- and overvoltage
3-zone distance back-up with power swing detect,
load encroachment, POTT and line pickup

Features
Control:
Breaker Failure (phase/neutral amps)
Synchrocheck & Autoreclosure
Direct messaging (8 extra inter-relay DTT bits exchanged)
UR Metering:
Fault Locator
Oscillography
Event Recorder
Data Logger
Phasors / true RMS / active, reactive and apparent power, power
factor
87L Metering:
actual differential current
local and remote phasors
communication channel status

Features
52
79
M onitoring
50DD
50P(2)
3V_0
CLOSE
50_2(2)
51P(2)
51_2(2)
TRIP
50BF(2)
Data From/ To Remote End

(via Dedicated Communications)
87L
21P
67P(2)
68
FlexElement
TM
50N(2)
78
M etering
51N(2)
Transducer
Inputs
67N/ G
21G
59P
27P(2)
50G(2)
51G(2)
59N
59X
27X
25(2)
L90 Line Differential Relay

831706AS.CDR

Line Current Differential
Improved operation of the line current differential (87L)
element:
Dynamic Restraint increasing security without jeopardizing
sensitivity
Line Charging Current Compensation to increase sensitivity
Self-synchronization
Channel Asymmetry Compensation to compensate for
asymmetrical channel delay on multiplexed channels
CT Saturation Detection
Zero sequence current removal for applications on lines with
a tapped transformers with a primary wye neutral grounded.
Relay ID for secure applications on higher order
communication systems.

Line Current Differential
L90 can be applied

on both 2-terminal
and 3-terminal
apllications:
hardware and
firmware are the
same.

Installation
Direct point-to-point Fiber

(up to 100Km)
(64Kbps)
- G.703
- RS422
OR
- G.703
- RS422
Via SONET system telecom multiplexer

(GEs FSC)
(155Mbps)
FSC
(SONET)
FSC
(SONET)
Installation

Installation
CHANNEL COMMUNICATION OPTIONS

Installation
DIRECT FIBER
FIBER - LED & ELED

TRANSMITTERS
The above figure shows the 2-Terminal
configuration for the 7A, 7B, & 7C fiberonly modules.
LASER FIBER MODULES

WARNING: When using a 1300/1550 nm
LASER Interface, attenuators may be
necessary to ensure that you do not exceed
Maximum Optical Input Power (-14 dBm) to
the receiver.

Installation
DIRECT FIBER

Installation
DIRECT FIBER OPTICAL POWER BUDGET

Installation
G.703 CO-DIRECTIONAL INTERFACE
Typical pin interconnection between two G.703 interfaces back-toback.
10

Installation
G.703 INTERFACE
G.703 module dip switches..

Installation
G.703 INTERFACE
Connection to higher order system
G.703 Timing Selection
11

Installation
G.703 INTERFACE
Minimum Remote Loopback Test mode data processing

Installation
G.703 INTERFACE
Dual Loopback Test mode data processing
12

Installation
G.703 INTERFACE
Back to Back: Correct
Internal Timing mode
Loop Timing mode
(S1=Off, S5=On, S6=Off)
(S1=Off, S5=Off, S6=Off)
Back to Back : Will work but not ideal.
Internal Timing mode
Loop Timing mode (factory

default for connections to
higher order system
(S1=Off, S5=On, S6=Off)
(S1=On, S5=Off, S6=Off)

Installation
G.703 INTERFACE
Point to Point using Modems (for example RAD modem):
Octet Timing
Disabled
Rad Modem
Rad Modem
Loop Timing
Loop Timing
mode
mode
Loop Timing
Octet Timing
Disabled
Internal
mode
Only one clock per system

generated by right L90.
13

Installation
G.703 INTERFACE
Connection via multiplexers (higher order system):
Octet Timing
enabled
Multiplexer
Multiplexer
Octet Timing
enabled
Loop Timing
Loop Timing
mode
mode
The multiplexer provides the clock for all relays: again, one clock per
system:

Installation
RS.422 INTERFACE
Typical pin interconnection between two RS422 interfaces
14

Installation
RS.422 INTERFACE
RS422 - Two Channel Applications via

Multiplexers
TIMING CONFIGURATION FOR RS422 2 CHANNEL - 3 TERMINAL APPLICATION

Data Module 1 provides timing to the L90 RS422 interface via the ST(A) and ST(B) outputs. Data
Module 1 also provides timing to Data Module 2 TT(A) and TT(B) inputs via the ST(A) and AT(B)
outputs.
Note: The Data Module Pin Numbers, in the figure above, have been omitted since they may vary
depending on the manufacturer.

Installation
RS422 INTERFACE
Clock and Data Transitions
Tx Clock
Tx Data
15

Installation
MIXED INTERFACES
RS422 & FIBER INTERFACE CONFIGURATION
WARNING: When using a 1300 nm LASER Interface, attenuators may be

necessary to ensure that you do not exceed Maximum Optical Input Power
(-14 dBm) to the receiver.

Installation
IEEE fiber C37.94 INTERFACE
The IEEE C37.94 Standard defines a point to point optical link for
synchronous data between a multiplexer and a teleprotection
device.
Designed to interface with IEEE C37.94 compliant digital multiplexer
and/or an IEEE C37.94 compliant interface converter for use with
L90.
Connected directly to
MUX
Connected to MUX
via converter
16

Installation
IEEE fiber C37.94 INTERFACE
For the Internal Timing Mode, the system clock is generated
internally; therefore, the timing switch selection should be Internal
Timing for Relay 1 and Loop Timed for Relay 2. There must be only
one timing source configured.
For the Looped Timing Mode, the system clock is derived from the
received line signal; therefore, the timing selection should be in
Loop Timing Mode for connections to higher order systems.

Installation
COMMS CHANNEL TESTING
Local Loopback Test Mode

G7X
Transmitted
data blocked
Local relay
G7R
17

Installation
COMMS CHANNEL TESTING
Remote Loopback Test
Received data
echoed back.
G7R
G7X
G7X
G7R
Local relay
Remote
relay

Installation
COMMS CHANNEL ON-LINE DIAGNOSTICS
Current comms status is available

in Actual Values.
History of comms disturbances is logged

into event recorder.
18

Installation
MAJOR COMMS ALARMS
MINOR COMMS ALARMS
1. 87L DIFF CH1/2 FAIL
1. 87L DIFF CH1/2 CRCFAIL
2. 87L DIFF PFLL FAIL
2. 87L DIFF CH1/2 LOSTPKT
3. 87L DIFF CH1/2 ID FAIL
3. 87L DIFF TIME CHANGED

4. 87L DIFF ASYM DETECTED
5. 87L DIFF 1/2 ASYM MAX
87L DIFF BLOCKED
6. 87L DIFF GPS1/2 FAIL

Installation
CHANNEL ID FAIL
1. Each packet carries relay
ID number per channel
2. Each received packet is
compared with ID
programmed L90 Power
System menu.
3. 0 means NO Channel ID
check is required (for
direct fibers).
Protection against:
1.
Inadvertent loopback
2.
Inadvertent connection to a
wrong L90 relay.
19
Percent Current Differential
L90 Current Differential Function

ACTUAL VALUES
SETTING
VAG
To Remote Relays
channel 1 & 2
L90 POWER SYSTEM

XC0 & XC1:
VBG
VCG
Compute Charging
Current
SETTING
DATA FROM
LOCAL END
CURRENT DIFF
SOURCE:
IA
Charging Current
IA 2 @Timestamp
IB
IB @Timestamp
IC
IC @Timestamp
RUN
OR
RUN
Compute
Phasors
& Variance
(Local)
IA
Process
Phasors
IB
Computations IC
IA
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
87L DIFF OP
IB
87L DIFF OP A
IC
87L DIFF OP B
SETTING
L90 POWER SYSTEM
NUM. OF TERMINALS:
87L DIFF OP C
SETTINGS
AND
3 = 1
OR
CURRENT DIFF
PICKUP:
87L DIFF RECVD DTT A
CURRENT DIFF
RESTRAINT 1:
87L DIFF RECVD DTT B
CURRENT DIFF
RESTRAINT 2:
87L DIFF RECVD DTT C
SETTING
AND
L90 POWER SYSTEM

NUM. OF CHANNELS:
OR
2 = 1
SETTING
AND
CURRENT DIFF
TAP 1:
DATA FROM
REMOTE 1
Channel 1 OK=1
OR
87L DIFF CH1 FAIL
AND
Channel 1 ID Fail
IA 2 @Timestamp
Compute
Phasors
& Variance
(Remote 1)
IB 2 @Timestamp
IC2 @Timestamp
DTT PHASE A
AND
DTT PHASE B
AND
DTT PHASE C
AND
Compute
Phasors
& Variance
(Remote 2)
IB 2 @Timestamp
IC @Timestamp
2
AND
AND
IB
IA Restraint
IB Operate
IB Restraint
IC Operate
IC Restraint
87L DIFF CH2 FAIL

87L DIFF CH1 LOSTPKT
IC
OR
87L DIFF CH2 LOSTPKT

87L DIFF CH1 CRCFAIL
>1
RUN
Channel 2 ID Fail
IA 2 @Timestamp
AND
>1
OR
DTT PHASE C
IA Operate
>1
CURRENT DIFF
TAP 2:
AND
DTT PHASE A
IA
SETTING
DATA FROM
REMOTE 2
Channel 2 OK=1
DTT PHASE B
87L DIFF PFLL FAIL
CURRENT DIFF
BREAK PT:
RUN
87L DIFF CH2 CRCFAIL
IA
AND
IB
87L DIFF CH1 ID FAIL
RUN
87L DIFF CH2 ID FAIL
IC
87L BLOCKED
AND
OR
AND
87L DIFF KEY DTT
OR
AND
AND
OR
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AND
STUB BUS OP
AND
SETTING
CURRENT DIFF
DTT:
Enabled=1
AND
To Remote Relays
channel 1 & 2
OR
OR
SETTING
CURRENT DIFF
KEY DTT:
AND
OR
827056A9.CDR
Off
20
Operate Current

Traditional Restraint Method
K2
K1
Restraint Current
Traditional method is STATIC

Compromise between Sensitivity and Security

Dynamic Restraint
Dynamic restraint uses an estimate of a
measurement error to dynamically increase the
restraint
On-line estimation of an error is possible owing to
digital measuring techniques
In digital relaying to measure means to calculate or
to estimate a given signal feature such as magnitude
from the raw samples of the signal waveform
21

Digital Phasor Measurement
The L90 measures the current phasors (magnitude
and phase angle) as follows:
1. digital pre-filtering is applied to remove the
decaying dc component and a great deal of high
frequency distortions
2. the line charging current is estimated and used
to compensate the differential signal
3. full-cycle Fourier algorithm is used to estimate
the magnitude and phase angle of the
fundamental frequency (50 or 60Hz) signal

Sliding Data Window
32 samples for
Transmission
of one phaselet
32 samples for
Transmission of
next phaselet
present
time
windo
w
time
waveform
time
magnitude
22

Sliding Data Window
32 samples for
Transmission
of one phaselet
32 samples for
Transmission of
next phaselet
windo
w
time
present
time
time
waveform
magnitude

Phasor Goodness of Fit
A sum of squared differences between the actual
waveform and an ideal sinusoid over last window is a
measure of a goodness of fit (a measurement error)
window
time
23

Phasor Goodness of Fit
The goodness of fit is an accuracy index for the digital
measurement
The goodness of fit reflects inaccuracy due to:
transients
CT saturation
inrush currents and other signal distortions
electrical noise
The goodness of fit is used by the L90 to alter the
traditional restraint signal (dynamic restraint)

Operate-Restraint Regions
ILOC local current
IREM remote end current
Imaginary (ILOC/IREM)
OPERATE
OPERATE
RESTRAINT
Real (ILOC/IREM)
OPERATE
OPERATE
24

Dynamic Restraint
Dynamic restraint signal =

Traditional restraint signal + Error factor
Imaginary (ILOC/IREM)
OPERATE
Error factor is high

Real (ILOC/IREM)
REST.
Error factor is low

Charge Current Compensation
The L90 calculates the instantaneous values of the
line charging current using the instantaneous values
of the terminal voltage and shunt parameters of the
line
The calculated charging current is subtracted from
the actually measured terminal current
The compensation reduces the spurious differential
current and allows for more sensitive settings
25

Charge Current Compensation
The compensating algorithm:
is accurate over wide range of frequencies
works with shunt reactors installed on the line
works in steady state and during transients
works with both wye- and delta-connected VTs
(for delta VTs the accuracy of compensation is
limited)

Effect of Compensation
Local and remote voltages
Voltage, V
200
150
100
50
Time of
energization
0
-50
Time of out of zone fault
-100
-150
-200
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
time, sec
26

Traditional and compensated differential
currents (waveforms)
Current, A
Actual none compensated

current
0.3
0.25
Theoretical compensated
current
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
Time of
energization
0
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
time, sec

Traditional and compensated differential
currents (magnitudes)
Current, A
0.08
Actual none compensated

current after filtering and
Fourier algorithm
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
Actual compensated current

after filtering and fourier
algorithm
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
time, sec
27

Self-Synchronization
RELAY 1
Forward t0
travel
time
Return
travel
t3
time
RELAY 2
tf
t1 Relay
turn-around
t2 time
ping-pong
tr
t f tr
t3 t0 t2 t1
2

Ping-Pong (example)
Relay 1
Send start bit
Store T1i-3=0
Relay 2
Initial clocks mismatch=1.4ms or 30
Communication path
Send start bit

Store T2i-3=0
0
8.33 ms
Capture T2i-2=2.3
5.1
Capture T1i-2=5.1
2.3
8.33 ms
Send T1i-2=5.1
8.33
8.33
Store T1i-2=5.1
8.33 ms
13.43
Store T2i-2=2.3
Send T2i-2=2.3
10.53
8.33 ms
Send T1i-1=16.66
16.66
16.66
Send T2i-1=16.66
8.33 ms
21.76
Store T2i-1=16.66
Capture T1i=21.76
T1i-3=0
T2i-2=2.3
T2i-1=16.66
T1i=21.76
Store T1i-1=8.33
Capture T2i=18.96
18.96
T2i-3=0
T1i-2=5.1
T1i-1=16.66
T2i=18.96
a1=2.3-0=2.3
b1=21.76-16.66=5.1
1=(2.3-5.1)/2=
= -1.4ms (ahead)
a2=5.1-0=5.1
b2=18.96-16.66=2.3
2=(5.1-2.3)/2=
= +1.4ms (behind)
Speed up
Slow down
30
t1
t2
28

Ping-Pong (example continued)
Relay 1
Relay 2
33.32
Store T1i-3=33.32
33.32
Store T2i-3=33.32
8.52 ms
38.28
Capture T1i-2=38.28
Capture T2i-2=35.62
35.62
8.14 ms
41.55
Send T1i-2=38.28
41.55
Send T2i-2=35.62
8.52 ms
Store T1i-2=38.28
Store T2i-2=35.62
8.14 ms
Send T1i-1=50.00
50.00
8.52 ms
54.03
49.93
Send T2i-1=49.93
53.16
Store T1i-1=50.00
Capture T2i=53.16
Store T2i-1=49.93
Capture T1i=54.03
8.14 ms
T1i-3=33.32
T2i-2=35.62
T2i-1=49.93
T1i=54.03
T2i-3=33.32
T1i-2=38.28
T1i-1=50.00
T2i=53.16
a1=35.62-33.32=2.3
b1=54.03-49.93=4.1
1=(2.3-4.1)/2=
= -0.9ms (ahead)
a2=38.28-33.32=4.96
b2=53.16-50.00=3.16
2=(4.96-3.16)/2=
= +0.9ms (behind)
Speed up
Slow down
0
19.5
30
t1
t2

Digital Flywheel
Virtual Shaft
clock 1
clock 2
If communications is lost, sample clocks continue

to free wheel
Long term accuracy is only a function of the base
crystal stability
29

Peer-to-Peer Operation
Each relay has sufficient information to make an independent
decision
Communication redundancy
L90-2
L90-1
L90-3

Master-Slave Operation
At least one relay has sufficient information to make an
independent decision
The deciding relay(s) sends a transfer-trip command to all other
relays
L90-2
L90-1
L90-3
Data (currents)
Transfer Trip
30

Zero-sequence Current Removal
The L90 protection system could be applied to lines with tapped
transformer(s) even if the latter has its windings connected in a grounded
wye on the line side and the transformer(s) currents are not measured by
the L90 protection system..
L90-1
L90-2
I_0

CT Saturation Detection
Current differential protection is inherently dependent on adequate CT
performance at all terminals of the protected line especially during
external faults. CT saturation, particularly if happens at one terminal of
the line only, introduces a spurious differential current that may cause the
differential protection to misoperate.
31

Breaker-and-a-half
The L90 has
advantages on
systems with breakerand-a-half or ring bus
configurations. In these
applications, each of
the two three-phase
sets of individual
phase currents (one
associated with each
breaker) can be used
as an input to a
breaker failure
element.

Breaker-and-a-half
Benefits:
For restraint forming, maximum of 2 (or more currents is
used). Conventional sum might not provide enough
restraint.
CTs matching is done
internally, different CT
ratios possible
Current are available
individually for BF,
metering etc
32

Breaker-and-a-half
Distributed bus
differential
Up to 4 CTs can be
processed
individually and
summed up with
L90. For application
where buses are
located remotely,
this is beneficial as
CT leads dont allow
applying bus
differential.

Channel asymmetry
ADM-2
ADM-3
RELAY 2
RELAY 1
Rx
Tx
ADM-1
Tx
ADM-4
Rx
On SONET/SDH system, transmit and receive channel

delays can be different. Normally, Tx_delay=Rx_delay.
If one path is broken, it can be re-routed to another
physical fiber, resulting in Tx_delayRx_delay.
33

Channel asymmetry
Difference in transmit-receive paths is causing
incorrect synchronization between relays as pingpong is operating based on assumption that transmitreceive delays are the equal.
That results in apparent differential current,
proportional to the value of the channel asymmetry.
If currents and channel asymmetry are high enough,
relay misoperates.
IDIFF
IA
IB
Half of the channel

asymmetry in
electrical degrees

Channel asymmetry
L90 can cope with channel asymmetry as high as up
to 10 ms using GPS signal.
No additional input is required-GPS clock is
connected to the regular IRIG-B UR input, providing
accurate clock to both events time-stamping and
channel asymmetry compensation algorithm.
ADM-2
ADM-3
GPS clock
GPS clock
Rx
Tx
ADM-1
Tx
RELAY 1
ADM-4
Rx
RELAY 2
34

Channel asymmetry
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
IRIG-B FAILURE
To Remote Relays
Channels 1 and 2
SETTINGS
87L GPS Status Fail
OR
L90 POWER SYSTEM:

BLOCK GPS TIME REF:
Off = 0
REAL TIME CLOCK:
IRIG-B SIGNAL TYPE
None = 0
GPS COMPENSATION
Off = 0
RUN
DATA FROM REM OTE

TERM INAL 1
Use Calculated
Correction, Establish and
Update Memory
87L GPS 2 Status (OK=1)
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
87L DIFF GPS FAIL
SETTINGS
AND
87L Ch 2 Status (OK=1)
Use Memorized
Correction
OR
DATA FROM REM OTE

TERM INAL 21
OR
87L GPS 1 Status (OK=1)
AND
87L Ch 1 Status (OK=1)
OR
L90 POWER SYSTEM:

CHNL ASYM COMP:
L90 POWER SYSTEM:

MAX CHNL ASYMMETRY:
L90 POWER SYSTEM:
ROUND TRIP TIME
CHANGE:
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
87L DIFF GPS 1 FAIL
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
87L DIFF 1 MAX ASYM
ACTUAL VALUES
| Ch1 Assymetry | > MAX
Ch1 Assymtery
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
ACTUAL VALUES
|Ch1 T-Time New Ch1 T-TIME Old| > CHANGE
Ch1 Round Trip Time

FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
87L DIFF GPS 2 FAIL
ACTUAL VALUES
AND
GPS function
87L DIFF 1 TIME CHNG
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
| Ch2 Assymetry | > MAX
87L DIFF 2 MAX ASYM
Ch2 Assymtery
RUN
ACTUAL VALUES
Ch2 Round Trip Time
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
|Ch2 T-Time New Ch2 T-TIME Old| > CHANGE
87L DIFF 2 TIME CHNG

Channel asymmetry
Important consideration is fallback mode if GPS signal is
lost: for example, relay can be programmed to continue
to provide sensitive differential function using memorized
value of last measured channel asymmetry until step
change in the communications path is detected.
35

Channel asymmetry
Asymmetry-disabled
(about 3 ms of
asymmetry present)
Diff. Current
high
Asymmetry-enabled
(about 3 ms of
asymmetry present)
Diff. Current
low

Channel asymmetry
Its beneficial to monitor
differential current to
raise an alarm if it
becomes relatively high.
This can happen due to
asymmetry is present,
problems in CT
secondary. Flexelements
are used for that.
36

Synchronization
RELAY 1
Compute
Frequency
Deviation
f f1
+
+
+
System
Frequency
_
f1
RELAY 2
_
f2
Compute
Frequency
Deviation
f f2
Phase Frequency
Loop Filter
Phase Frequency
Loop Filter
1
+
+
+
(2 1)/2
Ping-Pong
Phase
Deviation
time stamps
Ping-Pong
Phase
Deviation
(2 1)/2
(2 1)/2
GPS
Phase
Deviation
time stamps
GPS
Phase
Deviation
(2 1)/2
GPS
Clock
GPS
Clock
Overall Relays synchronization

diagram

Synchronization
37

Frequency Tracking
1. It is important for current differential to track the
frequency to fit exactly 64 samples within one power
cycle and to provide synchronized sampling at each
L90 relay.
2. L90 starts tracking the frequency if current at any
terminal is above 0.125 pu
3. L90 tracks the frequency from positive- sequence
current from all terminals.
4. If positive-sequence current is below 0.125 pu, all
relays track to nominal frequency, 50 Hz or 60 Hz.
5. Tracking frequency is displayed in Actual
Values\Metering menu.

Benefits
Increased Sensitivity without sacrificing Security:
Fast operation (11.5 cycles)
Lower restraint settings / higher sensitivity
Charging current compensation
Unique precise synchronization with frequency tracking
Channel Asymmetry Compensation
CT saturation detection
Dynamic restraint ensures security during noise, harmonics,
CT saturation or transient conditions
Reduced CT requirements
Direct messaging
Increased redundancy due to master-master configuration
Reliable CRC-32 communication packet protection against
noise
Breaker-and-a half applications
38
Lab: setting up 87L

Lab 1: Setting up 87L
Test Set 1
Test Set 2

Rx
Tx
(64Kbps)
Tx
Rx
39

L90 system is
chosen
Charging current
enabled/disabled
Channel ID
enabled/disabled
Channel ID
enabled/disabled
L90 Power System menu.

87L enabled
Source chosen
Pickup
CT Tap
87L Current Differential menu.
40

Slope 1
Slope 2
DTT
External DTT
87L Current Differential menu.

1000/1
2000/5
Rx
Tx
(64Kbps)
Tx
Rx
L90 can accommodate CT ratios mismatch

up to 5 times even if CTs secondary
nominal current is different.
41

Restraint 2
Current Differential major

settings
Restraint 1
Pickup
Breakpoint
(200% of I nominal)

Lab 1: Setting up 50DD
This portion of logic will not
reset for a continuous
disturbance.
Disturbance Detector-logic
diagram
42

Lab 1: Setting up 50DD
Disturbance Detector-elements menu

Lab 1 Comms Channel Check
Channel Status menuActual

Values\Statis\Channel Tests
43

Lab 1: Faults Simulation
Test Set
87L should
operate at the
current
Rx
Tx
(64Kbps)
Tx
Rx
Test Set
Rx
87L should
NOT operate
Tx
(64Kbps)
Tx
Rx

Lab 1: 87L Characteristics Check
Test Set 2
Test Set 1

Rx
Tx
(64Kbps)
Tx
Rx
Operate /
Restraint
Characteristics
44

Lab 1: 87L Characteristics Check
User 87L settings
Operate current
Restraint current
Relays response
Injected currents

87L Trip element
SETTING
87L TRIP FUNCTION:
Disable=0
Enable=1
SETTING
SETTING
87L TRIP SOURCE:
87L TRIP SEAL-IN PICKUP:
IA
IA > PICKUP
IB
IB > PICKUP
IC
IC > PICKUP
SETTING
87L TRIP SEAL-IN:
Enable=1
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
87L and DTT

are OR-ed
87L DIFF OP A
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR
AND
87L TRIP OP A
OR
87L RECVD DTT A

AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR
AND
87L DIFF OP B
87L TRIP OP B
OR
87L RECVD DTT B

AND
Mode is hosen:
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
1P or 3P
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR
AND
87L DIFF OP C
87L TRIP OP C
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR
OR
87L RECVD DTT C
87L TRIP OP
OR
SETTING
87L TRIP M ODE:
1-Pole=0
3-Pole=1
AND
SETTING
AND
87L TRIP SUPV:
50DD SV
Supervising
element 50DD
AND
OR
OR
50
AND
OR
SETTING
87L TRIP FORCE 3- :
OR
Off=0
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
87L Trip Logic
AND
OR
OPEN POLE OP
45

87L Trip element
SETTING
87L TRIP FUNCTION:
Disable=0
Seal-in outputs if
Enable=1
SETTING
SETTING
87L TRIP SOURCE:
87L TRIP SEAL-IN PICKUP:
IA
IB > PICKUP
IC
IC > PICKUP
Outputs per
phase or 3-phase
desirable
IA > PICKUP
IB
SETTING
87L TRIP SEAL-IN:
Enable=1
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
87L DIFF OP A
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR
AND
87L TRIP OP A
OR
87L RECVD DTT A

AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR
AND
87L DIFF OP B
87L TRIP OP B
OR
87L RECVD DTT B

AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR
AND
87L DIFF OP C
87L TRIP OP C
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR
OR
87L RECVD DTT C
87L TRIP OP
OR
SETTING
Logic to detect
multi-phase
evolving and
sequential faults
87L TRIP M ODE:

1-Pole=0
3-Pole=1
AND
SETTING
Open Pole
forces 3P trip
if another
fault occurs
during open
pole
conditions
AND
87L TRIP SUPV:
50DD SV
AND
OR
OR
50
AND
OR
SETTING
87L TRIP FORCE 3- :
OR
Off=0
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
87L Trip Logic
AND
OR
OPEN POLE OP
Grouped elements
46

Grouped elements

Grouped: Stub bus
Line disconnect
switch 52b contact
IOC trigger
47

Grouped: Stub bus
Stub Bus
zone
Breaker
Line
Breaker
IOC

Grouped: Distance
L90 phase and ground distance is the same as D60 elements.
48

Grouped: Distance
L90 backup distance is complimented by line pickup, power swing

detection, POTT and load encroachment.

Grouped: Breaker Failure
49

3- Pole Breaker Failure

50


51


52

Grouped: Open Pole Detector
Control elements
53

Control Elements
Control elements
available in L90

Control: Synchrocheck
Synchrocheck
Logic
54

Control: Synchrocheck
3-phase
line VT
1-phase
bus VT
Time that the two

voltages remain within
the admissible angle
difference

Control: AutoReclose
AutoReclose sequence
55

SETTING
AR FUNCTION:
Enable=1
Disable=0
D60 Relay Only
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
LINE PICKUP OP
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AR ENABLED
SETTING
AR DISABLED
OR
AR INITIATE
AR BLOCK:
(To page 2, Reset AR TRANSFER TIM ER)
Off = 0
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING
AR RIP
0.5 cycle
AND
SETTING
AR BKR MAN CLOSE:
To: AR FORCE 3P TRIP
AR BLK TIME UPON MAN

CLS :
Off = 0
OR
BKR MANUAL CLOSE:
(Evolving fault)
(From sheet 3)
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AND
SETTING
AR 1-P RIP
LO
AR 1P INIT:
Off = 0
TRIP 1-POLE
AR EXTEND DEAD TIME

1:
AR 1-P DEAD TIM E:
OR
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
D60 Relay Only From Trip Output
SETTING
SETTING
Off = 0
AND
OR
0
SETTING
SETTING
AR 3P INIT:
AR 3-P/1 RIP
Off = 0
SETTING
OR
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR
AR DEAD TIME 1
EXTENSION:
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AND
AR 3-P DEAD TIM E 1:
TRIP AR INIT 3-POLE
OR
AND
OR
SETTING
AR 3P TD INIT:
Off = 0
SETTING
CLOSE (to page 2)
BKR ONE POLE OPEN:
OR
From sheet 3
Off = 0
OR
BKR ONE POLE OPEN
SETTING
BKR 3 POLE OPEN:
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AR 3-P/2 RIP
Off = 0
OR
SETTING
BKR 3 POLE OPEN
OR
AND
RESET
CLOSE BKR1 OR BKR2
From Sheet 2
AR 3-P DEAD TIME 2:
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
0
AND
OR
AR SHOT COUNT>0
SETTING
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AR INCOM PLETE SEQ
BKR FAIL TO RECLS

(from sheet 2)
AR PAUSE
827089AD.CDR
Off = 0
SHOT COUNT = MAX
AND
SETTING
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AR M0DE:
AR LO
AND
1 Pole
SETTING
3 Pole - A
3 Pole -B
AR INCOMPLETE SEQ.
TIMER:
OR
OR
1 & 3 Pole
AND
D60 Relay Only From Phase Selector

FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AND
PHASE SELECT MULTI-P
OR
OR
0
5ms
SETTING
AND
OR
AR MULTI-P FAULT:
RESET (to sheet 2)

Off = 0
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING
AR RESET:
OR
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
OR
AR ZONE 1 EXTENT
AutoReclose
logic
Evolving fault
OR
Off = 0
AR DISABLED
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND

AND
AND
OR
OR
AND
AND
LO
AND
To sheet 3
AND
OR
AND
2ms
LO
OR
AND
AND
OR
OR
AND
S
Latch
OR
R
RESET
LO
AND
LO
AND
2ms
OR
AND
BKR CLOSED (from page 3)
827090A9.CDR
AND
OR
AutoReclose
logic
56

This piece of the AR is
reading status of
breaker(s) and feeds
main AR logic to
proceed action further
accordingly number of
breakers, mode chosen
and sequence chosen.
AutoReclose
logic

AutoReclosure Function
Breaker Function
Breakers are set in
System Setup\
Breakers
AR is set per users

requirements (reads
breakers status
automatically)
LEDs are needed to

know AR ststus
LEDs
57

Control: CT Fail Detector
CT Fail Detector is designed to detect

failures in CT secondary circuitry

Control: VT Fuse Fail
58

Control: POTT
POTT scheme requires 1-bit

comms channel, for example
PLC.

Direct Inputs and Outputs
Line 1
B5
C60 3
Ethernet
Ethernet
B1
B3
Line 2
L90 2
L90 1
Substation 1
B2
B4
Substation
L90 1-2 LAN
59

Default
means state
when
channel is
broken
Direct
Outputs are
assigned with
Flexlogic
operands
This is active
in 3-terminal
only

Channel status
controls either
Direct Input is read
from the received
data or set to
default
60

Example
Local Relay
Remote Relay
Breaker Fail is
assigned to Direct
Output 1-1
Direct Input 1-1 (BF

at remote S/S) is
assigned to a trip
gate.
Monitoring & Metering
61

Metering: 87L

Oscillography: 87L analogs
62
Overall L90 functional diagram
L90 test program is available on GE Multilin web site
63
Thank you.
64

l90 Complete Agenda

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Digital Energy

L90 Line Differential Relay

1. 2 relays are required

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Segregated Line current differential (87L)

L90 Current Differential Relay:

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Data From/ To Remote End

L90 Line Differential Relay

L90 Current Differential Relay:

L90 Current Differential Relay:

L90 can be applied

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Direct point-to-point Fiber

Via SONET system telecom multiplexer

L90 Current Differential Relay:

L90 Current Differential Relay:

FIBER - LED & ELED

LASER FIBER MODULES

L90 Current Differential Relay:

L90 Current Differential Relay:

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Typical pin interconnection between two G.703 interfaces back-toback.

L90 Current Differential Relay:

G.703 module dip switches..

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Connection to higher order system

G.703 Timing Selection

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Minimum Remote Loopback Test mode data processing

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Dual Loopback Test mode data processing

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Back to Back: Correct

Internal Timing mode

Loop Timing mode

(S1=Off, S5=On, S6=Off)

(S1=Off, S5=Off, S6=Off)

Back to Back : Will work but not ideal.

Internal Timing mode

Loop Timing mode (factory

(S1=Off, S5=On, S6=Off)

(S1=On, S5=Off, S6=Off)

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Point to Point using Modems (for example RAD modem):

Only one clock per system

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Connection via multiplexers (higher order system):

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Typical pin interconnection between two RS422 interfaces

L90 Current Differential Relay:

RS422 - Two Channel Applications via

TIMING CONFIGURATION FOR RS422 2 CHANNEL - 3 TERMINAL APPLICATION

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Clock and Data Transitions

L90 Current Differential Relay:

RS422 & FIBER INTERFACE CONFIGURATION

WARNING: When using a 1300 nm LASER Interface, attenuators may be

L90 Current Differential Relay:

L90 Current Differential Relay:

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Local Loopback Test Mode

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Remote Loopback Test