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LECTURE PLAN
1) INTRODUCTION
2) CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYPHASE DEFORMATION
3) TERMINOLOGY USED IN POLYPHASE TERRAINS
4) FOLD INTERFERENCE PATTERNS
5) SUPERPOSED LINEATIONS
6) SUPERPOSED FOLIATIONS
7) SHEATH FOLDS
8) MAPPING OF SUB-AREAS
Undeformed cover
sedimentary rocks
Folded basement
metamorphic rocks
Time 1
Folded basement metamorphic rocks are
unconformably overlain by unfolded
cover sedimentary rocks. A second
phase of deformation folds the cover
rocks and re-folds the basement rocks to
form polyphase folds in the basement.
The polyphase folds have folded axial
planes.
1) INTRODUCTION
In many continental terrains the crust may be divided into a
basement which may contain folds, faults and fractures
acquired during early orogenic phases, unconformably overlain
by undeformed sedimentary or volcanic rocks which are
termed cover. When such an area undergoes a new phase of
orogenic activity, the cover rocks may develop relatively simple
structures such as the faults, folds fracture systems described
in earlier lectures.
However, the development of new structures in the basement
rocks which already contain structures leads to the
development of complex structures known as polyphase
structures such as superposed folds. The unconformity
between the cover and basement rocks may represent
substantial erosion which can only be produced during a long
period of time. Thus, two tectonic phases that produce
polyphase structures in basement rocks may be separated by
relatively long periods of time (50 - >500Ma).
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Time 2
Course Homepage
Lecture
Contact Staff
9 10
Practical 1 2 3 4 5 6 71 8 9 10
Poles
to bedding
fan around
the fold
ld
Fo
axi
Poles
Fold axis
Apparently random
poles for a re-folded
fold
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F fold axis
1
F fold axis
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Type 3
F fold axis
F fold axis
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Type 2
Type 2- This occurs when the F1 and F2 fold axial planes are
orthogonal to each other, but the F2 fold axis lies within the F1
fold axial plane and at 90o to theF1 fold axis. The F1 fold axial
plane is re-folded. Often called the mushroom pattern because
some of the fold closures are attached to stalks unlike the
completely closed forms of Type 1.
Type 3- This occurs when the F1 and F2 fold axial planes are
orthogonal to each other, but the F1 and F2 axes are parallel.
F1 fold axial planes are folded. This is called the re-folded fold
pattern.
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5) SUPERPOSED LINEATIONS
6) SUPERPOSED FOLIATIONS
F1 axial planar
cleavage (S1)
F axial planar
2
cleavage (S )
in this orientation
F2 fold
axial plane
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7) SHEATH FOLDS
Where strains vary across a shear zone, layers can become
stretched into tube-like shapes known as sheath folds. They
occur in high strain rocks within shear zones. Strictly, they are
not polyphase folds because they usually form during a single
phase of deformation with spatially varying strain. The fold
axes are curved, having been rotated almost parallel to the
sides of the zone of high strain during progressive deformation.
Sheath folds can be recognised from their sub-circular outcrop
patterns when viewed down the transport direction
8) MAPPING OF SUB-AREAS
B) Cross-section
distance
A
distance
strain
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Time 1
Time 4
fold axis
Time 3
The division should be made whilst in the field so that you can
find exposures with which to test your sub-divisions.
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Examples:-
F2 fold axis
At Badcall, N.W. Scotland, Lewisian Gneisses have a foliation that has a
vertical dip, but the strike changes from WNW-ESE to NW-SE. This large
fold therefore has a vertical fold axis. The gneissic layers are composed of
an earlier set of isoclinal folds. The overall structure is a Type 3 re-folded
fold geometry. The vertical fold axis (green dashed line) is the F2 axis. One
of our students, Ron Million in the red coat and flat cap, has spent many
years mapping this structure and the surrounding area.
View towards
the WNW
My
Gn loni
eis tic
se
s
Next
photo
Mylo
nites
Mylo
nites
ylo
ni
te
s
Sketch
Another view
of the sheath
fold.
Synform
Antiform