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MICROSTRUCTURES
MECHANISMS
AND
LECTURE PLAN
1) INTRODUCTION
2) DIFFUSIVE MASS TRANSFER
3) CRYSTAL PLASTICITY
4) FRICTIONAL SLIDING, FRACTURE PROCESSES AND
CATACLASIS
Recoverable ~ no microstructures
Peak stress and strain
Ascending stress/strain
Strain
1) INTRODUCTION
In this Lecture, the mechanisms which allow rocks to change
shape during deformation are described.
There are 2 fundamental categories of deformation:-
Stress
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Descending stress/strain
Ascending stress/strain
Strain
Stress
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Course Homepage
Lecture
Contact Staff
9 10
Practical 1 2 3 4 5 6 71 8 9 10
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PLASTIC FLOW
Original
BRITTLE CATACLASTIC FLOW (low confining pressure)
(1) Starting material composed
of spherical particles. Low
confining pressures allow grains
to slide past eachother.
Deformed
Or (high temperature)
Ductile deformation
with no visble breaks
or discontinuities in the
deformation (at the
scale of viewing)
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Gneiss
Mylonite
Close-up
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C = cementation
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Be
dd
av
Cle
ing
age
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Ooids with
an anhydrite
cement
Mudstone with
anhydrite crystals
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greatest
stress and
elastic strain
dissolution
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b) Migration or diffusion mechanisms- Includes:Diffusion along:i) the discontinuities within the crystal structure.
ii) thin fluid film along grain boundaries
iii) transport in a bulk fluid which is undergoing flow.
Microstructures may be difficult to pinpoint.
PPL
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CL
Two views of a calcite vein from the Vercors, thrust belt, French Alps. In plane-polarised light
almost-clear calcite has been precipitated from pore-waters circulating through a fracture.
Under cathodoluminescence (electic current passed across the thin-section in a vacuum and no
light), the growth zones in the calcite produce different luminescence colours, revealing subtle
variations in the pore water iron/manganese chemistry and the growth faces of the crystals. The
crystals have grown into a fluid-filled cavity.
Click to enlarge
Click to enlarge
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3) CRYSTAL PLASTICITY
Crystal plasticity through movement of dislocations
straining
grain
strain in
adjacent
grain
adjacent
grain
dislocation
Time 1
Time 2
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Strain Hardening
Ascending stress/strain
Strain
Stress
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Strain Softening
Ascending stress/strain
Strain
Stress
- Twins
- preferred crystallographic orientations
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Sample of a mylonite from the Moine Thrust Zone, N.W. Scotland. Note the intense foliation defined by crystals that have become aligned during crystal plastic deformation. The
green color is due to the presence of chlorite beteen the quartz crystals. The lighter bands
have less chlorite because they were worm burrows before the deformation when the
rock was a sedimentary silt/sandstone.
Views onto the top and end of the Moine mylonite sample. A stretching lineation is seen on the top, paralllel to the pen, defined by quartz crystals aligned by
crystal plastic deformation. The ellipse shapes on the end of the sample are flattened worm burrows.
Stretching direction
u
b
r
o
w
r
o
w
r
u
b
m
r
Worm burrows
Worm burrows
Deformation occurs through the following sequence of events:dilation + fluid influx disaggregation and displacement
>collapse and grain alignment
Microstructures may be difficult to recognise as grain sizes and
shapes are not disturbed.
A sample of carbonate fault gouge that has been stained to highlight the ferroan
nature of the calcite within the sample. Sample from a thrust in the French Alps.
Individual clast
within the gouge
Matrix between
clasts is actua;y
made of extremely
fine grained clasts.
Thrust fault cutting steeply dipping beds of chalk and siliceous chert (the thin
black layer). Frictional sliding involving fracture and grain-size reduction has
broken both the chalk and the chert into fragments. The arrows indicate the
contact between the gouge (where fragments are completely surrounded by a
fine-grained rock flour) and brecciated chalk (where fractures surround clasts
but the clasts are essentially in the place they originated). Note the irregular
nature of the gouge-to-breccia contact. The movement sense is in
and
out
of the page.
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