Académique Documents
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Culture Documents
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APPENDIX B
Laboratory Values
Adapted by Jennifer E. Cooke
p0010 The tables in this appendix list some of the most common tests,
AU
dL
EU
fL
g
IU
kPa
L
mcg
mckat
t0010 mcL
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
less than
greater than
greater than or equal to
less than or equal to
arbitrary unit
decilitre
Ehrlich unit
femtolitre
gram
international unit
kilopascal
litre
microgram (one millionth of a gram) (10-6)
microkatal
microlitre
parentheses. Laboratory values may vary with different techniques or different laboratories. Possible etiologies are presented
in alphabetical order. Abbreviations appearing in the tables are
defined as follows:
mcmol
mcU
mEq
mg
mL
mm
mm Hg
mmol
mOsm
nmol
ng
pg
pmol
U
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
micromole
microunit
milliequivalent
milligram (103)
millilitre
millimetre
millimetre of mercury
millimole
milliosmole
nanomole
nanogram (one billionth of a gram) (109)
picogram (one trillionth of a gram) (1012)
picomole
unit
POSSIBLE ETIOLOGY
NORMAL VALUES
SI UNITS (CONVENTIONAL UNITS)
HIGHER
LOWER
Quantitative
Qualitative
Negative (negative)
TEST
Acetone
Albumin
Dehydration
Aldolase
1-Antitrypsin
1-Fetoprotein
Ammonia
Continued
2061
ISBN: 978-1-926648-70-5; PII: B978-1-926648-70-5.00086-2; Author: Barry & Lewis & Goldsworthy & Heitkemper & Goodridge &
Dirksen; 00086
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2062
APPENDIX B
Laboratory Values
TEST
POSSIBLE ETIOLOGY
HIGHER
LOWER
Amylase
Ascorbic acid
Bicarbonate
Bilirubin
Total
Indirect
Direct
Blood gases*
Arterial pH
Alkalosis
Acidosis
Venous pH
Alkalosis
Acidosis
PaCO2
PaO2
Venous PO2
Administration of high
concentration of oxygen
Calcium
Acute osteoporosis,
hyperparathyroidism, multiple
myeloma, vitamin D intoxication
Acute pancreatitis,
hypoparathyroidism, liver disease,
malabsorption syndrome, renal failure,
vitamin D deficiency
Calcium, ionized
Same as bicarbonate
-Carotene
Chloride
Cholesterol
Cholinesterase (RBC)
Copper
Wilsons disease
*Because arterial blood gases are influenced by altitude, the value for PO2 decreases as altitude increases. The lower value is normal for an altitude of
1 mile.
I
ISBN: 978-1-926648-70-5; PII: B978-1-926648-70-5.00086-2; Author: Barry & Lewis & Goldsworthy & Heitkemper & Goodridge &
Dirksen; 00086
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APPENDIX B
Laboratory Values
2063
TEST
Cortisol
15.3-76.3 mcmol/L
(0.2-1.0 mg/dL)
Female
CK-MB (CK-2)
POSSIBLE ETIOLOGY
HIGHER
LOWER
Diabetes mellitus
Acute MI
CK mass fraction
Creatinine
Male
Female
Ferritin (serum)
Male
Female
-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)
Cholestasis, cytomegalovirus
infection, Epstein-Barr, liver
disease, MI, pancreatitis
Glucose, fasting
Diabetes mellitus
Hyperinsulinism
1 hr
2 hr
Haptoglobin
Homocysteine
Cardiovascular disease,
cerebrovascular disease, peripheral
vascular disease, cystinuria,
vitamin B6 or B12 deficiency, folate
deficiency, malnutrition
Insulin
Iron
Male
Female
I
Continued
ISBN: 978-1-926648-70-5; PII: B978-1-926648-70-5.00086-2; Author: Barry & Lewis & Goldsworthy & Heitkemper & Goodridge &
Dirksen; 00086
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To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use only by the author(s), editor(s), reviewer(s), Elsevier and
typesetter Toppan Best-set. It is not allowed to publish this proof online or in print. This proof copy is the copyright property of the publisher and is confidential until formal publication.
2064
APPENDIX B
Laboratory Values
NORMAL VALUES
SI UNITS (CONVENTIONAL UNITS)
POSSIBLE ETIOLOGY
HIGHER
LOWER
Lactic acid
LDH1
0.17-0.27 (17-27%)
LDH2
0.27-0.37 (27-37%)
LDH3
0.18-0.25 (18-25%)
LDH4
0.03-0.08 (3-8%)
LDH5
0.0-0.05 (0-5%)
Lipase
Magnesium
Chronic alcoholism,
hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism,
hypoparathyroidism, malnutrition,
severe malabsorption
Myoglobin
Polymyositis
Osmolality
Oxygen saturation
Arterial
Venous
pH
Phenylalanine
Phenylketonuria
Phosphatase, acid
ISBN: 978-1-926648-70-5; PII: B978-1-926648-70-5.00086-2; Author: Barry & Lewis & Goldsworthy & Heitkemper & Goodridge &
Dirksen; 00086
Copyright 2014 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved.
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To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use only by the author(s), editor(s), reviewer(s), Elsevier and
typesetter Toppan Best-set. It is not allowed to publish this proof online or in print. This proof copy is the copyright property of the publisher and is confidential until formal publication.
APPENDIX B
Laboratory Values
2065
NORMAL VALUES
SI UNITS (CONVENTIONAL UNITS)
POSSIBLE ETIOLOGY
HIGHER
LOWER
Phosphorus, phosphate
Potassium
Congenital agammaglobulinemia,
increased capillary permeability,
inflammatory disease, liver disease,
malabsorption, malnutrition
Proteins
Total
Albumin
Globulin
Albumin/globulin ratio
Pseudocholinesterase (serum)
Renin
Upright position
Sodium
Testosterone
9.75-38 nmol/L (280-1080 ng/dL)
Hypofunction of testes
Male
Female
T4 (thyroxine), total
Hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis
T4 (thyroxine), free
Hyperthyroidism, metastatic
neoplasms
Hypothyroidism, pregnancy
T3 uptake
24-34 AU (24-34%)
T3 (triiodothyronine)
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH)
Secondary hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism, malabsorption
syndrome, malnutrition
Triglycerides
Male
Female
Troponin T (cTnT)
Troponin I (cTnI)
Continued
ISBN: 978-1-926648-70-5; PII: B978-1-926648-70-5.00086-2; Author: Barry & Lewis & Goldsworthy & Heitkemper & Goodridge &
Dirksen; 00086
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2066
APPENDIX B
Laboratory Values
TEST
Urea nitrogen, blood (blood urea
nitrogen [BUN], serum urea
nitrogen)
Uric acid
Male
Female
POSSIBLE ETIOLOGY
HIGHER
LOWER
Vitamin A
Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin B12
Zinc
Alcoholic cirrhosis
u0010
u0015
POSSIBLE ETIOLOGY
TEST
NORMAL VALUES
SI UNITS (CONVENTIONAL UNITS)
HIGHER
LOWER
1-9 min
Thrombin time
Disseminated intravascular
coagulation (DIC), increased
tendency to bleed
Fibrinogen
D-Dimer
ISBN: 978-1-926648-70-5; PII: B978-1-926648-70-5.00086-2; Author: Barry & Lewis & Goldsworthy & Heitkemper & Goodridge &
Dirksen; 00086
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APPENDIX B
Laboratory Values
2067
TEST
LOWER
Microcytic anemia
Macrocytic anemia
Microcytic anemia
Intravascular hemolysis,
spherocytosis
Hypochromic anemia
Female
POSSIBLE ETIOLOGY
HIGHER
[Hb/RBC]
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration (MCHC)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR), Westergren
Male
Female
Hematocrit (altitude
dependent)
Male
Female
Hemoglobin (altitude
dependent)
Male
Female
Anemia, hemorrhage
Hemoglobin, glycosylated or
glycated (HbA1c [A1c])
Reticulocyte count(manual)
Continued
I
ISBN: 978-1-926648-70-5; PII: B978-1-926648-70-5.00086-2; Author: Barry & Lewis & Goldsworthy & Heitkemper & Goodridge &
Dirksen; 00086
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To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use only by the author(s), editor(s), reviewer(s), Elsevier and
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2068
APPENDIX B
Laboratory Values
TEST
POSSIBLE ETIOLOGY
HIGHER
LOWER
WBC differential
Segmented neutrophils
Band neutrophils
Acute infections
Lymphocytes
0.1-0.4 10 /L (1000-4000
mm3) (20-40%)
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Corticosteroid therapy
Basophils
Hypothyroidism, myeloproliferative
diseases, ulcerative colitis
Hyperthyroidism, stress
Negative (negative)
NORMAL VALUES
SI UNITS (CONVENTIONAL UNITS)
TEST
POSSIBLE ETIOLOGY
HIGHER
LOWER
Anti-DNA antibody
SLE
Anti-RNP (ribonucleoprotein)
Negative (negative)
Anti-Sm (Smith)
Negative (Negative)
SLE
Antistreptolysin-O (ASO)
Acute glomerulonephritis,
rheumatic fever, streptococcal
infection
C-reactive protein(CRP)
5 mcg/L (5 ng/mL)
C3
C4
Negative (negative)
(no agglutination)
ISBN: 978-1-926648-70-5; PII: B978-1-926648-70-5.00086-2; Author: Barry & Lewis & Goldsworthy & Heitkemper & Goodridge &
Dirksen; 00086
Copyright 2014 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved.
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To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use only by the author(s), editor(s), reviewer(s), Elsevier and
typesetter Toppan Best-set. It is not allowed to publish this proof online or in print. This proof copy is the copyright property of the publisher and is confidential until formal publication.
APPENDIX B
Laboratory Values
2069
NORMAL VALUES
SI UNITS (CONVENTIONAL UNITS)
HIGHER
LOWER
Negative (nonreactive)
Syphilis
Hepatitis A antibody
Negative (negative)
Hepatitis A
Negative (negative)
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C antibody
Negative (negative)
Hepatitis C
IgA
IgD
Minimal
IgE
Minimal
IgG
IgM
Monospot or Mono-Test
Infectious mononucleosis
Syphilis
Thyroid antibodies
TEST
Immunoglobulins
NORMAL VALUES
POSSIBLE ETIOLOGY
TEST
SPECIMEN
HIGHER
LOWER
Acetone (ketones)
Random
Negative (negative)
Aldosterone
24 hr
6-72 nmol/24 hr
(2-26 mcg/24 hr) (depends on
urinary sodium)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH) deficiency, Addisons
disease, corticosteroid
therapy
Acute pancreatitis
Amylase
24 hr
Continued
ISBN: 978-1-926648-70-5; PII: B978-1-926648-70-5.00086-2; Author: Barry & Lewis & Goldsworthy & Heitkemper & Goodridge &
Dirksen; 00086
Copyright 2014 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved.
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To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use only by the author(s), editor(s), reviewer(s), Elsevier and
typesetter Toppan Best-set. It is not allowed to publish this proof online or in print. This proof copy is the copyright property of the publisher and is confidential until formal publication.
2070
APPENDIX B
Laboratory Values
POSSIBLE ETIOLOGY
TEST
SPECIMEN
HIGHER
LOWER
Random
Negative (negative)
Bilirubin
Random
Negative (negative)
Hepatitis
Calcium
24 hr
Hypoparathyroidism,
malabsorption of calcium
and vitamin D
Catecholamines
24 hr
<109 nmol/day (<20 mcg/day)
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Chloride
24 hr
Copper
24 hr
Coproporphyrin
24 hr
Creatine
24 hr
Addisons disease
Hypothyroidism
Male
Female
Creatinine
24 hr
Renal disease
Creatinine clearance
24 hr
Renal disease
Male
Female
Estriol
24 hr
Female
Ovulation peak
Luteal peak
Pregnancy
166,455 nmol/day
(45,000 mcg/day)
Menopause
Male
Agenesis of ovaries,
endocrine disturbance,
menopause, ovarian
dysfunction
Glucose
Random
Negative (negative)
Hemoglobin
Random
Negative (negative)
5-Hydroxyindole-acetic
acid (5-HIAA)
24 hr
10-40 mcmol/day
(2-8 mg/24 hr)
I
ISBN: 978-1-926648-70-5; PII: B978-1-926648-70-5.00086-2; Author: Barry & Lewis & Goldsworthy & Heitkemper & Goodridge &
Dirksen; 00086
Copyright 2014 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved.
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To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use only by the author(s), editor(s), reviewer(s), Elsevier and
typesetter Toppan Best-set. It is not allowed to publish this proof online or in print. This proof copy is the copyright property of the publisher and is confidential until formal publication.
APPENDIX B
Laboratory Values
2071
POSSIBLE ETIOLOGY
TEST
SPECIMEN
HIGHER
LOWER
Ketone bodies
Random
Negative (negative)
Lead
24 hr
Lead poisoning
Metanephrine
24 hr
Pheochromocytoma
Myoglobin
Random
Negative (negative)
pH
Random
Compensatory phase of
acidosis, dehydration,
emphysema
Phenylpyruvic acid
Random
Negative (negative)
Phenylketonuria
Phosphorus, inorganic
24 hr
Porphobilinogen
Random
Negative (negative)
<8.8 mcmol/day (<2 mcg/day)
24 hr
Potassium
24 hr
Protein (dipstick)
Random
Negative (negative)
Protein (quantitative)
24 hr
At rest
During exercise
Sodium
24 hr
Hyponatremia
Specific gravity
Random
Titratable acidity
24 hr
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Uric acid
24 hr
Gout, leukemia
Nephritis
Urobilinogen
24 hr
Random
Pheochromocytoma, neuroblastomas
Uroporphyrins
24 hr
Male
Female
Vanillylmandelic acid
24 hr
I
ISBN: 978-1-926648-70-5; PII: B978-1-926648-70-5.00086-2; Author: Barry & Lewis & Goldsworthy & Heitkemper & Goodridge &
Dirksen; 00086
Copyright 2014 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved.
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typesetter Toppan Best-set. It is not allowed to publish this proof online or in print. This proof copy is the copyright property of the publisher and is confidential until formal publication.
2072
APPENDIX B
Laboratory Values
POSSIBLE ETIOLOGY
NORMAL VALUES
SI UNITS (CONVENTIONAL UNITS)
HIGHER
LOWER
Hypermotility of stomach
Pernicious anemia
Total acidity
Total acidity
TEST
Basal
Poststimulation
POSSIBLE ETIOLOGY
TEST
NORMAL VALUES
SI UNITS (CONVENTIONAL UNITS)
HIGHER
LOWER
Fecal fat
Urobilinogen
Hemolytic anemias
Mucus
Negative (negative)
Pus
Negative (negative)
Blood*
Negative (negative)
Brown
Clay
Tarry
Red
Black
Colour
*Ingestion of meat may produce false-positive results. Patient may be placed on a meat-free diet for 3 days before the test.
t0045 Table B-7 Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
POSSIBLE ETIOLOGY
TEST
NORMAL VALUES
SI UNITS (CONVENTIONAL UNITS)
HIGHER
LOWER
Pressure
Blood
Negative (negative)
Intracranial hemorrhage
Negative (negative)
Chloride
Uremia
Glucose
Lumbar
Cisternal
Syphilis of CNS
Ventricular
Protein
ISBN: 978-1-926648-70-5; PII: B978-1-926648-70-5.00086-2; Author: Barry & Lewis & Goldsworthy & Heitkemper & Goodridge &
Dirksen; 00086
Copyright 2014 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved.
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