SMART

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ABSTRACT
Our project aims at providing a smart way for physically
challenged people for offering movement without any assistance to the
user, as well as remote control of the chair by an external user, which not
only reduces mechanical effort for operating the wheel chair but also
allows tracking and control of the path of the users movement from a
far distance with the help of different control modules, that includes,
joystick control, voice control, external DTMF control etc.
There are different modules in this device which incorporates with all
kinds of physical disability to provide maximum usability. The user can
simply operate the chair using the joystick module, if incase the person
is a quadriplegic the chair offers voice control, so the user can operate
the chair using voice commands to alter the orientation of the chair
movements as per will, the chair also provides a remote assistance for its
operation using DTMF module, which can be used by calling the phone
integrated with the chair and pressing dial tones on the callers phone.
The movement of the chair can be constantly monitored using a live
video camera application pre-installed in the phone integrated with the
chair to remotely control the chair. There is also the obstacle detecting
module installed on the front and back to abruptly stop the device incase
of a barrier in front or behind the chair so the user can turn around and
take a different route.
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LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE NO.
EXISTING SYSTEM
12
BLOCK DIAGRAM
18
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
20
PCB LAYOUT
22
PCB PRODUCTION
24
POWER SUPPLY
28
ARDUINO UNO
40
HC SERIAL BLUETOOTH
47
HC SR04
48
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DTMF
PCB
IC
BT
OSC
MC
SMART WHEEL CHAIR
DUAL TONE MULTI FREQUENCY

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
BLUETOOTH
OSCILLATOR
MICROCONTROLLER
Page 3
SMART WHEEL CHAIR

The smart chair is a step taken with an intention to make a difference to the lives of people
with restricted mobility. It is the next step in easing mobility for the disable people and allowing
them the freedom to move about on their on free will without any assistance from others as far as
possible. The Smart wheel chair incorporates many modules to make the chair as user-friendly as
possible and also the different modules means that people with any disability can utilize the chair
due to the versatility of this smart chair. Smart systems are devices that incorporate functions of
sensing, actuation and control through their capability of describing and analyzing a situation,
and taking decisions based on the available data in a predictive or adaptive manner, thereby
performing smart actions. This paper is based on a project work which aims at achieving cost
effectiveness in automated wheelchairs by providing the patients with the facility of
incorporating need based individual modules into the chair so as to customize as compared to an
integrated one commonly available in the market. Key words- Accelerometer based activation,
Obstacle Detection, mobile control (DTMF based), Voice Activation, Joystick control, Chin
Control.
1. INTRODUCTION
Quadriplegia is a medical condition characterized by partial or complete paralysis of the four
limbs and torso. Paraplegia is a variant of quadriplegia where only waist downwards is nonfunctional. The smart chair is an improved version and extension of work already carried out
where motion control had been achieved using neck movement, joystick, voice activation and
mobile phones. The earlier work done on the chair used Arduino (Atmega 8) for the sensor inputs
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and to produce control signals. For this work, Atmega 16 an efficient hardware platform has been
used which apparently overcomes the limitations of Atmega 8. Arduino is a tool for making
computers that can sense and control more of the physical world than your desktop computer. It's
an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple microcontroller board, and a
development environment for writing software for the board.
Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of switches or
sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs. Arduino projects
can be stand-alone, or they can communicate with software running on your computer (e.g.
Flash, Processing, MaxMSP.) The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased preassembled;
the open-source IDE can be downloaded for free.
The Arduino programming language is an implementation of Wiring, a similar physical
computing platform, which is based on the Processing multimedia programming environment.
1.1 MOTIVATION
It is our foremost duty to serve the people around us as much as we can. The main motivation
towards this project came by considering the fact that even though in todays modern world
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technology has moved so forward that there is almost nothing that is impossible for us humans to
do, there are still so many people around us who are deprived of even living a normal life
because of their physical disability. The worst part of being physically disabled is probably the
lack of free will in mobility and the need of constant assistance for that. With the help of a wheel
chair that can be controlled in so many ways, even for the very worst conditions in physical
disabilities, the person can himself operate the chair and move about as he likes. Not only the
person mounted on the chair, the various modules allow the chair to be automatically controlled
by a near by person in case of emergency or in case the module used by the rider comes across
some problem. The lesser the assistance required the more the self esteem grows in people like
them, who are challenged and deprived by the nature, though they are disabled physically they
have still all the chance in the world to prove their worth to the society and to the nation and it is
our responsibility to motivate them as much as we can. Smart Wheel chair intends to enhance
their self respect by letting them know they can survive well without any assistance from others,
with the help of technological progression.
I.2
PROBLEM DEFINITION
While the needs of many individuals with disabilities can be satisfied with
traditional manual or powered wheelchairs, a segment of the disabled
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community finds it difficult or impossible to use wheelchairs independently.

This population includes, but is not limited to, individuals with low vision,
visual field reduction, spasticity, tremors, or cognitive deficits. These
individuals often lack independent mobility and rely on a caregiver to push
them in a manual wheelchair. The contemporary wheelchairs requires physical
effort for its movement which has to be taken by either the patient or his helper.
Even though some advanced wheelchairs with joystick movement control is
available, they are of no use for quadriplegia patients . Also in certain cases of
emergency the patient may be alone which makes him completely helpless
since he cant control the wheelchair. In addition, impaired mobility often
results in decreased opportunities to socialize, which leads to social isolation,
anxiety, and depression. For example, 31 percent of persons with major
mobility difficulties reported being frequently depressed or anxious, compared
with only 4 percent of persons without mobility difficulties .
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I.3
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

Smart wheelchairs have been designed that provide navigation assistance
to the user in a number of different ways, such as assuring collision-free
travel, aiding the performance of specific tasks (e.g., passing through
doorways), and autonomously transporting the user between locations.
This project focuses on reducing the physical effort required to operate it
as compared to the effort required in a manual wheel chair. Another
objective of this project is to produce a voice controlled system attached
to the wheel chair so that it provides great assistance to quadriplegia
patients. The project also aims on creating a distant access mechanism to
the wheelchair when the patient is in an emergency and deserted
situation. Another objective of the project is to provide a wheelchair
monitoring system to continuously ensure the safety of the patient.Thus
the goal of this project is to make a person with disability self reliable so
that his active participation in the society can be ensured.
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1.4
LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT
Highly expensive because it contains various electronic modules.

Circuitry is complex. Hence it is difficult to design.
Constant power supply is required for its operation. If dc supply is
provided, size and charging capacity of the battery is of a major
concern.
A network coverage is a must for DTMF system,which cant be
ensured always.
Noise interference can disturb the voice recognition mechanism in
crowded areas.
It has a practical limitation of unavailability of separate path for its
driving in current traffic system.
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2.LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Several studies have shown that both children and adults benefit substantially from
access to a means of independent mobility, including power wheelchairs, manual
wheelchairs, scooters, and walkers. Independent mobility increases vocational and
educational opportunities, reduces dependence on caregivers and family members, and
promotes feelings of self-reliance. For young children, independent mobility serves as
the foundation for much early learning. Non ambulatory children lack access to the
wealth of stimuli afforded self-ambulating children. This lack of exploration and control
often produces a cycle of deprivation and reduced motivation that leads to learned
helplessness.
For adults, independent mobility is an important aspect of self-esteem and plays a
pivotal role in "aging in place." For example, if older people find it increasingly difficult to
walk or wheel themselves to the commode, they may do so less often or they may drink
less fluid to reduce the frequency of urination. If they become unable to walk or wheel
themselves to the commode and help is not routinely available in the home when
needed, a move to a more enabling environment (e.g., assisted living) may be
necessary. Mobility limitations are the leading cause of functional limitations among
adults, with an estimated prevalence of 40 per 1,000 persons age 18 to 44 and 188 per
1,000 at age 85 and older . Mobility difficulties are also strong predictors of activities of
daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL disabilities because of the need to move to
accomplish many of these activities. In addition, impaired mobility often results in
decreased opportunities to socialize, which leads to social isolation, anxiety, and
depression. For example, 31 per cent of persons with major mobility difficulties reported
being frequently depressed or anxious, compared with only 4 per cent of persons
without mobility difficulties.
While the needs of many individuals with disabilities can be satisfied with traditional
manual or powered wheelchairs, a segment of the disabled community finds it difficult or
impossible to use wheelchairs independently. This population includes, but is not limited
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to, individuals with low vision, visual field reduction, spasticity, tremors, or cognitive
deficits. These individuals often lack independent mobility and rely on a caregiver to
push them in a manual wheelchair.
To accommodate this population, several researchers have used technologies
originally developed for mobile robots to create "smart wheelchairs." A smart wheelchair
typically consists of either a standard power wheelchair to which a computer and a
collection of sensors have been added or a mobile robot base to which a seat has been
attached. Smart wheelchairs have been designed that provide navigation assistance to
the user in a number of different ways, such as assuring collision-free travel, aiding the
performance of specific tasks (e.g., passing through doorways), and autonomously
transporting the user between locations.
A recent survey indicated that clinicians have a strong desire for the services that a
smart wheelchair can offer. Significant survey results included.
Clinicians indicated that 9 to 10 percent of patients who receive power
wheelchair training find it extremely difficult or impossible to use the
wheelchair for ADL.
When asked specifically about steering and maneuvering tasks, the
percentage of patients who reported these tasks difficult or impossible
jumped to 40 percent.
Eighty-five percent of responding clinicians reported seeing some number of
patients each year who cannot use a power wheelchair because they lack
the requisite motor skills, strength, or visual acuity. Of these clinicians, 32
percent (27% of all respondents) reported seeing at least as many patients
who cannot use a power wheelchair as who can.
Nearly half of patients unable to control a power wheelchair by conventional
methods would benefit from an automated navigation system according to
the clinicians who treat them.
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Smart wheelchairs have been the subject of research since the early 1980s and have
been developed on four continents.
2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM
A wheelchair is a chair fitted with wheels. The device comes in variations allowing either
manual propulsion by the seated occupant turning the rear wheels by hand, or electric
propulsion by motors. There are often handles behind the seat to allow it to be pushed by
another person. Wheelchairs are used by people for whom walking is difficult or impossible
due to illness, injury, or disability. People who have difficulty sitting and walking often make use
of a wheel bench. An electric-powered wheelchair is a wheelchair that is moved via the means
of an electric motor and navigational controls, usually a small joystick mounted on the armrest,
rather than manual power. If you have enough function to propel a manual wheelchair, it is
probably the best form of mobility. Manual wheelchairs are easy to transport, need fewer
repairs, and provide a form of exercise. However, they are not for everyone; you need to have
the ability to propel. Most people with an injury level below C6 can propel a manual chair and
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some individuals with a C6 level can as well; this will be dependent on your weight, fitness,
strength, level of pain, and the environment in which you need to push.
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2.3 LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING SYSTEM
While the needs of many individuals with disabilities can be satisfied with
traditional manual or powered wheelchairs, a segment of the disabled community
finds it difficult or impossible to use wheelchairs independently. This population
includes, but is not limited to, individuals with low vision, visual field reduction,
spasticity, tremors, or cognitive deficits. These individuals often lack independent
mobility and rely on a caregiver to push them in a manual wheelchair . The
contemporary wheel chairs requires physical effort for its movement which has to
be taken by either the patient or his helper. Even though some advanced
wheelchairs with joystick movement control is available, they are of no use for
quadriplegia patients. Also in certain cases of emergency the patient may be alone
which makes him completely helpless since he cant control the wheelchair. In
addition, impaired mobility often results in decreased opportunities to socialize,
which leads to social isolation, anxiety, and depression.
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2.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

New engineering developments offer opportunities to develop smart wheelchair
assistive technology that can improve the lives of many people who use
wheelchairs. In our work, we are designing tomorrow's intelligent wheelchairs: we
are developing a voice-command able intelligent wheelchair that is aware of its
surroundings so that it can assist its user in a variety of tasks.
The goal of this smart wheelchair project is to enhance an ordinary powered
wheelchair using sensors to perceive the wheelchair's surroundings, a speech
interface to interpret commands, a wireless device for room-level location
determination, and motor-control software to effect the wheelchair's motion.
The following functionalities are accomplished in the Smart Wheel chair:
OBSTACLE DETECTION USING ULTRASONIC SENSOR:

An ultrasonic sensor is mounted on the front and the back of the wheelchair which
continuously measures the distance of the obstacles and updates the user so that the user can take
appropriate control. Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the
echo which is received back by the sensor. The sensors calculate the time interval between
sending the signal and calculate the time interval between sending the signal and receiving the
echo to determine the distance to an object. Corresponding control signals are generated using
ATMEGA 16 on the ARDUINO board. Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transceivers when they
both send and receive, but more generally called transducers) work on a principle similar to radar
or sonar which evaluates attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound
waves respectively. Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the
echo which is received back by the sensor. Sensors calculate the time interval between sending
the signal and receiving the echo to determine the distance to an object. The signal received and
the estimated distance of obstruction is obtained.
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EXTERNAL MOVEMENT CONTROL BY DTMF:

DTMF using DTMF DECODER IC Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF) is used for
telecommunication signaling over analog telephone lines in the voice-frequency band between
telephone handsets and other communications devices and the switching center. The DTMF
system uses eight different frequency signals transmitted in pairs to represent 16 different
numbers, symbols and letters. The DTMF keypad is laid out in a 44 matrix in which each row
represents a low frequency and each column represents a high frequency. Pressing a single key
sends a sinusoidal tone for each of the two frequencies. For example, the key 1 produces a
superimposition of tones of 697 and 1209 hertz (Hz). Initial pushbutton designs employed levers,
so that each button activated two contacts. The tones are decoded by the switching center to
determine the keys pressed by the user.
The external control can be achieved using a DTMF module. The chair can be controlled by
using an outsider staying from somewhere far away; using mobile phones at the two sides, the
receiver and the transmitter side to transmit and receive the DTM frequency and control the
movement of the chair accordingly by the press of the buttons in his mobile phone. In case the
user loses control over the chair, another person monitoring the chair using a live video interface
by the use of an external camera application installed on the phone, can immediately call the
phone integrated on the chair and using the numbers on his dial pad give corresponding signals
to maneuver the chair
MOVEMENT CONTROL WITH JOYSTICK:

This module simply allows the user to press the push switches to control the movement of the
chair as required. The four switches corresponds to front, back, left and right thus the user can
effectively control the direction of the chairs movements. It is quite effective and precise, plus
the simplicity of the switches makes it easier for any user to be able to use this module for
controlling the chair. Paraplegics can use this method of control by using their hands. This
control is accurate and precise. The joystick is connected to the Arduino through USB cable,
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which addresses the joystick and looks for interrupts. Any variation in the input from the joystick
triggers a corresponding configured-output in the Arduino.
MOVEMENT CONTROL BY VOICE:

Since the joystick control cannot be used by Quadriplegics, this module is to control the chair
by the help of voice. The user can utilize the Bluetooth module integrated in the chair and
connect to it using the inbuilt Bluetooth module in his own phone and speak into the microphone
to give directions to the chair on how to move, for our project we have chosen four commands to
operate the movement of the chair, the voice pattern for each of the commands is recognized by
the app AMR voice and converted to digital signals, which is analyzed by the ATMEGA to send
appropriate command signals to control the movement of the chair . It sends the recorded voice to
Google speech to text converter over the internet. When the program receives the text version of
speech, direction of the chair is controlled accordingly. Program is configured only for Forward,
Reverse, Left and Right. It can also be configured according to user's requirement.
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3. DESIGN
3.1 INTRODUCTION
A smart wheelchair can restore autonomy to patients with sensori-motor disabilities by
enabling them to move around freely without depending on the care givers. The objective of a
smart wheelchair is to reduce user effort in controlling the wheelchair and to ensure safety during
movement. In this project, our focus is to design and develop a smart wheelchair using
inexpensive hardware and open-source software so as to make it affordable to a larger section of
the target population, particularly in developing nations. The user can control the wheelchair
using three interfaces namely, joystick, mobile camera and an android phone. Microphone is
used for controlling the wheelchair through discrete voice commands. The mobile phone which
is to be used as the receiver for the DTMF module is connected to the module itself using a 3.5
mm headphone jack which is then connected to the Arduino board. There are two ultrasonic
sensors to detect barriers at the path of movement of the chair, this allows the chair to
automatically stop in case the chair encounters an obstacle, so the user can turn the device to
some other direction and continue moving, both the sensors are again connected to the Arduino.
The Bluetooth module is also connected to the Arduino, the echo pin and the trigger pin provide
the necessary input signals. Finally the joystick module is also given as an input interface to the
Arduino, there are four inputs which can be controlled by pushing switches on the joystick. The
wheelchair can be operated in three modes namely, manual, automatic and tele-operation modes.
The software and hardware architecture of the platform is described in detail and experiments are
performed to demonstrate the usability of the platform.
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3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

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The above block diagram shows the interfacing of different modules with the Arduino
UNO board. From the top left corner, the mobile phone which is to be used as the receiver for the
DTMF module is connected to the module itself using a 3.5 mm headphone jack which is then
connected to the Arduino board. There are two ultrasonic sensors to detect barriers at the path of
movement of the chair, this allows the chair to automatically stop in case the chair encounters an
obstacle, so the user can turn the device to some other direction and continue moving, both the
sensors are again connected to the Arduino. The Bluetooth module is also connected to the
Arduino, the echo pin and the trigger pin provide the necessary input signals. Finally the joystick
module is also given as an input interface to the Arduino, there are four inputs which can be
controlled by pushing switches on the joystick.
The input into the Arduino is used to provide a binary coded output to the motor IC which in turn
uses these codes to rotate the wheels by rotating the motors driven by the IC itself. The motor IC
causes differentiation in the movement of the motors according to the input received from the
Arduino, corresponding to the feed from the modules used, and hence the movement of the chair
is controlled.
If both the motors rotate with the same speed in the forward direction the chair will also move
forward, and incase the motors are rotated with the same speed at the backward direction then
the chair will also move backwards. However, if one of the motors rotate, while the other stays
stationary the chair will rotate towards the direction of that particular motor, i.e. if the right hand
side motor rotates while the left hand motor stays still, the chair will rotate towards right and the
similar case for the left movement.
3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
The circuit diagram shows a DTMF decoder IC MT8870 interfaced with the ARDUINO UNO
board, the decoder IC circuit is particularly designed for the frequency of the dual tones in the
dial pad of the phone used in the smart wheel chair, here resistances of 100K ,330K and
capacitances of 0.1 microfarad are used, whereas the oscillator used is of 3.57 MHZ crystal
oscillator. The output is taken from the pins 11, 12, 13, 14 and give to the pins 2, 3 4, 5 of the
microcontroller respectively. The headphone jack used in the decoder IC has two terminals the
TIP and the RING , the RING is grounded along with the pins 6,5 and 9 where as the input from
the TIP is differentiated and provide as a trigger to drive the IC.
The ultrasonic sensor used is HC SR04 whose echo pin and trigger pin is given as inputs to pin 9,
A4 and from the next sensor to the pins 7, A5 of the microcontroller. From the joystick, which is
merely a series of switches is given as inputs to the pins A0, A1, A2, A3 of the microcontroller.
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The output from the microcontroller is taken from the pins 6, 8 12, 13 and given to the motor IC
L293D to the pins 2, 7, 10, 15 and the output is taken from the driver ICs pins no. 3, 6 , 11 and
14, all the ICs require a 5 volt supply, except for the Bluetooth module IC which requires a 3V
supply which is given by using a regulator IC to convert the variable power supply to the
required amount of voltage and the Arduino which requires a 9 volt supply.
4. IMPLEMENTATION &RESULTS
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4.1 PCB DESIGN:
PCB FABRICATION TECHNIQUE

Printed Circuit board (PCB) is a piece of art. The performance of an electronic circuit
depend on the layout and design of PCB. A PCB mechanically support and connect components
by conductive path ways , etched from copper sheets laminated onto insulated substrate . PCBs
are used to route electrical currents and signals through proper tracks which are firmly bounded
to an insulating base.
PCB fabrication involves the following steps: Drawing the layout of the PCB in a paper. The track layout of the electronic circuit
should be made in such a manner that the paths are in easy routes. It is then transferred to
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a Mylar sheet .The sheet is then touched with Black ink.
The solder side of the Mylar sheet is placed on the shiny side of the five star sheet and is
placed in a frame. Then it is exposed to sunlight with Mylar sheet facing the sunlight.
The exposed five star sheets are put in hydrogen peroxide solution, then it is put in hot
water and shook until exposed regions becomes transparent.
This is put in cold water and then the rough side is struck on the silk screen. This is then
pressed and dried well.
The plastic sheet of the five star sheet is removed leaving the pattern on the screen.
A copper clad sheet is cut to the size and cleaned .this is placed under the screen.
Acid resistant ink is spread on the screen so that a pattern of track and a pad is obtained
on the copper clad sheet .it is then dried.
The dried sheet is then etched using ferric chloride solution till all the unwanted copper is
etched away .swish the board to keep the etched fluid moving .Lift the PCB and check
whether all the unwanted copper is removed .Etching is done by immersing the marked
copper clad in ferric chloride solution . after that the Etched sheet is dried.
The unwanted resistant ink is removed using the sodium hydroxide solution . Holes are
then drilled.
Necessary connections are made by soldering the components on to the board and wiring
them as required.
STEPS IN PCB DESIGN AND FABRICATION
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4.2 SOLDERING
Soldering is the joining together of two metals to give physical bonding and good
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electrical conductivity. It is used primarily in electrical and electronic circuitry. Solder is the
combination of metal, which are solid at the normal temperature and become liquid between
180`C and 200`C. solder bonds well to various metals and extremely well to coppers. Soldering
is the primary way how electronic components are connected to circuit boards, wires and
sometimes directly to other components.
To solder you need a soldering iron, A Modern basic electrical soldering iron consist of a heating
element, a soldering bit (often called the tip), a handle and power cord .The heating element can
be either a resistance wire wound around a ceramic tube or a thick film resistance element
printed on a ceramic base .the element is then insulated and placed into a metal tube for strength
and protection .this is then thermally insulated from the handle. the heating element of soldering
iron usually reaches temperatures of around 370`C to 400`C(higher than that needed to melt the
solder).the soldering bit is specially shaped piece of copper ,plated with chrome or iron .The tip
planting makes it very resistant to aggressive solders and fluxes.
Today , most laboratories and repair shops uses soldering irons, which operate at 24V .gas
powered soldering irons use butane rather than the mains electrical supply to operate .they have a
catalytic element which ,ones warmed up ,continues to glow hot when gas passes over them .
Gas powered soldering irons are designed for occasional on the spot used for quick repairs,
rather than for main stream construction or assembly work.
Currently the best commonly available, workable and safe solder alloy is 63/37.that is 63% lead,
37% tin .it is known as eutectic solder .The metals involved are not the only things to consider in
a solder.
Flux is vital to a good solder joint .Flux is an aggressive chemical that remove oxides and
impurities from the part to be soldered .the chemical reactions at the point of connections must
take place for the metal to fuse .RMA-type flux(Rosin Mildly Active) is the least corrosive of the
readily available materials ,and provides and adequate oxide removal.
In electronics, a 60/40 fluxed core solder is used. This consists of 60%lead and 40%tin,with flux
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cores added through the length of the solder .the soldering iron will last longer with proper
care .before and during use wipe the bit on the damp sponge .When using a new bit ,apply solder
to as it heats up. Always keep a hot iron in a bench stand, or suspended by the hook, when not in
use. Turn off the iron when you dont use it. Periodically remove the bit and clear away any
oxide build up. Regularly check the mains leads for burns or other damage (change mains lead if
necessary).
4.3 ERGONOMICS AND AESTHETICS IN DESIGN

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Traditionally, design has been considered to compromise of three main elements:
ergonomics, aesthetics and technology .Designers need knowledge of all these elements. In this
course, consideration is given to the appreciation and development of skills in ergonomics,
aesthetics and representation of design form. Ergonomics (sometimes called human factor) is the
scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interaction between human and other
elements of a system, and the application to the everyday industrial design, and there are
significant implications for productivity, efficiency, safety and health .ergonomics is a
multidisciplinary activity. It requires considerations consideration and involvement with other
professionals such as design engineers, production engineers, industrial designers, computer
specialists, industrial physicians, health and safety practitioners, and specialists in human
resources. The overall aim is to ensure that the knowledge of human characteristics is considered
in practical problems of people at work and leisure. Ergonomics deals with the interaction of
technological and work situation with the human being. The basic human sciences involved are
anatomy, physiology, and psychology .physical ergonomics is concerned with human anatomical,
anthropometric, psychological and biomechanical characteristics as they are related to physical
activity .cognitive ergonomics is concerned with mental processes such as perception, memory
reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions between human and other elements of
the system. Organizational ergonomics is organizational structures, policies and processes.
The term aesthetics concerns our senses and our responses to an object. If something is
aesthetically pleasing to you, it is pleasurable and you like it. If it is aesthetically displeasing to
you, it is undesirable if you dont like it. An appreciation of pleasure in product use is of primary
importance to both consumer and design industry alike .consumers demand functionally, except
usability and a seeking product that elicit other feeling such as pleasure or strike an emotional
chord .This is embodied in the aesthetics of the products .the way it looks the feel of the material
the tactile response of controls or more abstract feelings such as reflected status that gives
pleasure. Aesthetics involves all your sense visions, hearing, touch and smell and your emotions.
4.4 POWER SUPPLY
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The entire circuit is powered up by a power supply circuit, which is

shown above. The circuit comprises following components,
1. Step-down transformer of 9V/500mA
2. Bridge rectifier IC
3. A Positive 5 V regulator IC
4. A Positive 3 V regulator IC
5. Filter capacitors and resistors
The AC supply of 220V is step-downed to 9V by the step-down transformer. And the 9v is now
given to bridge rectifier to convert the AC source to DC source. The bridge rectifier IC consists
of four diodes, which two of them comprises forward bias and other two of them reverse bias
during the positive half cycle of AC voltage. And vice versa during the negative half cycle of the
AC source. After rectification, the 9v DC is given to regulator IC 7805. The positive voltage
regulator IC 7805, provides a constant 5v DC to the load. Since the output may be pulsated DC,
the filters circuit filters the AC components present in the output to provide a pure DC.
4.5 MECHANICAL SPECIFICATION

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The model we have used has been made out of plain wood board in a
chair shaped design and painted white for simplicity, with a total height of 37 cm, a breadth of 18
cm and length of 25 cm. For maximum comfort the top part of the chair rest has been inclined at
an angle. The bottom part of the chair has a built in compartment to fit in all the circuit
components just underneath the chair. Slots have been cut at either side at the bottom half to
allow wheel to come out for rolling. The wheel we have used for the model is a standard
miniature robotic wheel with parallel grid as treads, which is rotated using two individual DC
motors each of 150 rpm both driven using the driver IC L293D. Underneath the chair a support
chassis has been used to screw the wheels and place the motors on them, it also acts as the
bottom support underneath the chair. On the front of the chassis one small castor wheel has also
been attached to make the movement of the chair easier specially when turning and rotating, it
provides support and mobility to the chair but is not controlled by the IC since it is only a
supporting wheel, We have used plastic boxes to fit our circuit components and also placed the
PCB board on top of it, right underneath the chairs seat.
The joystick is a series of push switches that it placed on the handle of the chair for easy access,
the headphone jack for the DTMF module also protrudes out from underneath so the phone can
be connected to the jack wherever the user may find it convenient. The Bluetooth modules for
the voice control has been attached to the front side for better reception and finally the Ultrasonic
range finders are placed at the front and back of the chair at a suitable height to allow the barriers
to be easily detected.
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5.TESTING
All the components are tested and verified for proper functioning. The ICs required in the circuit
are specifically tested using IC tester.
The components are arranged in accordance to the circuit on to a bread board. The voltage at
various points were measured using multimeter. The output was verified.
The mechanical frame work was built and tested for the specific functions. The ease of
movement of tyres in all directions was adjusted.
The PCB layout of the circuit is made and the components are then assembled onto the PCB and
the circuit is then attached to the mechanical body. Supply is then given to it. Now each module
was tested separately and accurate rotation of the tyres were ensured. Using serial monitor,
readings of Arduino was caliberated according to the angle of rotation. It was also verified that
the delay time given met the requirement.
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6.CONCLUSION
In conclusion we can write that, in order to increase the self-esteem of physically disabled
people, the smart wheel chair provides a genius and effective way by allowing self-movement
without the assistance or guidance by any external person because the chair is smart enough to
do so. The chair with its different modules allows people with severe cases of handicap to be
able to move about freely. With additional advancements and integrations in the device, the chair
can be a revolutionary design for unfortunate people and provide them with a boost in their spirit
by not letting them consider themselves as a burden to society and their friends and family.
Because the chair can be controlled in so many ways there is very less chance of failure and also
because the fact that even if the modules may get out of order, mechanically the chair can still be
used as a wheel chair.
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FUTURE SCOPE FOR THE PRODUCT:
The Smart wheel chair is an ingenius invention to enhance the mobility of the people
who are physically challenged and cannot live a normal life due to their disability, although the
device contains three specific modules for movement control, we can further develop other
integrations to make the quality and usability of the chair more efficient and desirable, Using
modules such as given below
ACCELEROMETER
SLOPE DETECTION
CHIN CONTROL
GPRS CONNECTIVITY
LOCATION ACCESS
PROVIDING EMERGERNCY ALERT BUTTONS
We can increase the effective use of the device, like using

accelerometers to use the movement of body parts to control the chair in case the user doesnt
have functional vocal chords, or is unable to use other parts of his body to control the chair. A
slope detection module can help overcome the problem of having to move to higher ground
without any difficulties. Similarly, using the motion of the chin the chair can be given commands
to move in a particular direction in case the user can only move his/her neck. Using
advancements like GPRS technology integrated with GPS and emergency alert systems , this
chair can even be a life saver when the user is in a sever condition and assistance is nowhere
around. Hence we can safely say that the Smart wheel chair has better days to see, more
advancements to be integrated and more people to be serve.
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7.REFERENCES
TEXTBOOKS:
S.A.
Chhabria
and
R.V.
Dharaskar
Multimodal
Interface
for
Disabled
Persons,international Journal of Computer Science and Communication-January-June
2011,
R.C. Simpson, Smart Wheelchairs: A Literature Review, J. Rehabil. Res. Develop., 42,
pp. 423-436, 2005.

J.Z. Yi, Y.K. Tan, Z.R. Ang, Microcontroller Based Voice-Activated Powered Wheelchair
Control ACM 2007 ISBN: 978-1-59593-852-7.

L. Fehr, W. Edwin Langbein, and S.B. Skaar, Adequacy of Power Wheelchair Control
Interfaces for Persons with Severe Disabilities: A Clinical Survey, J. Rehabil. Res.
Develop, 37 (3), pp. 353-360, 2000.

Yasunari Obuchi, Multiple-Microphone Robust Speech Recognition Using DecoderBased Channel Selection, Advanced Research Laboratory, Japan, 2004
URL ADDRESS:
http://Iraj.in/up-proc/pdf/69-139876718847-51.pdf
http://www.national.com ( National Semiconductor Corporation)
http://www.ti.com
(Texas Instruments)
http://www.arduino.cc
http://www.engineersgarage.com
http://www.cplusplus.com
http://www.datasheetcatalog.com
APPENDIX
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PROGRAM CODE
The code we used to program the Arduino is given below:
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#define ECHOPIN0 A5
// Pin to receive echo pulse
#define TRIGPIN0 7
#define ECHOPIN1 A4
#define TRIGPIN1 9
float Distance0 () {
digitalWrite(TRIGPIN0, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(TRIGPIN0, HIGH);
digitalWrite(TRIGPIN0,LOW);
// Distance Calculation
float distance0 = pulseIn(ECHOPIN0, HIGH);
distance0= distance0/58;
return(distance0);
}
float Distance1 ()
{
digitalWrite(TRIGPIN1, HIGH);
// Distance Calculation
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float distance1 = pulseIn(ECHOPIN1, HIGH);
distance1= distance1/58;
return(distance1);
}
void leftgo()
{
digitalWrite(12,HIGH);
digitalWrite(13,LOW);
delay(200);
}
void rightgo()
{
delay(200);
}
void frontgo()
{
}
void backgo()
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{
}
void stopmtr()
{
}
SoftwareSerial BT(11, 10); //TX, RX respetively
String voice;
int a = 0;
void setup() {
pinMode(ECHOPIN1, INPUT);
pinMode(ECHOPIN0, INPUT);
pinMode(TRIGPIN1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(TRIGPIN0, OUTPUT);
pinMode(13, OUTPUT) ;
pinMode(12, OUTPUT);
pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
pinMode(8, OUTPUT);
pinMode(2, INPUT);
pinMode(3, INPUT);
pinMode(4, INPUT);
pinMode(5, INPUT);
BT.begin(9600);
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Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
int left1 = analogRead(A0);
float left = left1*((5.0)/1023.0);
int right1 = analogRead(A1);
float right = right1*((5.0)/1023.0);
int front1 = analogRead(A2);
float front = front1*((5.0)/1023.0);
int back1 = analogRead(A3);
float back = back1*((5.0)/1023.0);
Serial.println(Distance0());
Serial.println(Distance1());
delay(100);
if(Distance1()<30.00)
{ digitalWrite(13,LOW);
}
if(Distance0()<30.00)
{ digitalWrite(12,LOW);
}
if (left > 4)
{leftgo();}
if (right > 4)
{rightgo();}
if (front > 4)
{if(Distance0()>30.00)
{ frontgo();
delay(1000);
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digitalWrite(6,LOW);}
}
if (back > 4)
{ backgo();
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(8,LOW);}
}
while (BT.available()){ //Check if there is an available byte to read
delay(10); //Delay added to make thing stable
char c = BT.read(); //Conduct a serial read
if (c == '#') {break;} //Exit the loop when the # is detected after the word
voice += c; //Shorthand for voice = voice + c
}
if (voice.length() > 0) {
Serial.println(voice);
if(voice == "*go")
{frontgo();}
}
if(voice == "*back")
{backgo();}
}
if(voice == "*right")
{ rightgo();
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}
if(voice == "*left")
{leftgo();
}
if(voice=="*stop")
{stopmtr();
}
voice="";}
a= 0;
if(digitalRead(2))
a=a+1;
if(digitalRead(3))
a=a+2;
if(digitalRead(4))
a=a+4;
if(digitalRead(5))
a=a+8;
Serial.println(a);
if (a==2)
{frontgo();}}
if (a==3)
{rightgo();}
if (a==4)
{leftgo();}
if (a==5)
{ backgo();}}
if (a==6)
{stopmtr();}
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DATASHEET OF COMPONENTS:
ARDUINO UNO:
OVERVIEW:
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller
board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used
as
PWM
outputs),
analog
inputs,
16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a

power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains
everything
needed
to
support
the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer

with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC
adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver
chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a
USB-to-serial
converter.
Revision 2 of the Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier
to
put
into DFU
mode.
Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:
1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new
pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage
provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible with both the board that uses the
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AVR, which operates with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operates with 3.3V. The second one
is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes.
Stronger RESET circuit.
Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno
and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest
in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a
comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.
Summary
Microcontroller
Operating Voltage
Input Voltage (recommended)
Input Voltage (limits)
Digital I/O Pins
Analog Input Pins
DC Current per I/O Pin
DC Current for 3.3V Pin
Flash Memory
SRAM
EEPROM
Clock Speed
Length
Width
Weight
ATmega328
5V
7-12V
6-20V
14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
6
40 mA
50 mA
32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
2 KB (ATmega328)
1 KB (ATmega328)
16 MHz
68.6 mm
53.4 mm
25 g
Schematic & Reference Design

EAGLE files: arduino-uno-Rev3-reference-design.zip (NOTE: works with Eagle 6.0 and newer)
Schematic: arduino-uno-Rev3-schematic.pdf
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Note: The Arduino reference design can use an Atmega8, 168, or 328, Current models use
an ATmega328, but an Atmega8 is shown in the schematic for reference. The pin configuration is
identical on all three processors.
Power
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The
power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery.
The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power
jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER
connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,
however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using
more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended
range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply
voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the
VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator,
and can damage your board. We don't advise it.
3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50
mA.
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GND. Ground pins.
IOREF. This pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select
the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs for working with the
5V or 3.3V.
Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM
and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).
Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), anddigitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin
can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected
by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication
using the SPI library.
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LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution
(i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible
to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.
Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.
See also the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The mapping for the
Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical.
Communication
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USBto-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0
and 1).
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A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI
communication, use the SPI library.
Programming
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board).
For details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to
upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates
using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (InCircuit Serial Programming) header using Arduino ISP or similar; see these instructions for
details.
The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available .
The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by:
On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of
Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to
ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and
Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer
(overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.
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Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino
Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer.
One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of theATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset
line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the
reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow
you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This
means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be wellcoordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac
OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the
following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is programmed to
ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first
few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board
receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with
which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.
The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the
trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to
disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum
thread for details.
USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from
shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse
provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse
will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.
Physical Characteristics
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The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with
the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes
allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7
and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.
HC SERIAL BLUETOOTH:
HC serial Bluetooth products consist of Bluetooth serial interface module and Bluetooth
adapter, such as: (1) Bluetooth serial interface module: Industrial level: HC-03, HC-04(HC-04M, HC-04-S) Civil level: HC-05, HC-06(HC-06-M, HC-06-S) HC-05-D, HC-06-D (with
baseboard, for test and evaluation) (2) Bluetooth adapter: HC-M4 HC-M6 This document mainly
introduces Bluetooth serial module. Bluetooth serial module is used for converting serial port to
Bluetooth. These modules have two modes: master and slaver device. The device named after
even number is defined to be master or slaver when out of factory and cant be changed to the
other mode. But for the device named after odd number, users can set the work mode (master or
slaver) of the device by AT commands. HC-04 specifically includes: Master device: HC-04-M,
M=master Slave device: HC-04-S, S=slaver The default situation of HC-04 is slave mode. If you
need master mode, please state it clearly or place an order for HC-O4-M directly.The naming
rule of HC-06 is same. When HC-03 and HC-05 are out of factory, one part of parameters are set
for activating the device. The work mode is not set, since user can set the mode of HC-03, HC-05
as they want. The main function of Bluetooth serial module is replacing the serial port line, such
as: 1. There are two MCUs want to communicate with each other. One connects to Bluetooth
master device while the other one connects to slave device. Their connection can be built once
the pair is made. This Bluetooth connection is equivalently liked to a serial port line connection
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including RXD, TXD signals. And they can use the Bluetooth serial module to communicate
with each other. 2. When MCU has Bluetooth salve module, it can communicate with Bluetooth
adapter of computers and smart phones. Then there is a virtual communicable serial port line
between MCU and computer or smart phone. 3. The Bluetooth devices in the market mostly are
salve devices, such as Bluetooth printer, Bluetooth
GPS. So, we can use master module to make pair
and communicate with them. Bluetooth Serial
modules operation doesnt need drive, and can
communicate with the other Bluetooth device who
has the serial. But communication between two
Bluetooth modules requires at least two conditions:
(1) The communication must be between master
and slave. (2) The password must be correct.
However, the two conditions are not sufficient conditions. There are also some other conditions
basing on different device model. Detailed information is provided in the following chapters. In
the following chapters, we will repeatedly refer to Linvors (Formerly known as Guangzhou HC
Information Technology Co., Ltd.) material and photos.
HC-SR04 ULTRASONIC RANGE FINDER:

Description:
The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses sonar signals to determine distance to an object.
It offers excellent range accuracy and stable readings in an easy-to-use package. Its operation is
not affected by sunlight or black material. However, acoustically soft materials like cloth can be
difficult to detect. A short ultrasonic pulse is transmitted at the time 0, reflected by an object. The
sensor receives this signal and converts it to an electric signal. The next pulse can be transmitted
when the echo is faded away. This time period is called cycle period. The recommended cycle
period
should
not
be
less than 50ms. If a 10s width trigger pulse is sent to the signal pin, the Ultrasonic module will
output eight 40kHz ultrasonic signal and detect the echo back. The measured distance is
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proportional to the echo pulse width and can be calculated by the formula above. If no obstacle is
detected, the output pin will give a 38ms high level signal.
HC-SR04 Specifications
Working Voltage: DC 5V
Working Current: 15mA
Working Frequency: 40Hz
Max Range: 4m
Min Range: 2cm
Measuring Angle: 15 degree
Trigger Input Signal: 10S TTL pulse
Echo Output Signal Input TTL lever signal and the range in proportion
Dimension
45 * 20 * 15mm
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APPLICATIONS USED:
AMR_VOICE APPLICATION:
Android Meets Robots: Voice Recognition
Uses android mobiles internal voice recognition to pass voice commands to your robot
Pairs with Bluetooth Serial Modules and sends in the recognized voice as a string
for example if you say Hello the android phone will return a sting *Hello# to your
Bluetooth module *and # indicate the start and stop bits

Can Be used with any micro controller which can handle strings
Examples Platforms : Arduino , ARM , PICAXE , MSP430 , 8051 based and many other
processors and controllers
IP WEBCAM:
IP Webcam turns your phone into a network camera with multiple viewing options. View
your camera on any platform with VLC player or web browser. Stream video inside WiFi
network without internet access.
Optional Ivideon cloud streaming is supported for instant global access.
Two-way audio supported in tiny Cam Monitor on another android device.
Use IP Webcam with third-party MJPG software, including video surveillance software, security
monitors and most audio players.
Features include:
Several web renderers to choose from: Flash, Javascript or built-in
Video recording in WebM, MOV or MPEG4 (on Android 4.1+)
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Audio streaming in wav, opus and AAC (AAC requires Android 4.1+)
Motion detection with sound trigger, Tasker integration.
Date, time and battery level video overlay.
Sensor data acquisition with online web graphing.
Videochat support (video stream only for Windows and Linux via an universal MJPEG video
streaming driver)
Cloud push notifications on motion and sound, cloud recording for motion-triggered records,
powered by Ivideon.
Lite version is supported with unobtrusive ads. It's fully functional, but lacks Tasker integration,
customizable user interface (only editor is present) and has a watermark over recorded vide
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TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

SMART WHEEL CHAIR

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

SMART WHEEL CHAIR

DUAL TONE MULTI FREQUENCY

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

SMART WHEEL CHAIR

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

community finds it difficult or impossible to use wheelchairs independently.

SMART WHEEL CHAIR

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

SMART WHEEL CHAIR

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

Highly expensive because it contains various electronic modules.

SMART WHEEL CHAIR

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

SMART WHEEL CHAIR

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM

SMART WHEEL CHAIR

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

SMART WHEEL CHAIR

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

2.3 LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING SYSTEM

SMART WHEEL CHAIR

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

2.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

OBSTACLE DETECTION USING ULTRASONIC SENSOR:

SMART WHEEL CHAIR

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

EXTERNAL MOVEMENT CONTROL BY DTMF:

MOVEMENT CONTROL WITH JOYSTICK:

SMART WHEEL CHAIR

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MOVEMENT CONTROL BY VOICE:

SMART WHEEL CHAIR

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

SMART WHEEL CHAIR

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

SMART WHEEL CHAIR

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

4.1 PCB DESIGN:

PCB FABRICATION TECHNIQUE

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

STEPS IN PCB DESIGN AND FABRICATION

SMART WHEEL CHAIR

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING